Exercise TrainingExercise-BDNFNCT07137611
Effects of Different Types of Exercise on BDNF and Cognitive Performance (Exercise-BDNF)
A study testing Low Exercise, Moderate-Intensity Exercise and HIIT Exercise in people with Exercise Training and BDNF, run by Aksaray University Training and Research Hospital at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the acute effects of different exercise intensities (low, moderate, high) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, trail making test performance, and perceived sensation scale. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 25 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Exercise Training, BDNF, Cognitive Functions
- What is being tested?
- Low Exercise, Moderate-Intensity Exercise and HIIT Exercise
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 12 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 15 Jun 2025to 15 Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 25 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Aged between 18 and 25 years
- No known medical condition that prevents participation in exercise
- Not currently using any pharmacological agents
Who cannot join
- Experiencing any discomfort before, during, or after exercise
- Current or past diagnosis of pharmacological or doping substance use
- Engaging in regular exercise (more than 3 times per week) within the last 2 weeks
- History of alcohol or substance addiction
- Any other condition or factor that may prevent full participation in the study protocol
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effect of Exercise Intensity on Neurochemical and Cognitive Function: The Role of Lactate and BDNF
Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the acute effects of different exercise intensities (low, moderate, high) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, trail making test performance, and perceived sensation scale.
Method
Read more
This randomized crossover controlled trial aimes to examine the acute effects of four experimental conditions-high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), low-intensity continuous training (LICT), and a resting control (CTRL)-on cognitive performance (via the Stroop test, targeting executive function) and associated neurochemical responses (e.g., serum BDNF and blood lactate levels) in healthy young adults aged 18-25 years.
All participants will complete the four conditions in a randomized and counterbalanced manner. To ensure balanced exposure, they were assigned to one of four groups (n = 3 per group), each following a distinct condition order based on a Latin square design. This approach guaranteed that each session occurred equally across time points (sessions 1-4) and that the order minimized sequence effects by rotating the position of each condition relative to the others.
To control for potential carryover-particularly from elevated neurochemical responses following intense exercise (BDNF increases reported -no two high-intensity sessions will be scheduled consecutively. Where possible, higher and lower intensity protocols will be alternated. Furthermore, a seven-day interval separated each session to reduce residual physiological or cognitive effects.
The trial protocol was developed in line with CONSORT and SPIRIT guidelines, including relevant extensions for within-subject designs and non-pharmacological interventions. Participants were blinded to the study hypothesis (Pandis et al., 2017; Hopewell et al., 2025).
All exercise sessions will be conducted under supervision of a certified strength and conditioning coach to ensure consistency and adherence to protocol. in the morning (09:00-11:00) on a track and field pitch to control for chronobiological variation. Participants were instructed to avoid strenuous activity for 48 hours prior, abstain from alcohol and caffeine for 24 hours, and obtain at least 7-8 hours of sleep before each session. Dietary habits and general lifestyle were to remain unchanged throughout the study.
During the first visit, participants' body weight and body fat percentage were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Resting heart rate was then recorded, followed by administration of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 to determine maximal aerobic speed, aerobic capacity, and peak heart rate.
In the following four visits, each participant completed all experimental conditions. Each exercise session will begin with a standardized 10-minute warm-up, including light jogging, dynamic stretching, and movement preparation drills.
All exercise sessions were conducted on a standard track and field facility and lasted 40 minutes in total, consisting of a 10-minute standardized warm-up, 24 minutes of exercise, and a 5-minute recovery period. The exercise component was individually prescribed based on each participant's maximal aerobic speed, determined from the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1. All running distances were calculated individually using time × speed formulas based on each participant's maximal aerobic speed, ensuring workload equivalence across conditions.
- High-Intensity Interval Training: Participants ran at 110% of their MAS for 15-second intervals.
- Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training: Participants ran at a speed corresponding to 70-80% of their MAS.
- Low-Intensity Continuous Training: Participants ran continuously for 24 minutes at 50-60% of their MAS without breaks.
- Control: Participants remained seated at rest for the same duration (40 minutes), under the same environmental conditions and time schedule as the active conditions.
Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after each session to assess neurochemical markers. Subsequently, cognitive performance was evaluated using the computerized Stroop test to measure executive function. Heart rate was continuously monitored during all exercise conditions using a Polar V800 device. Following each session, psychophysiological responses were assessed using the Rating of Perceived Exertion scale and the Exercise Enjoyment Scale.
- Conditions
- Exercise Training, BDNF, Cognitive Functions, Lactate Blood Increase
- Being tested
- Low Exercise, Moderate-Intensity Exercise, HIIT Exercise
- Keywords
- BDNF, exercise, cognitive function, trial making test, lactate
- Medical subject headings
- Hyperlactatemia, Motor Activity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Low ExerciseBehavioural
Also called Low Intensity Exercise
- Low-Intensity Continuous Training (LICT): Participants will run continuously for 24 minutes at 50-60% of their MAS without breaks.
Moderate-Intensity ExerciseBehavioural
Also called Moderate Intensity Exercise
Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT): Participants will run at a speed corresponding to 70-80% of their MAS. The protocol consists of four 4-minute bouts, separated by 2-minute active recovery periods, during which participants performed light jogging. This pattern totaled 24 minutes of exercise.
HIIT ExerciseBehavioural
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): Participants will run at 110% of their MAS for 15-second intervals, covering a pre-calculated distance during each bout. After each 15-second sprint, they will rest passively for 15 seconds and returned to their starting point. This will be repeated continuously for 3 minutes, constituting one set. A total of four 3-minute sets will be completed, interspersed with 3-minute passive rest periods, yielding a total exercise time of 24 minutes.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Low Intensity Exercise Group (n=3) | Experimental | They will be asked to perform low intensity exercise for the specified time, determined according to their maximal oxygen consumption capacity. Receives: Behavioral: Low Exercise |
| Moderate Intensity Exercise Group (n=3) | Experimental | They will be asked to perform moderate intensity exercise for the specified time, determined according to their maximal oxygen consumption capacity. Receives: Behavioral: Moderate-Intensity Exercise |
| High-Intensity Interval Training Group (n=3) | Experimental | They will be asked to perform HIIT exercise for the specified time, determined according to their maximal oxygen consumption capacity. Receives: Behavioral: HIIT Exercise |
| Control Group (n=3) | No intervention | They will be asked to wait without exercising. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
BDNF
BDNF will be measured using a Sunred brand ELISA kit from blood samples taken baseline and after exercise, and the results will be reported in pg/mL units.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after exercise (Day 1)
Lactate
Lactate levels will be measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L) from capillary/venous blood samples taken before and after exercise using a lactate analyzer.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after exercise (Day 1)
Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) will be scored on the Borg 6-20 scale, where 6 indicates "no exertion" and 20 indicates "maximal exertion." Higher scores reflect greater perceived effort.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after exercise (Day 1)
Exercise Enjoyment Scale
This outcome measures the participant's subjective enjoyment of the exercise session. Participants are asked to rate how much they enjoyed the exercise immediately after completion using a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("not enjoyable at all") to 7 ("extremely enjoyable"). The scale captures affective responses to physical activity, which can provide insight into adherence, motivation, and overall exercise experience.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after exercise (Day 1)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Aug 2025
- Study start15 Jun 2025
- Primary completion15 Aug 2025
- Study completion15 Dec 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Exercise TrainingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 12 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Aksaray University Training and Research Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, serkan pancar, Aksaray University Training and Research Hospital
- Investigators
- serkan PANCAR, Assistant Professor, Study director, Aksaray University /Faculty of Sports SciencesYakup Zühtü BİRİNCİ, Dr., Study chair, Uludag Univesity
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07137611
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 01-121
- Acronym
- Exercise-BDNF
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 25 Jun 2025
- Last updated
- 30 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Pandis N, Chung B, Scherer RW, Elbourne D, Altman DG. CONSORT 2010 statement: extension checklist for reporting within person randomised trials. Br J Dermatol. 2019 Mar;180(3):534-552. doi: 10.1111/bjd.17239. Epub 2019 Jan 4.
PubMed 30609010Hopewell S, Chan AW, Collins GS, Hrobjartsson A, Moher D, Schulz KF, Tunn R, Aggarwal R, Berkwits M, Berlin JA, Bhandari N, Butcher NJ, Campbell MK, Chidebe RCW, Elbourne D, Farmer A, Fergusson DA, Golub RM, Goodman SN, Hoffmann TC, Ioannidis JPA, Kahan BC, Knowles RL, Lamb SE, Lewis S, Loder E, Offringa M, Ravaud P, Richards DP, Rockhold FW, Schriger DL, Siegfried NL, Staniszewska S, Taylor RS, Thabane L, Torgerson D, Vohra S, White IR, Boutron I. CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials. BMJ. 2025 Apr 14;389:e081123. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-081123.
PubMed 40228833Birinci YZ, Pancar S, Simsek H, Soylu Y, Burac DG, Ionescu A, Sahin S, Geanta VA. High-intensity interval training differentially modulates acute BDNF and cognitive responses in young adult males: a randomized crossover trial. Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-56739-4. Online ahead of print.
PubMed 42286197
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Exercise Intensity on Neurochemical and Cognitive Function: The Role of Lactate and BDNF
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07137611
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Exercise-BDNF / 01-121
- Conditions
- Exercise Training, BDNF, Cognitive Functions, Lactate Blood Increase
- Keywords
- BDNF, exercise, cognitive function, trial making test, lactate
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 12 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Aksaray University Training and Research HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 15 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Dec 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 22 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the acute effects of different exercise intensities (low, moderate, high) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, trail making test performance, and perceived sensation scale.
Method
This randomized crossover controlled trial aimes to examine the acute effects of four experimental conditions-high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), low-intensity continuous training (LICT), and a resting control (CTRL)-on cognitive performance (via the Stroop test, targeting executive function) and associated neurochemical responses (e.g., serum BDNF and blood lactate levels) in healthy young adults aged 18-25 years.
All participants will complete the four conditions in a randomized and counterbalanced manner. To ensure balanced exposure, they were assigned to one of four groups (n = 3 per group), each following a distinct condition order based on a Latin square design. This approach guaranteed that each session occurred equally across time points (sessions 1-4) and that the order minimized sequence effects by rotating the position of each condition relative to the others.
To control for potential carryover-particularly from elevated neurochemical responses following intense exercise (BDNF increases reported -no two high-intensity sessions will be scheduled consecutively. Where possible, higher and lower intensity protocols will be alternated. Furthermore, a seven-day interval separated each session to reduce residual physiological or cognitive effects.
The trial protocol was developed in line with CONSORT and SPIRIT guidelines, including relevant extensions for within-subject designs and non-pharmacological interventions. Participants were blinded to the study hypothesis (Pandis et al., 2017; Hopewell et al., 2025).
All exercise sessions will be conducted under supervision of a certified strength and conditioning coach to ensure consistency and adherence to protocol. in the morning (09:00-11:00) on a track and field pitch to control for chronobiological variation. Participants were instructed to avoid strenuous activity for 48 hours prior, abstain from alcohol and caffeine for 24 hours, and obtain at least 7-8 hours of sleep before each session. Dietary habits and general lifestyle were to remain unchanged throughout the study.
During the first visit, participants' body weight and body fat percentage were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Resting heart rate was then recorded, followed by administration of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 to determine maximal aerobic speed, aerobic capacity, and peak heart rate.
In the following four visits, each participant completed all experimental conditions. Each exercise session will begin with a standardized 10-minute warm-up, including light jogging, dynamic stretching, and movement preparation drills.
All exercise sessions were conducted on a standard track and field facility and lasted 40 minutes in total, consisting of a 10-minute standardized warm-up, 24 minutes of exercise, and a 5-minute recovery period. The exercise component was individually prescribed based on each participant's maximal aerobic speed, determined from the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1. All running distances were calculated individually using time × speed formulas based on each participant's maximal aerobic speed, ensuring workload equivalence across conditions.
- High-Intensity Interval Training: Participants ran at 110% of their MAS for 15-second intervals.
- Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training: Participants ran at a speed corresponding to 70-80% of their MAS.
- Low-Intensity Continuous Training: Participants ran continuously for 24 minutes at 50-60% of their MAS without breaks.
- Control: Participants remained seated at rest for the same duration (40 minutes), under the same environmental conditions and time schedule as the active conditions.
Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after each session to assess neurochemical markers. Subsequently, cognitive performance was evaluated using the computerized Stroop test to measure executive function. Heart rate was continuously monitored during all exercise conditions using a Polar V800 device. Following each session, psychophysiological responses were assessed using the Rating of Perceived Exertion scale and the Exercise Enjoyment Scale.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 4
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Low Intensity Exercise Group (n=3) | Experimental | Behavioral: Low ExerciseThey will be asked to perform low intensity exercise for the specified time, determined according to their maximal oxygen consumption capacity. |
| Moderate Intensity Exercise Group (n=3) | Experimental | Behavioral: Moderate-Intensity ExerciseThey will be asked to perform moderate intensity exercise for the specified time, determined according to their maximal oxygen consumption capacity. |
| High-Intensity Interval Training Group (n=3) | Experimental | Behavioral: HIIT ExerciseThey will be asked to perform HIIT exercise for the specified time, determined according to their maximal oxygen consumption capacity. |
| Control Group (n=3) | No intervention | –They will be asked to wait without exercising. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 25 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Aged between 18 and 25 years
- No known medical condition that prevents participation in exercise
- Not currently using any pharmacological agents
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Experiencing any discomfort before, during, or after exercise
- Current or past diagnosis of pharmacological or doping substance use
- Engaging in regular exercise (more than 3 times per week) within the last 2 weeks
- History of alcohol or substance addiction
- Any other condition or factor that may prevent full participation in the study protocol
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Low ExerciseAlso: Low Intensity Exercise• Low-Intensity Continuous Training (LICT): Participants will run continuously for 24 minutes at 50-60% of their MAS without breaks. | Behavioural | Low Intensity Exercise Group (n=3) |
| Moderate-Intensity ExerciseAlso: Moderate Intensity ExerciseModerate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT): Participants will run at a speed corresponding to 70-80% of their MAS. The protocol consists of four 4-minute bouts, separated by 2-minute active recovery periods, during which participants performed light jogging. This pattern totaled 24 minutes of exercise. | Behavioural | Moderate Intensity Exercise Group (n=3) |
| HIIT ExerciseHigh-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): Participants will run at 110% of their MAS for 15-second intervals, covering a pre-calculated distance during each bout. After each 15-second sprint, they will rest passively for 15 seconds and returned to their starting point. This will be repeated continuously for 3 minutes, constituting one set. A total of four 3-minute sets will be completed, interspersed with 3-minute passive rest periods, yielding a total exercise time of 24 minutes. | Behavioural | High-Intensity Interval Training Group (n=3) |
Primary outcome
BDNF
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after exercise (Day 1)
BDNF will be measured using a Sunred brand ELISA kit from blood samples taken baseline and after exercise, and the results will be reported in pg/mL units.
Lactate
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after exercise (Day 1)
Lactate levels will be measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L) from capillary/venous blood samples taken before and after exercise using a lactate analyzer.
Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after exercise (Day 1)
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) will be scored on the Borg 6-20 scale, where 6 indicates "no exertion" and 20 indicates "maximal exertion." Higher scores reflect greater perceived effort.
Exercise Enjoyment Scale
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after exercise (Day 1)
This outcome measures the participant's subjective enjoyment of the exercise session. Participants are asked to rate how much they enjoyed the exercise immediately after completion using a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("not enjoyable at all") to 7 ("extremely enjoyable"). The scale captures affective responses to physical activity, which can provide insight into adherence, motivation, and overall exercise experience.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Jan 2026.
- Results publication: PubMed 30609010Pandis N, Chung B, Scherer RW, Elbourne D, Altman DG. CONSORT 2010 statement: extension checklist for reporting within person randomised trials. Br J Dermatol. 2019 Mar;180(3):534-552. doi: 10.1111/bjd.17239. Epub 2019 Jan 4.
- Results publication: PubMed 40228833Hopewell S, Chan AW, Collins GS, Hrobjartsson A, Moher D, Schulz KF, Tunn R, Aggarwal R, Berkwits M, Berlin JA, Bhandari N, Butcher NJ, Campbell MK, Chidebe RCW, Elbourne D, Farmer A, Fergusson DA, Golub RM, Goodman SN, Hoffmann TC, Ioannidis JPA, Kahan BC, Knowles RL, Lamb SE, Lewis S, Loder E, Offringa M, Ravaud P, Richards DP, Rockhold FW, Schriger DL, Siegfried NL, Staniszewska S, Taylor RS, Thabane L, Torgerson D, Vohra S, White IR, Boutron I. CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials. BMJ. 2025 Apr 14;389:e081123. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-081123.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 42286197Birinci YZ, Pancar S, Simsek H, Soylu Y, Burac DG, Ionescu A, Sahin S, Geanta VA. High-intensity interval training differentially modulates acute BDNF and cognitive responses in young adult males: a randomized crossover trial. Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-56739-4. Online ahead of print.
- CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trialsLink provided by the sponsor.
- CONSORT 2010 statement: extension checklist for reporting within person randomised trialsLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
serkan PANCAR, Assistant Professor study director
Aksaray University /Faculty of Sports Sciences
Yakup Zühtü BİRİNCİ, Dr. study chair
Uludag Univesity
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Low Exercise, Moderate-Intensity Exercise and HIIT Exercise in people with Exercise Training and BDNF, run by Aksaray University Training and Research Hospital at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
BDNF (time frame: Baseline and immediately after exercise (Day 1)). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07137611, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Jan 2026.