Living DonorsmHealthNCT03400085
Pilot Study of an mHealth Intervention for Living Donor Follow-up
A study testing mHealth application in people with Living Donors and Nephrectomy, run by Johns Hopkins University at 2 sites in United States.
Trial summary
The investigators are interested in whether or not the use of a mobile health (mHealth) application increases the rate of follow-up compliance among living kidney donors. The investigators aim to test this by randomly assigning living kidney donors to the intervention (use of mHealth application to complete required… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Living Donors, Nephrectomy, Kidney
- What is being tested?
- mHealth application
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 400 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 May 2018to 31 Dec 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Adults (≥18 years)
- Have undergone live donor nephrectomy at Methodist Specialty and Transplant Hospital in San Antonio, Texas
- Have undergone live donor nephrectomy at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
Who cannot join
- Participants will only be excluded if they do not consent to the study
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
United States2 sites
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
Methodist Specialty and Transplant Hospital
San Antonio, Texas, 78229
About this study
Official title: Pilot Study of a Mobile Health Intervention for Living Donor Follow-up
The investigators are interested in whether or not the use of a mobile health (mHealth) application increases the rate of follow-up compliance among living kidney donors. The investigators aim to test this by randomly assigning living kidney donors to the intervention (use of mHealth application to complete required living kidney donor follow-up at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years) or control arm (standard of care) upon discharge from their initial donation hospitalization, and tracking follow-up compliance over time. The study population will be approximately 400 living kidney donors who undergo donor nephrectomy at Methodist Specialty and Transplant Hospital (200/year for 2 years).
The investigators will also recruit patients from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center into the study, however, these study participants are not a part of the Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT).
Read the detailed description
Living kidney donation has been promoted as the 'best treatment option' for eligible patients with end-stage renal disease on the transplant waitlist by the American Society of Transplantation. In 2017, 5,264 living kidney donor (LKD) transplants were performed in the United States, representing over one-third of all kidney transplants performed nationally. While living donor nephrectomy is viewed as an overall safe procedure, the surgery does carry associated potential risks, including out-of-pocket costs, difficulty obtaining insurance, and long-term health complications. In 2013, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) passed new regulations requiring transplant hospitals to collect living kidney donor (LKD) follow-up data for a minimum of 2 years post-donation. Despite this national mandate, less than 50% of transplant hospitals were able to meet reporting thresholds for LKDs who donated in 2013. Documented challenges to collecting this data include cost, donor inconvenience, and data collection burden.
Therefore, novel methods are required to address incomplete donor follow-up. The investigators believe that mobile health (mHealth) systems, such as smartphone applications, would provide an effective, low-cost method of improving living donor follow-up rates. The investigators have built an mHealth system designed for reporting and collecting LKD follow-up data. The mHealth application was created based on previous studies conducted by the study team on the attitudes and perceptions of LKDs at a single transplant center on the use of mHealth for LKD follow-up, as well as after eliciting input from transplant thought leaders in the United States through semi-structured interviews. The aim of this study is to pilot test the mHealth system and compare the investigators' ability to achieve required follow-up at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years against controls to help estimate potential effect sizes of the intervention.
- Conditions
- Living Donors, Nephrectomy, Kidney
- Being tested
- mHealth application
- Keywords
- mHealth, living donor kidney transplant, follow-up, health utilization
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
mHealth applicationOther
Also called Application
The intervention is an mHealth smartphone application designed for living kidney donors to complete their required 2-year follow-up. It allows the donor to input the answers to the clinical survey responses, as well as upload a picture of their lab values.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Standard of Care | No intervention | The control participants will be instructed to attend required follow-up as is standard of care, and will not receive the mHealth application. |
| mHealth application | Experimental | Participants in the intervention arm will receive the mHealth application at their first post-donation clinic visit. Study personnel will assist participants assigned to the mHealth intervention arm with downloading the application and explain its functioning. Participants will then use the application to complete their required 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up. Receives: Other: mHealth application |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
6-month compliance to follow-up
Compliance with submitting questionnaires and laboratory values within 60 days of the six-month donation anniversary. Participants in the intervention arm will receive notifications when their follow-up is available to complete via the mHealth app, and subsequent notifications thereafter until either the donor completes both clinical and laboratory components of the required follow-up, or they are no longer compliant and within the 60-day window. Participants in the control arm will complete their follow-up as is current standard of care at Texas Transplant Institute.
Measured: 6 months
1-year compliance to follow-up
Compliance with submitting questionnaires and laboratory values within 60 days of the 1-year donation anniversary. Participants in the intervention arm will receive notifications when their follow-up is available to complete via the mHealth app, and subsequent notifications thereafter until either the donor completes both clinical and laboratory components of the required follow-up, or they are no longer compliant and within the 60-day window. Participants in the control arm will complete their follow-up as is current standard of care at Texas Transplant Institute.
Measured: 1 year
2-year compliance to follow-up
Compliance with submitting questionnaires and laboratory values within 60 days of the 2-year donation anniversary. Participants in the intervention arm will receive notifications when their follow-up is available to complete via the mHealth app, and subsequent notifications thereafter until either the donor completes both clinical and laboratory components of the required follow-up, or they are no longer compliant and within the 60-day window. Participants in the control arm will complete their follow-up as is current standard of care at Texas Transplant Institute.
Measured: 2 years
Secondary outcomes (3)
6-month center follow-up compliance
Overall center rate of compliance with follow-up with 80% of all donors within 60 days of the six-month donation anniversary.
Measured: 6 months
1-year center follow-up compliance
Overall center rate of compliance with follow-up with 80% of all donors within 60 days of the 1-year donation anniversary.
Measured: 1 year
2-year center follow-up compliance
Overall center rate of compliance with follow-up with 80% of all donors within 60 days of the 2-year donation anniversary.
Measured: 2 years
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted17 Jan 2018
- Study start1 May 2018
- Primary completion31 Dec 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Dec 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (12)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Living DonorsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Johns Hopkins UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This is a single-center, prospective, randomized control trial with two arms. Participants in the intervention arm will use an mHealth application to complete their mandated living kidney donor follow-up at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, and participants in the control arm will receive the current standard of follow-up care and complete their required follow-up without the use of an mHealth application. Living Kidney Donors at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center are also being given the option to use the mKidney system, however, these study participants are not a part of the Pilot RCT.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 400 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Johns Hopkins University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Texas Transplant Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Daniel Warren, PhD, Principal investigator, Johns Hopkins University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03400085
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRB00162212
- Other IDs
- K01DK114388
- Acronym
- mHealth
- Status last verified
- Dec 2025
- First submitted
- 9 Jan 2018
- Last updated
- 16 Dec 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
LaPointe Rudow D, Hays R, Baliga P, Cohen DJ, Cooper M, Danovitch GM, Dew MA, Gordon EJ, Mandelbrot DA, McGuire S, Milton J, Moore DR, Morgievich M, Schold JD, Segev DL, Serur D, Steiner RW, Tan JC, Waterman AD, Zavala EY, Rodrigue JR. Consensus conference on best practices in live kidney donation: recommendations to optimize education, access, and care. Am J Transplant. 2015 Apr;15(4):914-22. doi: 10.1111/ajt.13173. Epub 2015 Feb 3.
PubMed 25648884Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. National Data 2017.
Boyarsky BJ, Massie AB, Alejo JL, Van Arendonk KJ, Wildonger S, Garonzik-Wang JM, Montgomery RA, Deshpande NA, Muzaale AD, Segev DL. Experiences obtaining insurance after live kidney donation. Am J Transplant. 2014 Sep;14(9):2168-72. doi: 10.1111/ajt.12819. Epub 2014 Jul 16.
PubMed 25041695Rodrigue JR, Schold JD, Morrissey P, Whiting J, Vella J, Kayler LK, Katz D, Jones J, Kaplan B, Fleishman A, Pavlakis M, Mandelbrot DA; KDOC Study Group. Predonation Direct and Indirect Costs Incurred by Adults Who Donated a Kidney: Findings From the KDOC Study. Am J Transplant. 2015 Sep;15(9):2387-93. doi: 10.1111/ajt.13286. Epub 2015 May 5.
PubMed 25943721Segev DL, Muzaale AD, Caffo BS, Mehta SH, Singer AL, Taranto SE, McBride MA, Montgomery RA. Perioperative mortality and long-term survival following live kidney donation. JAMA. 2010 Mar 10;303(10):959-66. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.237.
PubMed 20215610OPTN Policy 18 Living Donor Data Submission Requirements. 2016: 220.
Henderson ML, Thomas AG, Shaffer A, Massie AB, Luo X, Holscher CM, Purnell TS, Lentine KL, Segev DL. The National Landscape of Living Kidney Donor Follow-Up in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2017 Dec;17(12):3131-3140. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14356. Epub 2017 Jun 30.
PubMed 28510355Ommen ES, LaPointe Rudow D, Medapalli RK, Schroppel B, Murphy B. When good intentions are not enough: obtaining follow-up data in living kidney donors. Am J Transplant. 2011 Dec;11(12):2575-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03815.x. Epub 2011 Nov 4.
PubMed 22054024Mandelbrot DA, Pavlakis M. Living donor practices in the United States. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012 Jul;19(4):212-9. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.04.010.
PubMed 22732040Waterman AD, Dew MA, Davis CL, McCabe M, Wainright JL, Forland CL, Bolton L, Cooper M. Living-donor follow-up attitudes and practices in U.S. kidney and liver donor programs. Transplantation. 2013 Mar 27;95(6):883-8. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31828279fd.
PubMed 23388736Mandelbrot DA, Pavlakis M, Karp SJ, Johnson SR, Hanto DW, Rodrigue JR. Practices and barriers in long-term living kidney donor follow-up: a survey of U.S. transplant centers. Transplantation. 2009 Oct 15;88(7):855-60. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181b6dfb9.
PubMed 19935453Fleming JN, Taber DJ, McElligott J, McGillicuddy JW, Treiber F. Mobile Health in Solid Organ Transplant: The Time Is Now. Am J Transplant. 2017 Sep;17(9):2263-2276. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14225. Epub 2017 Mar 17.
PubMed 28188681
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 16 Dec 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Pilot Study of a Mobile Health Intervention for Living Donor Follow-up
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03400085
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- mHealth / IRB00162212
- Conditions
- Living Donors, Nephrectomy, Kidney
- Keywords
- mHealth, living donor kidney transplant, follow-up, health utilization
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 400 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Johns Hopkins UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Texas Transplant Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- Study start
- 1 May 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Dec 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 17 Jan 2018 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The investigators are interested in whether or not the use of a mobile health (mHealth) application increases the rate of follow-up compliance among living kidney donors. The investigators aim to test this by randomly assigning living kidney donors to the intervention (use of mHealth application to complete required living kidney donor follow-up at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years) or control arm (standard of care) upon discharge from their initial donation hospitalization, and tracking follow-up compliance over time. The study population will be approximately 400 living kidney donors who undergo donor nephrectomy at Methodist Specialty and Transplant Hospital (200/year for 2 years).
The investigators will also recruit patients from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center into the study, however, these study participants are not a part of the Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT).
Detailed description
Living kidney donation has been promoted as the 'best treatment option' for eligible patients with end-stage renal disease on the transplant waitlist by the American Society of Transplantation. In 2017, 5,264 living kidney donor (LKD) transplants were performed in the United States, representing over one-third of all kidney transplants performed nationally. While living donor nephrectomy is viewed as an overall safe procedure, the surgery does carry associated potential risks, including out-of-pocket costs, difficulty obtaining insurance, and long-term health complications. In 2013, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) passed new regulations requiring transplant hospitals to collect living kidney donor (LKD) follow-up data for a minimum of 2 years post-donation. Despite this national mandate, less than 50% of transplant hospitals were able to meet reporting thresholds for LKDs who donated in 2013. Documented challenges to collecting this data include cost, donor inconvenience, and data collection burden.
Therefore, novel methods are required to address incomplete donor follow-up. The investigators believe that mobile health (mHealth) systems, such as smartphone applications, would provide an effective, low-cost method of improving living donor follow-up rates. The investigators have built an mHealth system designed for reporting and collecting LKD follow-up data. The mHealth application was created based on previous studies conducted by the study team on the attitudes and perceptions of LKDs at a single transplant center on the use of mHealth for LKD follow-up, as well as after eliciting input from transplant thought leaders in the United States through semi-structured interviews. The aim of this study is to pilot test the mHealth system and compare the investigators' ability to achieve required follow-up at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years against controls to help estimate potential effect sizes of the intervention.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This is a single-center, prospective, randomized control trial with two arms. Participants in the intervention arm will use an mHealth application to complete their mandated living kidney donor follow-up at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, and participants in the control arm will receive the current standard of follow-up care and complete their required follow-up without the use of an mHealth application. Living Kidney Donors at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center are also being given the option to use the mKidney system, however, these study participants are not a part of the Pilot RCT.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Standard of Care | No intervention | –The control participants will be instructed to attend required follow-up as is standard of care, and will not receive the mHealth application. |
| mHealth application | Experimental | Other: mHealth applicationParticipants in the intervention arm will receive the mHealth application at their first post-donation clinic visit. Study personnel will assist participants assigned to the mHealth intervention arm with downloading the application and explain its functioning. Participants will then use the application to complete their required 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Adults (≥18 years)
- Have undergone live donor nephrectomy at Methodist Specialty and Transplant Hospital in San Antonio, Texas
- Have undergone live donor nephrectomy at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Participants will only be excluded if they do not consent to the study
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| mHealth applicationAlso: ApplicationThe intervention is an mHealth smartphone application designed for living kidney donors to complete their required 2-year follow-up. It allows the donor to input the answers to the clinical survey responses, as well as upload a picture of their lab values. | Other | mHealth application |
Primary outcome
6-month compliance to follow-up
Time frame: 6 months
Compliance with submitting questionnaires and laboratory values within 60 days of the six-month donation anniversary. Participants in the intervention arm will receive notifications when their follow-up is available to complete via the mHealth app, and subsequent notifications thereafter until either the donor completes both clinical and laboratory components of the required follow-up, or they are no longer compliant and within the 60-day window. Participants in the control arm will complete their follow-up as is current standard of care at Texas Transplant Institute.
1-year compliance to follow-up
Time frame: 1 year
Compliance with submitting questionnaires and laboratory values within 60 days of the 1-year donation anniversary. Participants in the intervention arm will receive notifications when their follow-up is available to complete via the mHealth app, and subsequent notifications thereafter until either the donor completes both clinical and laboratory components of the required follow-up, or they are no longer compliant and within the 60-day window. Participants in the control arm will complete their follow-up as is current standard of care at Texas Transplant Institute.
2-year compliance to follow-up
Time frame: 2 years
Compliance with submitting questionnaires and laboratory values within 60 days of the 2-year donation anniversary. Participants in the intervention arm will receive notifications when their follow-up is available to complete via the mHealth app, and subsequent notifications thereafter until either the donor completes both clinical and laboratory components of the required follow-up, or they are no longer compliant and within the 60-day window. Participants in the control arm will complete their follow-up as is current standard of care at Texas Transplant Institute.
3 secondary outcomes
6-month center follow-up compliance
Time frame: 6 months
1-year center follow-up compliance
Time frame: 1 year
2-year center follow-up compliance
Time frame: 2 years
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 16 Dec 2025.
- Background: PubMed 25648884LaPointe Rudow D, Hays R, Baliga P, Cohen DJ, Cooper M, Danovitch GM, Dew MA, Gordon EJ, Mandelbrot DA, McGuire S, Milton J, Moore DR, Morgievich M, Schold JD, Segev DL, Serur D, Steiner RW, Tan JC, Waterman AD, Zavala EY, Rodrigue JR. Consensus conference on best practices in live kidney donation: recommendations to optimize education, access, and care. Am J Transplant. 2015 Apr;15(4):914-22. doi: 10.1111/ajt.13173. Epub 2015 Feb 3.
- BackgroundOrgan Procurement and Transplantation Network. National Data 2017.
- Background: PubMed 25041695Boyarsky BJ, Massie AB, Alejo JL, Van Arendonk KJ, Wildonger S, Garonzik-Wang JM, Montgomery RA, Deshpande NA, Muzaale AD, Segev DL. Experiences obtaining insurance after live kidney donation. Am J Transplant. 2014 Sep;14(9):2168-72. doi: 10.1111/ajt.12819. Epub 2014 Jul 16.
- Background: PubMed 25943721Rodrigue JR, Schold JD, Morrissey P, Whiting J, Vella J, Kayler LK, Katz D, Jones J, Kaplan B, Fleishman A, Pavlakis M, Mandelbrot DA; KDOC Study Group. Predonation Direct and Indirect Costs Incurred by Adults Who Donated a Kidney: Findings From the KDOC Study. Am J Transplant. 2015 Sep;15(9):2387-93. doi: 10.1111/ajt.13286. Epub 2015 May 5.
- Background: PubMed 20215610Segev DL, Muzaale AD, Caffo BS, Mehta SH, Singer AL, Taranto SE, McBride MA, Montgomery RA. Perioperative mortality and long-term survival following live kidney donation. JAMA. 2010 Mar 10;303(10):959-66. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.237.
- BackgroundOPTN Policy 18 Living Donor Data Submission Requirements. 2016: 220.
- Background: PubMed 28510355Henderson ML, Thomas AG, Shaffer A, Massie AB, Luo X, Holscher CM, Purnell TS, Lentine KL, Segev DL. The National Landscape of Living Kidney Donor Follow-Up in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2017 Dec;17(12):3131-3140. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14356. Epub 2017 Jun 30.
- Background: PubMed 22054024Ommen ES, LaPointe Rudow D, Medapalli RK, Schroppel B, Murphy B. When good intentions are not enough: obtaining follow-up data in living kidney donors. Am J Transplant. 2011 Dec;11(12):2575-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03815.x. Epub 2011 Nov 4.
- Background: PubMed 22732040Mandelbrot DA, Pavlakis M. Living donor practices in the United States. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012 Jul;19(4):212-9. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.04.010.
- Background: PubMed 23388736Waterman AD, Dew MA, Davis CL, McCabe M, Wainright JL, Forland CL, Bolton L, Cooper M. Living-donor follow-up attitudes and practices in U.S. kidney and liver donor programs. Transplantation. 2013 Mar 27;95(6):883-8. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31828279fd.
- Background: PubMed 19935453Mandelbrot DA, Pavlakis M, Karp SJ, Johnson SR, Hanto DW, Rodrigue JR. Practices and barriers in long-term living kidney donor follow-up: a survey of U.S. transplant centers. Transplantation. 2009 Oct 15;88(7):855-60. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181b6dfb9.
- Background: PubMed 28188681Fleming JN, Taber DJ, McElligott J, McGillicuddy JW, Treiber F. Mobile Health in Solid Organ Transplant: The Time Is Now. Am J Transplant. 2017 Sep;17(9):2263-2276. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14225. Epub 2017 Mar 17.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Daniel Warren, PhD principal investigator
Johns Hopkins University
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing mHealth application in people with Living Donors and Nephrectomy, run by Johns Hopkins University at 2 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 16 Dec 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
6-month compliance to follow-up (time frame: 6 months). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03400085, which also lists 12 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 16 Dec 2025.