HyperthermiaNCT05695079
Efficacy of Electric Fans for Mitigating Thermal Strain in Older Adults During Heat Waves
A study testing Electric fan (low airflow) and Electric fan (high airflow) in people with Hyperthermia and Weather; Heat, run by University of Ottawa at 1 site in Canada.
Trial summary
With the increasing regularity and intensity of hot weather and heat waves, there is an urgent need to develop heat-alleviation strategies able to provide targeted protection for heat-vulnerable older adults. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 65 to 85 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Hyperthermia, Weather; Heat, Heat Stress
- What is being tested?
- Electric fan (low airflow) and Electric fan (high airflow)
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 19 participants
- Where
- 1 siteCanada
- Study dates
- 1 Dec 2022to 10 Apr 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 65 to 85 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Male or female adults.
- Aged 65-85 years.
- Non-smoking.
- English or French speaking.
- Ability to provide informed consent.
Who cannot join
- Physical restriction (e.g., due to disease: intermittent claudication, renal impairment, active proliferative retinopathy, unstable cardiac or pulmonary disease, disabling stroke, severe arthritis, etc.).
- Use of or changes in medication judged by the patient or investigators to make participation in this study inadvisable (e.g., medications increasing risk of heat-related illness; beta blockers, anticholinergics, etc.)
- Cardiac abnormalities identified via 12-lead ECG during an incremental exercise test to volitional fatigue (performed for all participants).
- Peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak), as measured during an incremental exercise test to volitional fatigue, exceeding the 50th percentile of age- and sex-specific normative values published by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Evaluating the Efficacy of Pedestal Fans for Limiting Heat Strain in Elderly Adults During Extreme Heat Events
With the increasing regularity and intensity of hot weather and heat waves, there is an urgent need to develop heat-alleviation strategies able to provide targeted protection for heat-vulnerable older adults. While air-conditioning provides the most effective protection from extreme heat, it is inaccessible for many individuals. Air-conditioning is also energy intensive, which can strain the electrical grid and, depending on the source of electricity generation, contribute to increasing green house gas emissions. For these reasons, recent guidance has advocated the use of electric fans as a simple and sustainable alternative to air-conditioning. To date, however, only one study has assessed the efficacy of fan use in older adults and demonstrated that fans accelerate increases in body temperature and heart rate in a short-duration (~2 hours) resting exposure to 42°C with increasing ambient humidity from 30-70%. While subsequent modelling has suggested that fans can improve heat loss via sweat evaporation in healthy older adults at air temperatures up to 38°C, there is currently no empirical data to support these claims. Further, that work assumed older adults were seated in front of a pedestal fan generating an airflow of 3·5-4·5 m/s at the front of the body. This airflow cannot be attained by most marketed pedestal fans. Studies are therefore needed to evaluate the efficacy of fans for preventing hyperthermia and the associated physiological burden in older adults in air temperatures below 38°C and determine whether the cooling effect of fans, if any, is evident at lower rates of airflow.
To address these knowledge gaps, this randomized crossover trial will evaluate body core temperature, cardiovascular strain, dehydration, and thermal comfort in adults aged 65-85 years exposed for 8 hours to conditions experienced during hot weather and heat waves in North America simulated using a climate chamber (36°C, 45% relative humidity). Each participant will complete three randomized exposures that will differ only in the airflow generated at the front of the body via an electric pedestal fan: no airflow (control), low airflow (~2 m/s), and high airflow (~4 m/s). While participants will spend most of the 8-hour exposure seated in front of the fan, they will also complete 4 x 10 min periods of 'activities of daily living' (~2-2.5 METS, light stepping) at ~2 hour intervals to more accurately reflect activity patterns in the home.
- Conditions
- Hyperthermia, Weather; Heat, Heat Stress, Aging
- Being tested
- No cooling (control), Electric fan (low airflow), Electric fan (high airflow)
- Keywords
- Heat wave, Cooling intervention, Electric fans, Cardiovascular strain, Extreme heat events
- Medical subject headings
- Hyperthermia, Heat Stress Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
No cooling (control)Other
Participants are exposed to 36°C, 45% relative humidity for 8 hours without cooling intervention (control condition). Drinking water is available ad libitum. Participants are seated throughout exposure, except for during 10 min periods of simulated activities of daily living (light stepping at 2-2.5 METS) performed at hours 1, 3, 5, and 7.
Electric fan (low airflow)Other
Participants are exposed to 36°C, 45% relative humidity for 8 hours without cooling interventions (control condition). Drinking water is available ad libitum. Participants are seated throughout exposure, except for during 10 min periods of simulated activities of daily living (light stepping at 2-2.5 METS) performed at hours 1, 3, 5, and 7. While participants are seated, an electric pedestal fan positioned 1 m away will deliver a continuous airflow of 2 m/s to the front of the body.
Electric fan (high airflow)Other
Participants are exposed to 36°C, 45% relative humidity for 8 hours without cooling interventions (control condition). Drinking water is available ad libitum. Participants are seated throughout exposure, except for during 10 min periods of simulated activities of daily living (light stepping at 2-2.5 METS) performed at hours 1, 3, 5, and 7. While participants are seated, an electric pedestal fan positioned 1 m away will deliver a continuous airflow of 4 m/s to the front of the body.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| No cooling intervention (control) | Active comparator | Adults aged 65-85 years with or without type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension Receives: Other: No cooling (control) |
| Fan generating low airflow | Experimental | Adults aged 65-85 years with or without type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension Receives: Other: Electric fan (low airflow) |
| Fan generating high airflow | Experimental | Adults aged 65-85 years with or without type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension Receives: Other: Electric fan (high airflow) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Core temperature (peak)
Peak rectal temperature (15 min average) during exposure. Rectal temperature is measured continuously throughout each simulated heat wave.
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Secondary outcomes (15)
Core temperature (AUC)
Area under the curve of rectal temperature (in degree-hours).
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Core temperature (end-exposure)
Rectal temperature measured at hour 8 of the simulated heat wave exposure (15-min average)
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate (peak)
Peak heart rate (15 min average) during exposure. Heart rate is measured continuously via 3-lead ECG throughout each simulated heat wave
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate (AUC)
Area under the curve of rectal temperature (total beats).
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate (end-exposure)
Heart rate measured at hour 8 of the simulated heat wave exposure via 3-lead ECG (15-min average)
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Systolic blood pressure (end-exposure)
Systolic blood pressure measured in triplicate via automated oscillometry (~60 seconds between measures)
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Diastolic blood pressure (end-exposure)
Diastolic blood pressure measured in triplicate via automated oscillometry (~60 seconds between measures)
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Rate pressure product (end-exposure)
Rate pressure product, an index of myocardial work and strain, calculated as systolic blood pressure x heart rate.
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate variability: SDNN (end-exposure)
Standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN) measured during 5 minutes of paced breathing (15 breaths/min) with participants in the seated position. SDNN will be evaluated twice, during two paced breathing periods (separated by 4 min of seated rest).
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate variability: RMSSD (end-exposure)
Root mean squared standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (RMSSD) measured during 5 minutes of paced breathing (15 breaths/min) with participants in the seated position. RMSSD will be evaluated twice, during two paced breathing periods (separated by 4 min of seated rest).
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Fluid consumption
Cumulative fluid consumption calculated by weighing participant water intake at the start and end of each hour of exposure.
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Fluid loss
Fluid loss calculated as the change in body mass during each exposure presented as a percentage of baseline body mass (corrected for food consumption)
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Change in plasma volume
Change in plasma volume from baseline values calculated from duplicate measurements of hemoglobin and hematocrit at the start and end of each exposure using the technique by Dill and Costill.
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Thermal comfort scale (end-exposure)
Thermal comfort assessed via a visual analog scale ("How comfortable does your body temperature feel?") ranging from "extremely uncomfortable" to "extremely comfortable"(midpoint: neutral).
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Air movement scale (end-exposure)
Perception of air movement assessed via a visual analog scale ("How do you feel about the air movement in this room?") ranging from "much too still" to "much too breezy" (midpoint: neutral).
Measured: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Jan 2023
- Study start1 Dec 2022
- Primary completion10 Apr 2023
- Study completion10 Apr 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HyperthermiaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- Each participant will complete 3 simulated heat wave exposures in random order: i) no electric fan (control); ii) electric fan generating air flow of 2 m/s at the front of the body; and iii) electric fan generating air flow of 4 m/s at the front of the body.
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 19 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Ottawa
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Glen P. Kenny, University of Ottawa
- Investigators
- Glen P Kenny, PhD, Principal investigator, University of OttawaRonald J Sigal, MD, MPH, Principal investigator, University of Calgary
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05695079
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- H-11-21-7572
- Status last verified
- Jun 2023
- First submitted
- 12 Jan 2023
- Last updated
- 18 Jun 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Deidentified participant data will be made available with approved analysis plan and signed access agreement
Publications
King K, McCormick J, O'Connor F, Meade R, Kenny G. The efficacy of fan use on autophagy and the cellular stress response during prolonged exposure to extreme heat in older adults: a randomized trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2026 Jan 1;51:1-11. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2025-0250.
PubMed 41297035Lee BJ, McCarthy T, O'Connor F, Davey SL, Thake CD, McCormick JJ, King KE, Boulay P, Meade RD, Kenny GP. Effect of pedestal fan use on serum stress biomarkers in older adults exposed to simulated daylong indoor overheating. Physiol Rep. 2025 Jun;13(12):e70390. doi: 10.14814/phy2.70390.
PubMed 40542541O'Connor F, McGarr G, Harris-Mostert R, Boulay P, Sigal R, Meade R, Kenny GP. Effects of pedestal-mounted electric fans on self-reported symptoms and mood-state in older adults exposed to indoor overheating during a simulated heatwave: an exploratory analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2025 Jan 1;50:1-12. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2024-0461.
PubMed 40020224
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Jun 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Evaluating the Efficacy of Pedestal Fans for Limiting Heat Strain in Elderly Adults During Extreme Heat Events
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05695079
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- H-11-21-7572
- Conditions
- Hyperthermia, Weather; Heat, Heat Stress, Aging
- Keywords
- Heat wave, Cooling intervention, Electric fans, Cardiovascular strain, Extreme heat events
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 19 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of OttawaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Dec 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Apr 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 10 Apr 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Jan 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
With the increasing regularity and intensity of hot weather and heat waves, there is an urgent need to develop heat-alleviation strategies able to provide targeted protection for heat-vulnerable older adults. While air-conditioning provides the most effective protection from extreme heat, it is inaccessible for many individuals. Air-conditioning is also energy intensive, which can strain the electrical grid and, depending on the source of electricity generation, contribute to increasing green house gas emissions. For these reasons, recent guidance has advocated the use of electric fans as a simple and sustainable alternative to air-conditioning. To date, however, only one study has assessed the efficacy of fan use in older adults and demonstrated that fans accelerate increases in body temperature and heart rate in a short-duration (~2 hours) resting exposure to 42°C with increasing ambient humidity from 30-70%. While subsequent modelling has suggested that fans can improve heat loss via sweat evaporation in healthy older adults at air temperatures up to 38°C, there is currently no empirical data to support these claims. Further, that work assumed older adults were seated in front of a pedestal fan generating an airflow of 3·5-4·5 m/s at the front of the body. This airflow cannot be attained by most marketed pedestal fans. Studies are therefore needed to evaluate the efficacy of fans for preventing hyperthermia and the associated physiological burden in older adults in air temperatures below 38°C and determine whether the cooling effect of fans, if any, is evident at lower rates of airflow.
To address these knowledge gaps, this randomized crossover trial will evaluate body core temperature, cardiovascular strain, dehydration, and thermal comfort in adults aged 65-85 years exposed for 8 hours to conditions experienced during hot weather and heat waves in North America simulated using a climate chamber (36°C, 45% relative humidity). Each participant will complete three randomized exposures that will differ only in the airflow generated at the front of the body via an electric pedestal fan: no airflow (control), low airflow (~2 m/s), and high airflow (~4 m/s). While participants will spend most of the 8-hour exposure seated in front of the fan, they will also complete 4 x 10 min periods of 'activities of daily living' (~2-2.5 METS, light stepping) at ~2 hour intervals to more accurately reflect activity patterns in the home.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- Each participant will complete 3 simulated heat wave exposures in random order: i) no electric fan (control); ii) electric fan generating air flow of 2 m/s at the front of the body; and iii) electric fan generating air flow of 4 m/s at the front of the body.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| No cooling intervention (control) | Active comparator | Other: No cooling (control)Adults aged 65-85 years with or without type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension |
| Fan generating low airflow | Experimental | Other: Electric fan (low airflow)Adults aged 65-85 years with or without type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension |
| Fan generating high airflow | Experimental | Other: Electric fan (high airflow)Adults aged 65-85 years with or without type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 65 to 85 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Male or female adults.
- Aged 65-85 years.
- Non-smoking.
- English or French speaking.
- Ability to provide informed consent.
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Physical restriction (e.g., due to disease: intermittent claudication, renal impairment, active proliferative retinopathy, unstable cardiac or pulmonary disease, disabling stroke, severe arthritis, etc.).
- Use of or changes in medication judged by the patient or investigators to make participation in this study inadvisable (e.g., medications increasing risk of heat-related illness; beta blockers, anticholinergics, etc.)
- Cardiac abnormalities identified via 12-lead ECG during an incremental exercise test to volitional fatigue (performed for all participants).
- Peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak), as measured during an incremental exercise test to volitional fatigue, exceeding the 50th percentile of age- and sex-specific normative values published by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| No cooling (control)Participants are exposed to 36°C, 45% relative humidity for 8 hours without cooling intervention (control condition). Drinking water is available ad libitum. Participants are seated throughout exposure, except for during 10 min periods of simulated activities of daily living (light stepping at 2-2.5 METS) performed at hours 1, 3, 5, and 7. | Other | No cooling intervention (control) |
| Electric fan (low airflow)Participants are exposed to 36°C, 45% relative humidity for 8 hours without cooling interventions (control condition). Drinking water is available ad libitum. Participants are seated throughout exposure, except for during 10 min periods of simulated activities of daily living (light stepping at 2-2.5 METS) performed at hours 1, 3, 5, and 7. While participants are seated, an electric pedestal fan positioned 1 m away will deliver a continuous airflow of 2 m/s to the front of the body. | Other | Fan generating low airflow |
| Electric fan (high airflow)Participants are exposed to 36°C, 45% relative humidity for 8 hours without cooling interventions (control condition). Drinking water is available ad libitum. Participants are seated throughout exposure, except for during 10 min periods of simulated activities of daily living (light stepping at 2-2.5 METS) performed at hours 1, 3, 5, and 7. While participants are seated, an electric pedestal fan positioned 1 m away will deliver a continuous airflow of 4 m/s to the front of the body. | Other | Fan generating high airflow |
Primary outcome
Core temperature (peak)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Peak rectal temperature (15 min average) during exposure. Rectal temperature is measured continuously throughout each simulated heat wave.
15 secondary outcomes
Core temperature (AUC)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Core temperature (end-exposure)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate (peak)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate (AUC)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate (end-exposure)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Systolic blood pressure (end-exposure)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Diastolic blood pressure (end-exposure)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Rate pressure product (end-exposure)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate variability: SDNN (end-exposure)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Heart rate variability: RMSSD (end-exposure)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Fluid consumption
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Fluid loss
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Change in plasma volume
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Thermal comfort scale (end-exposure)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Air movement scale (end-exposure)
Time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Jun 2023.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 41297035King K, McCormick J, O'Connor F, Meade R, Kenny G. The efficacy of fan use on autophagy and the cellular stress response during prolonged exposure to extreme heat in older adults: a randomized trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2026 Jan 1;51:1-11. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2025-0250.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40542541Lee BJ, McCarthy T, O'Connor F, Davey SL, Thake CD, McCormick JJ, King KE, Boulay P, Meade RD, Kenny GP. Effect of pedestal fan use on serum stress biomarkers in older adults exposed to simulated daylong indoor overheating. Physiol Rep. 2025 Jun;13(12):e70390. doi: 10.14814/phy2.70390.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40020224O'Connor F, McGarr G, Harris-Mostert R, Boulay P, Sigal R, Meade R, Kenny GP. Effects of pedestal-mounted electric fans on self-reported symptoms and mood-state in older adults exposed to indoor overheating during a simulated heatwave: an exploratory analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2025 Jan 1;50:1-12. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2024-0461.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Deidentified participant data will be made available with approved analysis plan and signed access agreement
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Glen P Kenny, PhD principal investigator
University of Ottawa
Ronald J Sigal, MD, MPH principal investigator
University of Calgary
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Electric fan (low airflow) and Electric fan (high airflow) in people with Hyperthermia and Weather; Heat, run by University of Ottawa at 1 site in Canada.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Jun 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Canada. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Core temperature (peak) (time frame: End of heat exposure (hour 8)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05695079, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Jun 2023.