Anterior Cruciate Ligament ReconstructionPhase 2/3NCT01868282
Study of Pain Management Techniques Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair Surgery
A Phase 2/3 study testing Hamstrings block and Obturator block in people with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, run by London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's at 1 site in Canada.
Trial summary
Patients scheduled to undergo knee arthroscopy with anterior cruciate ligament repair with graft from the ipsilateral hamstrings and gracilis will be randomized to one of three groups. All patients will receive subsartorial saphenous nerve block. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 16 to 60 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
- What is being tested?
- Hamstrings block and Obturator block
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion, Surgery or procedure
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 105 participants
- Where
- 1 siteCanada
- Study dates
- Jun 2013to Aug 2015
- Phase
- Phase 2/3
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 16 to 60 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Male and females of 16-85years of age, scheduled to undergo anterior cruciate ligament repair with ipsilateral hamstrings graft.
- ASA Class I-III
Who cannot join
- ASA 4
- Revision surgery
- Graft harvest from the contralateral hamstrings or allograft
- Narcotic dependent (opioid intake more than 3 months) or any chronic pain conditions
- Patients with associated significant cardiac and respiratory disease
- Patients with coexisting hematological disorder or with deranged coagulation parameters.
Show all 12Show fewer
- Patients with pre-existing major organ dysfunction such as hepatic and renal failure.
- Psychiatric illnesses
- Emergency surgery
- Lack of informed consent.
- Allergy to any of the drugs used in the study
- Preoperative neurological deficits
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Canada1 site
University Hospital, London Health Sciences Center,
London, Ontario, N6A 5A5
About this study
Official title: Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Perihamstring Local Anesthetic Injection to Obturator Nerve Block When Combined With Subsartorial Saphenous Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair. A Randomized Double Blinded Study.
Patients scheduled to undergo knee arthroscopy with anterior cruciate ligament repair with graft from the ipsilateral hamstrings and gracilis will be randomized to one of three groups. All patients will receive subsartorial saphenous nerve block. Along with this, Group 1 will receive perihamstring local anesthetic infiltration (Hamstring block), Group 2 will receive blockade of the anterior division of obturator nerve and Group 3 (control group) will receive sham injections of hamstrings and anterior division obturator nerve. All patients will receive co-analgesics for home discharge. The study will evaluate the efficacy of subsartorial saphenous nerve block alone or in combination with either hamstring block or obturator block with regards to postoperative analgesia especially the donor site pain and total analgesic consumption.
Read the detailed description
Performance of arthroscopic knee repairs on day care basis necessitates adequate post-operative analgesia for successful home discharge since post-operative pain is known to be the commonest cause of unanticipated readmissions of day care patients. Early return to activity is also crucial to ensure adequate surgical outcomes. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair is commonly performed by arthroscopic approach with an ipsilateral hamstring-gracilis graft. This has shown to be superior to patellar tendon grafts with regards to pain and functional outcomes after surgery. Postoperative pain from the graft donor site and anterior knee pain form the surgery can lead to decreased range of motion and poor rehabilitation. A variety of regional anesthetic techniques are being tried for out-patient knee surgery like spinal adjuvants; intra and peri-articular injection, single injection and continuous blocks of the femoral and sciatic nerves, oral pills and cryoanalgesia. Opioid based analgesia with or without co-analgesics is not suited for dynamic pain relief since Aα and Aδ nerve fibres that carry pain are poorly inhibited by opioids while effectively inhibited by local anesthetics. Multimodal analgesic regimens work well for ambulatory surgeries especially when combined with regional analgesic techniques. Regional techniques decrease opioid consumption and hence opioid related side effects. Intra and peri-articular injections have a short duration of action compared to nerve blocks apart from the concerns of chondrotoxicity of intra-articular local anesthetics. Although femoral- and sciatic nerve blocks provide adequate analgesia, the weakness of the quadriceps and hamstrings can prevent early rehabilitative efforts and also pose a risk for patient falls following home discharge. Hence, novel regional techniques of analgesia like blocking the infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve, graft site injections of local anesthetics through the arthroscopic sleeve and single injection adductor canal block have been tried. Isolated sensory block of the surgical and graft site without motor block is the Holy Grail in search for these ambulatory patients.
Saphenous nerve, the terminal branch of femoral nerve supplies the majority of the knee joint. The femoral nerve exits the adductor canal and gives the terminal branch of saphenous nerve which lies between the Sartorius muscle and femoral artery in the sub-sartorial canal. Subsartorial canal block has been successfully utilized for forefoot surgery and knee arthroplasty but this has not been evaluated for ACL repairs. Saphenous nerve can be successfully blocked in the subsartorial canal without the risks of leg weakness but this alone is insufficient to provide analgesia to the graft donor site which is usually the gracilis tendon and the hamstrings tendon. Depositions of local anesthetics around the harvested muscle or blockade of the nerve supplying it are attractive strategies to decrease donor site pain but have not been explored for this purpose in a randomized fashion. The investigators hypothesize that the combination of any of the above two techniques to decrease donor site pain along with subsartorial saphenous nerve block can provide adequate analgesia in these patients. The anterior branch of the obturator nerve needs to be blocked since it supplies the gracilis muscle. To decrease the donor site pain, the saphenous nerve block can be combined with block of the anterior branch of obturator nerve. Alternatively, the saphenous nerve block can be combined with deposition of local anesthetic around the graft donor muscles. The extent to which the two techniques benefit the patients in terms of overall analgesia and the graft site analgesia has not been evaluated. With this background, the investigators want to compare the analgesic efficacy of subsartorial saphenous nerve block with either perihamstrings infiltration or blockade of the anterior division of obturator nerve in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with ipsilateral autograft from gracilis and hamstring muscles.
- Being tested
- Hamstrings block, Obturator block, Control group
- Keywords
- anterior cruciate ligament repair, Obturator nerve block, Hamstrings graft, Ropivacaine,, Postoperative pain
- Medical subject headings
- Pain, Postoperative
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Hamstrings blockProcedure or surgery
Also called perimuscular injections
patients enrolled in the study will receive subsartorial saphenous nerve block in all the three groups. Patients in group 1 will receive perimuscular injections around the gracilis and semi-tendinosus muscles. The needle is redirected to the fascial plane between Sartorius and gracilis muscle after the sub-sartorial canal block where 7.5 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine is injected around the muscle. The needle is further advanced to the fascial planes between semimembranosus and semitendinosus and an additional 7.5 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine will be injected around the semitendinosus muscle. Following this a sham injection of 10mL of saline for the anterior division of obturator nerve will also be performed as in group 2 to ensure blinding.
Obturator blockProcedure or surgery
Also called anterior division obturator nerve block
Patients in group 2 will receive anterior division of obturator nerve block along with subsartorial canal block. After ensuring aseptic precautions, the saphenous nerve block is performed similar to that as in group 1. The anterior branch of obturator nerve will be visualised in the proximal thigh medial to femoral vessels between adductor longus and adductor brevis. A 22 gauge 90 mm PNS block needle will be inserted under ultrasound guidance to reach the anterior division of obturator nerve confirmed with neurostimulation followed by injection of 10 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine around the nerve. This group will receive sham injection of 15mL of saline around semitendinosus and semimembranosus as in group 1
Control groupProcedure or surgery
Also called saline group
The patients in group 3 will form the control group. After performance of the subsartorial saphenous nerve block, patients in group 3 will receive sham injections of saline for the obturator nerve block and the hamstrings block (perimuscular injections).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Experimental | Hamstrings block Receives: Procedure: Hamstrings block |
| Group 2 | Active comparator | Obturator block Receives: Procedure: Obturator block |
| Group 3 | Sham comparator | Control group Receives: Procedure: Control group |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Post-operative pain scores at admission to PACU
The primary outcome will be post-operative pain scores at I hour after arrival in PACU.
Measured: Baseline
Secondary outcomes (1)
Pain scores at 4 hours of arrival to PACU
patients will be assessed for pain scores at rest and movement after 4 hours of arrival to the recovery from the operating room
Measured: 4 hours
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 Jun 2013 (estimated)
- Study startJun 2013
- Primary completionAug 2015
- Study completionAug 2015
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Anterior Cruciate Ligament ReconstructionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph'sThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2/3
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider
- Enrolment
- 105 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Sugantha Ganapathy, London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's
- Investigators
- Sugantha Ganapathy, FRCPC, Principal investigator, London Health sciences Center, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; N6A5A5
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01868282
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 103681
- Status last verified
- Aug 2015
- First submitted
- 26 Apr 2013
- Last updated
- 1 Sep 2015
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
Publications
Bushnell BD, Sakryd G, Noonan TJ. Hamstring donor-site block: evaluation of pain control after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2010 Jul;26(7):894-900. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2009.11.022. Epub 2010 May 13.
PubMed 20620788Saranteas T, Anagnostis G, Paraskeuopoulos T, Koulalis D, Kokkalis Z, Nakou M, Anagnostopoulou S, Kostopanagiotou G. Anatomy and clinical implications of the ultrasound-guided subsartorial saphenous nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011 Jul-Aug;36(4):399-402. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e318220f172.
PubMed 21697687Lundblad M, Forssblad M, Eksborg S, Lonnqvist PA. Ultrasound-guided infrapatellar nerve block for anterior cruciate ligament repair: a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011 Jul;28(7):511-8. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32834515ba.
PubMed 21455076Buckenmaier CC 3rd. Anaesthesia for outpatient knee surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002 Jun;16(2):255-70. doi: 10.1053/bean.2002.0237.
PubMed 12491556Johnston DF, Sondekoppam RV, Uppal V, Litchfield R, Giffin R, Ganapathy S. Effect of combining peri-hamstring injection or anterior obturator nerve block on the analgesic efficacy of adductor canal block for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2020 Mar;124(3):299-307. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.11.032. Epub 2020 Jan 21.
PubMed 31980156
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 1 Sep 2015. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Perihamstring Local Anesthetic Injection to Obturator Nerve Block When Combined With Subsartorial Saphenous Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair. A Randomized Double Blinded Study.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01868282
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 103681
- Keywords
- anterior cruciate ligament repair, Obturator nerve block, Hamstrings graft, Ropivacaine,, Postoperative pain
- Phase
- Phase 2/3
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 105 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph'sUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Jun 2013
- Primary completion
- Aug 2015 (actual)
- Study completion
- Aug 2015 (actual)
- First posted
- 4 Jun 2013 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Patients scheduled to undergo knee arthroscopy with anterior cruciate ligament repair with graft from the ipsilateral hamstrings and gracilis will be randomized to one of three groups. All patients will receive subsartorial saphenous nerve block. Along with this, Group 1 will receive perihamstring local anesthetic infiltration (Hamstring block), Group 2 will receive blockade of the anterior division of obturator nerve and Group 3 (control group) will receive sham injections of hamstrings and anterior division obturator nerve. All patients will receive co-analgesics for home discharge. The study will evaluate the efficacy of subsartorial saphenous nerve block alone or in combination with either hamstring block or obturator block with regards to postoperative analgesia especially the donor site pain and total analgesic consumption.
Detailed description
Performance of arthroscopic knee repairs on day care basis necessitates adequate post-operative analgesia for successful home discharge since post-operative pain is known to be the commonest cause of unanticipated readmissions of day care patients. Early return to activity is also crucial to ensure adequate surgical outcomes. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair is commonly performed by arthroscopic approach with an ipsilateral hamstring-gracilis graft. This has shown to be superior to patellar tendon grafts with regards to pain and functional outcomes after surgery. Postoperative pain from the graft donor site and anterior knee pain form the surgery can lead to decreased range of motion and poor rehabilitation. A variety of regional anesthetic techniques are being tried for out-patient knee surgery like spinal adjuvants; intra and peri-articular injection, single injection and continuous blocks of the femoral and sciatic nerves, oral pills and cryoanalgesia. Opioid based analgesia with or without co-analgesics is not suited for dynamic pain relief since Aα and Aδ nerve fibres that carry pain are poorly inhibited by opioids while effectively inhibited by local anesthetics. Multimodal analgesic regimens work well for ambulatory surgeries especially when combined with regional analgesic techniques. Regional techniques decrease opioid consumption and hence opioid related side effects. Intra and peri-articular injections have a short duration of action compared to nerve blocks apart from the concerns of chondrotoxicity of intra-articular local anesthetics. Although femoral- and sciatic nerve blocks provide adequate analgesia, the weakness of the quadriceps and hamstrings can prevent early rehabilitative efforts and also pose a risk for patient falls following home discharge. Hence, novel regional techniques of analgesia like blocking the infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve, graft site injections of local anesthetics through the arthroscopic sleeve and single injection adductor canal block have been tried. Isolated sensory block of the surgical and graft site without motor block is the Holy Grail in search for these ambulatory patients.
Saphenous nerve, the terminal branch of femoral nerve supplies the majority of the knee joint. The femoral nerve exits the adductor canal and gives the terminal branch of saphenous nerve which lies between the Sartorius muscle and femoral artery in the sub-sartorial canal. Subsartorial canal block has been successfully utilized for forefoot surgery and knee arthroplasty but this has not been evaluated for ACL repairs. Saphenous nerve can be successfully blocked in the subsartorial canal without the risks of leg weakness but this alone is insufficient to provide analgesia to the graft donor site which is usually the gracilis tendon and the hamstrings tendon. Depositions of local anesthetics around the harvested muscle or blockade of the nerve supplying it are attractive strategies to decrease donor site pain but have not been explored for this purpose in a randomized fashion. The investigators hypothesize that the combination of any of the above two techniques to decrease donor site pain along with subsartorial saphenous nerve block can provide adequate analgesia in these patients. The anterior branch of the obturator nerve needs to be blocked since it supplies the gracilis muscle. To decrease the donor site pain, the saphenous nerve block can be combined with block of the anterior branch of obturator nerve. Alternatively, the saphenous nerve block can be combined with deposition of local anesthetic around the graft donor muscles. The extent to which the two techniques benefit the patients in terms of overall analgesia and the graft site analgesia has not been evaluated. With this background, the investigators want to compare the analgesic efficacy of subsartorial saphenous nerve block with either perihamstrings infiltration or blockade of the anterior division of obturator nerve in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with ipsilateral autograft from gracilis and hamstring muscles.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, care provider)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Experimental | Procedure: Hamstrings blockHamstrings block |
| Group 2 | Active comparator | Procedure: Obturator blockObturator block |
| Group 3 | Sham comparator | Procedure: Control groupControl group |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 16 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Male and females of 16-85years of age, scheduled to undergo anterior cruciate ligament repair with ipsilateral hamstrings graft.
- ASA Class I-III
Key exclusion criteria (12 listed)
- ASA 4
- Revision surgery
- Graft harvest from the contralateral hamstrings or allograft
- Narcotic dependent (opioid intake more than 3 months) or any chronic pain conditions
- Patients with associated significant cardiac and respiratory disease
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Hamstrings blockAlso: perimuscular injectionspatients enrolled in the study will receive subsartorial saphenous nerve block in all the three groups. Patients in group 1 will receive perimuscular injections around the gracilis and semi-tendinosus muscles. The needle is redirected to the fascial plane between Sartorius and gracilis muscle after the sub-sartorial canal block where 7.5 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine is injected around the muscle. The needle is further advanced to the fascial planes between semimembranosus and semitendinosus and an additional 7.5 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine will be injected around the semitendinosus muscle. Following this a sham injection of 10mL of saline for the anterior division of obturator nerve will also be performed as in group 2 to ensure blinding. | Procedure or surgery | Group 1 |
| Obturator blockAlso: anterior division obturator nerve blockPatients in group 2 will receive anterior division of obturator nerve block along with subsartorial canal block. After ensuring aseptic precautions, the saphenous nerve block is performed similar to that as in group 1. The anterior branch of obturator nerve will be visualised in the proximal thigh medial to femoral vessels between adductor longus and adductor brevis. A 22 gauge 90 mm PNS block needle will be inserted under ultrasound guidance to reach the anterior division of obturator nerve confirmed with neurostimulation followed by injection of 10 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine around the nerve. This group will receive sham injection of 15mL of saline around semitendinosus and semimembranosus as in group 1 | Procedure or surgery | Group 2 |
| Control groupAlso: saline groupThe patients in group 3 will form the control group. After performance of the subsartorial saphenous nerve block, patients in group 3 will receive sham injections of saline for the obturator nerve block and the hamstrings block (perimuscular injections). | Procedure or surgery | Group 3 |
Primary outcome
Post-operative pain scores at admission to PACU
Time frame: Baseline
The primary outcome will be post-operative pain scores at I hour after arrival in PACU.
1 secondary outcome
Pain scores at 4 hours of arrival to PACU
Time frame: 4 hours
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 1 Sep 2015.
- Background: PubMed 20620788Bushnell BD, Sakryd G, Noonan TJ. Hamstring donor-site block: evaluation of pain control after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2010 Jul;26(7):894-900. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2009.11.022. Epub 2010 May 13.
- Background: PubMed 21697687Saranteas T, Anagnostis G, Paraskeuopoulos T, Koulalis D, Kokkalis Z, Nakou M, Anagnostopoulou S, Kostopanagiotou G. Anatomy and clinical implications of the ultrasound-guided subsartorial saphenous nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011 Jul-Aug;36(4):399-402. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e318220f172.
- Background: PubMed 21455076Lundblad M, Forssblad M, Eksborg S, Lonnqvist PA. Ultrasound-guided infrapatellar nerve block for anterior cruciate ligament repair: a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011 Jul;28(7):511-8. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32834515ba.
- Background: PubMed 12491556Buckenmaier CC 3rd. Anaesthesia for outpatient knee surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002 Jun;16(2):255-70. doi: 10.1053/bean.2002.0237.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 31980156Johnston DF, Sondekoppam RV, Uppal V, Litchfield R, Giffin R, Ganapathy S. Effect of combining peri-hamstring injection or anterior obturator nerve block on the analgesic efficacy of adductor canal block for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2020 Mar;124(3):299-307. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.11.032. Epub 2020 Jan 21.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Sugantha Ganapathy, FRCPC principal investigator
London Health sciences Center, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; N6A5A5
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2/3 study testing Hamstrings block and Obturator block in people with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, run by London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's at 1 site in Canada.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 12 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 1 Sep 2015. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Canada. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this combined phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Phase 3 studies compare the treatment with the current standard treatment or a placebo in a large group, to confirm how well it works and watch for side effects.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Post-operative pain scores at admission to PACU (time frame: Baseline). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01868282, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 1 Sep 2015.