Nursing EducationNCT05706571
Pediatric Orotracheal Suctioning Training Using a Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality Application
A study testing Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality Training and Conventional Mannequin-Based Training in people with Nursing Education, run by Medipol University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This study evaluated the effect of a Benner model-based augmented reality (AR) training module on undergraduate nursing students' knowledge and procedural skills in pediatric endotracheal suctioning of orally intubated patients. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Nursing Education
- What is being tested?
- Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality Training and Conventional Mannequin-Based Training
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 66 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 24 Nov 2023to 24 Nov 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Undergraduate nursing students enrolled in the Pediatric Nursing Practice course.
- Voluntary agreement to participate in the study.
- Sufficient Turkish language proficiency to understand the instructional materials and complete the assessments.
- No hearing, visual, or fine motor impairments.
Who cannot join
- Students who had previously completed or repeated the Pediatric Nursing Practice course.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Istanbul Medipol University - Kavacik South Campus
Istanbul, Istanbul, 34815
About this study
Official title: The Effect of an Augmented Reality Application Based on Patricia Benner's Model on Nursing Students' Learning: A Training Module for Pediatric Endotracheal Suctioning in Orally Intubated Patients
This study evaluated the effect of a Benner model-based augmented reality (AR) training module on undergraduate nursing students' knowledge and procedural skills in pediatric endotracheal suctioning of orally intubated patients.
The study used a two-arm randomized controlled design within a convergent mixed-methods framework. It was conducted among undergraduate nursing students enrolled in the Pediatric Nursing Practice course at Istanbul Medipol University, Türkiye.
Read more
A total of 66 students were randomized to an intervention group receiving Benner model-based AR training (n = 33) or a control group receiving conventional mannequin-based training (n = 33). Knowledge was assessed using a 20-item multiple-choice test, and procedural skills were evaluated using a 25-step assessment form before and after training.
Sixty-one students completed the assessments and were included in the quantitative analysis (intervention, n = 30; control, n = 31). Individual semi-structured interviews were also conducted with 10 volunteers from the intervention group to explore their experiences with AR-based training.
Read the detailed description
Background
Pediatric endotracheal suctioning is a clinical procedure requiring appropriate knowledge, technical skills, and patient assessment. Nursing students need opportunities to develop these competencies in a controlled educational environment before performing the procedure in clinical practice. Augmented reality (AR) offers an additional approach to procedural training through interactive visualization and simulated practice.
Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model provides a conceptual basis for supporting the development of nursing competencies. This study applied the model to an AR-based training module for pediatric endotracheal suctioning in orally intubated patients.
Objective
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Benner model-based AR training on nursing students' knowledge and procedural skills compared with conventional mannequin-based training. It also explored students' experiences with the AR-based educational intervention.
Study Design and Participants
A two-arm randomized controlled study was conducted within a convergent mixed-methods framework at Istanbul Medipol University, Türkiye, during 2023.
Eligible participants were undergraduate nursing students enrolled in the Pediatric Nursing Practice course who voluntarily agreed to participate and met the study eligibility criteria.
Sixty-six students were randomized into two groups, with 33 participants allocated to each group. Sixty-one students completed the assessments and were included in the quantitative analysis.
Educational Interventions
The intervention group received AR-based pediatric endotracheal suctioning training guided by Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model. The training focused on knowledge acquisition and procedural skill development in the care of orally intubated pediatric patients.
The control group received conventional mannequin-based training covering the same clinical procedure.
Outcome Assessment
Knowledge was assessed before and after training using a researcher-developed 20-item multiple-choice test. Scores ranged from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge.
Procedural skills were evaluated before and after training using a researcher-developed 25-step assessment form. Each correctly performed step received one point, producing a total score ranging from 0 to 25.
Two independent faculty members assessed procedural performance. Although the assessors were not informed of group allocation, complete blinding could not be guaranteed because the training methods were visibly different.
Qualitative Component
Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 volunteers from the intervention group after the educational intervention. The interviews explored participants' experiences, perceived educational benefits, opportunities for practice, feedback, and challenges associated with AR-based training.
Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed separately and integrated during interpretation to provide a broader understanding of the educational intervention.
- Conditions
- Nursing Education
- Being tested
- Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality Training, Conventional Mannequin-Based Training
- Keywords
- Augmented Reality, Pediatric Endotracheal Suctioning, Nursing Students, Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model, Simulation-Based Education
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality TrainingBehavioural
Nursing students in the intervention group received augmented reality-based pediatric orotracheal suctioning training guided by Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model. The educational module was designed to support students' knowledge acquisition and procedural skill development in endotracheal suctioning of orally intubated pediatric patients.
Conventional Mannequin-Based TrainingBehavioural
Nursing students in the control group received conventional mannequin-based training in pediatric orotracheal suctioning. The training focused on the procedural steps required to perform endotracheal suctioning in orally intubated pediatric patients.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional Mannequin-Based Training (Control Group) | Active comparator | The control group (n = 33) received conventional mannequin-based training in pediatric orotracheal suctioning. The training focused on the procedural steps of endotracheal suctioning in orally intubated pediatric patients. Participants were evaluated using the study's knowledge and procedural skill assessment instruments. Receives: Behavioral: Conventional Mannequin-Based Training |
| Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality Training (Intervention Group) | Experimental | The intervention group (n = 33) received augmented reality-based pediatric orotracheal suctioning training guided by Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model. The educational module focused on developing students' knowledge and procedural skills in endotracheal suctioning of orally intubated pediatric patients. Receives: Behavioral: Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Pediatric Endotracheal Suctioning Knowledge Score
Knowledge was assessed using a researcher-developed 20-item multiple-choice test covering pediatric open-system endotracheal suctioning and related clinical care in orally intubated pediatric patients. Each correct answer received 5 points, and each incorrect answer received 0 points. Total scores ranged from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge.
Measured: Immediately before and after the educational intervention (pretest and posttest)
Pediatric Endotracheal Suctioning Procedural Skill Score
Psychomotor skills were assessed using a researcher-developed 25-step procedural skill assessment form. Each step was scored as 0 (incorrect) or 1 (correct). Total scores ranged from 0 to 25, with higher scores indicating better procedural performance. Skills were assessed before and after the educational intervention.
Measured: Immediately before and after the educational intervention (pretest and posttest)
Secondary outcomes (1)
Nursing Students' Experiences With Augmented Reality-Based Training
Students' experiences and perceptions of augmented reality-based training were explored through individual semi-structured interviews with 10 volunteers from the intervention group. Interviews lasted approximately 25-30 minutes and addressed practice opportunities, feedback, perceived educational benefits, and implementation challenges. Data were analyzed using a hybrid deductive-inductive qualitative content analysis approach to identify categories and themes.
Measured: After completion of the educational intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted31 Jan 2023
- Study start24 Nov 2023
- Primary completion24 Nov 2023
- Study completion24 Nov 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Nursing EducationStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This study used a two-arm, parallel-group randomized design within a convergent mixed-methods framework. Nursing students were randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving augmented reality-based pediatric orotracheal suctioning training guided by Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model or a control group receiving conventional mannequin-based training. A total of 66 students were randomized (33 per group), and 61 completed the assessments (intervention, n = 30; control, n = 31). Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 participants from the intervention group.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 66 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Medipol University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Makbule Yılmaz, Medipol University
- Investigators
- Sema Kuguoğlu, Prof.Dr., Study chair, Medipol Unıversty
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05706571
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- MedipolU-makbule-yılmaz-001
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 23 Jan 2023
- Last updated
- 21 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data will not be publicly shared due to participant confidentiality and ethical considerations. Study findings will be reported in aggregate form.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 21 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of an Augmented Reality Application Based on Patricia Benner's Model on Nursing Students' Learning: A Training Module for Pediatric Endotracheal Suctioning in Orally Intubated Patients
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05706571
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- MedipolU-makbule-yılmaz-001
- Conditions
- Nursing Education
- Keywords
- Augmented Reality, Pediatric Endotracheal Suctioning, Nursing Students, Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model, Simulation-Based Education
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 66 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Medipol UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 24 Nov 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 24 Nov 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 24 Nov 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 31 Jan 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study evaluated the effect of a Benner model-based augmented reality (AR) training module on undergraduate nursing students' knowledge and procedural skills in pediatric endotracheal suctioning of orally intubated patients.
The study used a two-arm randomized controlled design within a convergent mixed-methods framework. It was conducted among undergraduate nursing students enrolled in the Pediatric Nursing Practice course at Istanbul Medipol University, Türkiye.
A total of 66 students were randomized to an intervention group receiving Benner model-based AR training (n = 33) or a control group receiving conventional mannequin-based training (n = 33). Knowledge was assessed using a 20-item multiple-choice test, and procedural skills were evaluated using a 25-step assessment form before and after training.
Sixty-one students completed the assessments and were included in the quantitative analysis (intervention, n = 30; control, n = 31). Individual semi-structured interviews were also conducted with 10 volunteers from the intervention group to explore their experiences with AR-based training.
Detailed description
Background
Pediatric endotracheal suctioning is a clinical procedure requiring appropriate knowledge, technical skills, and patient assessment. Nursing students need opportunities to develop these competencies in a controlled educational environment before performing the procedure in clinical practice. Augmented reality (AR) offers an additional approach to procedural training through interactive visualization and simulated practice.
Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model provides a conceptual basis for supporting the development of nursing competencies. This study applied the model to an AR-based training module for pediatric endotracheal suctioning in orally intubated patients.
Objective
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Benner model-based AR training on nursing students' knowledge and procedural skills compared with conventional mannequin-based training. It also explored students' experiences with the AR-based educational intervention.
Study Design and Participants
A two-arm randomized controlled study was conducted within a convergent mixed-methods framework at Istanbul Medipol University, Türkiye, during 2023.
Eligible participants were undergraduate nursing students enrolled in the Pediatric Nursing Practice course who voluntarily agreed to participate and met the study eligibility criteria.
Sixty-six students were randomized into two groups, with 33 participants allocated to each group. Sixty-one students completed the assessments and were included in the quantitative analysis.
Educational Interventions
The intervention group received AR-based pediatric endotracheal suctioning training guided by Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model. The training focused on knowledge acquisition and procedural skill development in the care of orally intubated pediatric patients.
The control group received conventional mannequin-based training covering the same clinical procedure.
Outcome Assessment
Knowledge was assessed before and after training using a researcher-developed 20-item multiple-choice test. Scores ranged from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge.
Procedural skills were evaluated before and after training using a researcher-developed 25-step assessment form. Each correctly performed step received one point, producing a total score ranging from 0 to 25.
Two independent faculty members assessed procedural performance. Although the assessors were not informed of group allocation, complete blinding could not be guaranteed because the training methods were visibly different.
Qualitative Component
Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 volunteers from the intervention group after the educational intervention. The interviews explored participants' experiences, perceived educational benefits, opportunities for practice, feedback, and challenges associated with AR-based training.
Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed separately and integrated during interpretation to provide a broader understanding of the educational intervention.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This study used a two-arm, parallel-group randomized design within a convergent mixed-methods framework. Nursing students were randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving augmented reality-based pediatric orotracheal suctioning training guided by Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model or a control group receiving conventional mannequin-based training. A total of 66 students were randomized (33 per group), and 61 completed the assessments (intervention, n = 30; control, n = 31). Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 participants from the intervention group.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional Mannequin-Based Training (Control Group) | Active comparator | Behavioral: Conventional Mannequin-Based TrainingThe control group (n = 33) received conventional mannequin-based training in pediatric orotracheal suctioning. The training focused on the procedural steps of endotracheal suctioning in orally intubated pediatric patients. Participants were evaluated using the study's knowledge and procedural skill assessment instruments. |
| Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality Training (Intervention Group) | Experimental | Behavioral: Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality TrainingThe intervention group (n = 33) received augmented reality-based pediatric orotracheal suctioning training guided by Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model. The educational module focused on developing students' knowledge and procedural skills in endotracheal suctioning of orally intubated pediatric patients. |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Undergraduate nursing students enrolled in the Pediatric Nursing Practice course.
- Voluntary agreement to participate in the study.
- Sufficient Turkish language proficiency to understand the instructional materials and complete the assessments.
- No hearing, visual, or fine motor impairments.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Students who had previously completed or repeated the Pediatric Nursing Practice course.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality TrainingNursing students in the intervention group received augmented reality-based pediatric orotracheal suctioning training guided by Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model. The educational module was designed to support students' knowledge acquisition and procedural skill development in endotracheal suctioning of orally intubated pediatric patients. | Behavioural | Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality Training (Intervention Group) |
| Conventional Mannequin-Based TrainingNursing students in the control group received conventional mannequin-based training in pediatric orotracheal suctioning. The training focused on the procedural steps required to perform endotracheal suctioning in orally intubated pediatric patients. | Behavioural | Conventional Mannequin-Based Training (Control Group) |
Primary outcome
Pediatric Endotracheal Suctioning Knowledge Score
Time frame: Immediately before and after the educational intervention (pretest and posttest)
Knowledge was assessed using a researcher-developed 20-item multiple-choice test covering pediatric open-system endotracheal suctioning and related clinical care in orally intubated pediatric patients. Each correct answer received 5 points, and each incorrect answer received 0 points. Total scores ranged from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge.
Pediatric Endotracheal Suctioning Procedural Skill Score
Time frame: Immediately before and after the educational intervention (pretest and posttest)
Psychomotor skills were assessed using a researcher-developed 25-step procedural skill assessment form. Each step was scored as 0 (incorrect) or 1 (correct). Total scores ranged from 0 to 25, with higher scores indicating better procedural performance. Skills were assessed before and after the educational intervention.
1 secondary outcome
Nursing Students' Experiences With Augmented Reality-Based Training
Time frame: After completion of the educational intervention
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 21 Oct 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data will not be publicly shared due to participant confidentiality and ethical considerations. Study findings will be reported in aggregate form.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Sema Kuguoğlu, Prof.Dr. study chair
Medipol Unıversty
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Benner Model-Based Augmented Reality Training and Conventional Mannequin-Based Training in people with Nursing Education, run by Medipol University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 21 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Pediatric Endotracheal Suctioning Knowledge Score (time frame: Immediately before and after the educational intervention (pretest and posttest)). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 21 Oct 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 28 Oct 2026.