Urinary CatheterizationNCT07893262
Virtual Reality During Transurethral Bladder Catheterization
A study testing Virtual reality glasses in people with Urinary Catheterization, run by Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Brief Summary / Aim This study aimed to determine the effect of showing videos using virtual reality goggles (VRG), in addition to routine care and follow-up, on pain, anxiety levels, and patient satisfaction during transurethral bladder catheterization (TBC). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older, women only
- Conditions the study is for
- Urinary Catheterization
- What is being tested?
- Virtual reality glasses
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 91 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Apr 2026to 31 Aug 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- Women only
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Female patients
- Patients undergoing TBC for the first time
- 16 french foley catheter inserted
- Patients receiving inpatient or outpatient care in the urology department
- Patients with at least a basic literacy level
- Patients who do not wear prescribed glasses that would interfere with VRG placement
Show all 10Show fewer
- Patients without migraine, vertigo, active nausea, vomiting, or headache
- Patients without a diagnosed psychiatric disorder
- Patients who volunteered to participate in the study
- Patients without mental disability or communication barriers were included in the study.
Who cannot join
- Those with severe vision problems
- Those who were not willing to participate in the study
- Those who had previously undergone TBC
- Those with a history of urological or gynecological surgery
- Those experiencing pain before the procedure
- Patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria for the study (e.g., male patients and those who were younger than 18 years old)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Tekirdag Namık Kemal University
Tekirdağ, süleymanpaşa, 59100
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Watching Videos Through Virtual Reality Goggles During Transurethral Bladder Catheterization on Pain, Anxiety, and Patient Satisfaction: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary / Aim
This study aimed to determine the effect of showing videos using virtual reality goggles (VRG), in addition to routine care and follow-up, on pain, anxiety levels, and patient satisfaction during transurethral bladder catheterization (TBC).
Read more
Materials and Methods
This pre-test-post-test randomized controlled experimental study included patients undergoing transurethral bladder catheterization for the first time. A total of 91 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=46) and a control group (n=45).
Data were collected using the Patient Information Form (PIF), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS), and Patient Satisfaction Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ).
Participants in the intervention group were shown videos using virtual reality goggles in addition to routine care during the transurethral bladder catheterization procedure. Participants in the control group received routine care. Pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction were assessed according to the study protocol.
- Conditions
- Urinary Catheterization
- Being tested
- Virtual reality glasses
- Keywords
- Anxiety, Nursing Care, Pain, Patient Satisfaction, Virtual Reality, Urinary catheterization
- Medical subject headings
- Anxiety Disorders, Pain, Patient Satisfaction
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Virtual reality glassesOther
In addition to routine care, participants in the intervention group were shown videos using virtual reality headsets during catheterization.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual reality glasses group | Experimental | In addition to routine care, participants in this group were shown videos using virtual reality goggles during urinary catheterization. Receives: Other: Virtual reality glasses |
| Control group | No intervention | No additional interventions, other than routine care, were performed on the participants in this group. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Visual Analog Scores
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before and after the transurethral bladder catheterization procedure.
Measured: 5 minutes after urinary catheterization
Beck Anxiety Scale
Anxiety: Anxiety levels will be assessed using the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS) before and after the transurethral bladder catheterization procedure.
Measured: 5 minutes after urinary catheterization
Patient Satisfaction Assessment Questions
Patient Satisfaction: Patient satisfaction with the transurethral bladder catheterization procedure will be assessed using the Patient Satisfaction Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ) following the procedure. Satisfaction with the virtual reality headset application will also be assessed among participants in the intervention group.
Measured: 5 minutes after urinary catheterization
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Oct 2026
- Study start1 Apr 2026
- Primary completion31 Aug 2026
- Study completion31 Aug 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Urinary CatheterizationStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 91 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Dilek Urtekin, Namik Kemal University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07893262
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2026.84.03.11
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 5 Oct 2026
- Last updated
- 23 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Cao, L., Qi, X., Liu, D., Mao, X., Luo, L., Liu, M., Wen, X., Cui, C., Qi, J., Xu, J., & Cui, Y. (2024). Effect of continuous infusion in alleviating pain during male urethral catheterization. BMC Anesthesiology, 24, 457. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-024-02848-4 Moreau, S., Thérond, A., Cerda, I. H., Studer, K., Pan, A., Tharpe, J., Crowther, J. E., Abd-Elsayed, A., Gilligan, C., Tolba, R., Ashina, S., Schatman, M. E., Kaye, A. D., Yong, R. J., & Robinson, C. L. (2024). Virtual reality in acute and chronic pain medicine: An updated review. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 28, 893-928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01246-2
Chen H, Li X, Cui H, Xiao X, Zhang Q, Gao X. Development of a knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire on urine leakage with an indwelling urethral catheter for nurses in China. Nurs Open. 2023 May;10(5):2960-2970. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1539. Epub 2022 Dec 11.
PubMed 36503181Haider, M. Z., & Annamaraju, P. (2023, August 8). Bladder catheterization. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560748/
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Watching Videos Through Virtual Reality Goggles During Transurethral Bladder Catheterization on Pain, Anxiety, and Patient Satisfaction: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07893262
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2026.84.03.11
- Conditions
- Urinary Catheterization
- Keywords
- Anxiety, Nursing Care, Pain, Patient Satisfaction, Virtual Reality, Urinary catheterization
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 91 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Saglik Bilimleri UniversitesiUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Aug 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Aug 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Oct 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Brief Summary / Aim
This study aimed to determine the effect of showing videos using virtual reality goggles (VRG), in addition to routine care and follow-up, on pain, anxiety levels, and patient satisfaction during transurethral bladder catheterization (TBC).
Materials and Methods
This pre-test-post-test randomized controlled experimental study included patients undergoing transurethral bladder catheterization for the first time. A total of 91 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=46) and a control group (n=45).
Data were collected using the Patient Information Form (PIF), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS), and Patient Satisfaction Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ).
Participants in the intervention group were shown videos using virtual reality goggles in addition to routine care during the transurethral bladder catheterization procedure. Participants in the control group received routine care. Pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction were assessed according to the study protocol.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual reality glasses group | Experimental | Other: Virtual reality glassesIn addition to routine care, participants in this group were shown videos using virtual reality goggles during urinary catheterization. |
| Control group | No intervention | –No additional interventions, other than routine care, were performed on the participants in this group. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Female patients
- Patients undergoing TBC for the first time
- 16 french foley catheter inserted
- Patients receiving inpatient or outpatient care in the urology department
- Patients with at least a basic literacy level
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Those with severe vision problems
- Those who were not willing to participate in the study
- Those who had previously undergone TBC
- Those with a history of urological or gynecological surgery
- Those experiencing pain before the procedure
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual reality glassesIn addition to routine care, participants in the intervention group were shown videos using virtual reality headsets during catheterization. | Other | Virtual reality glasses group |
Primary outcome
Visual Analog Scores
Time frame: 5 minutes after urinary catheterization
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before and after the transurethral bladder catheterization procedure.
Beck Anxiety Scale
Time frame: 5 minutes after urinary catheterization
Anxiety: Anxiety levels will be assessed using the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS) before and after the transurethral bladder catheterization procedure.
Patient Satisfaction Assessment Questions
Time frame: 5 minutes after urinary catheterization
Patient Satisfaction: Patient satisfaction with the transurethral bladder catheterization procedure will be assessed using the Patient Satisfaction Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ) following the procedure. Satisfaction with the virtual reality headset application will also be assessed among participants in the intervention group.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Oct 2026.
- BackgroundCao, L., Qi, X., Liu, D., Mao, X., Luo, L., Liu, M., Wen, X., Cui, C., Qi, J., Xu, J., & Cui, Y. (2024). Effect of continuous infusion in alleviating pain during male urethral catheterization. BMC Anesthesiology, 24, 457. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-024-02848-4 Moreau, S., Thérond, A., Cerda, I. H., Studer, K., Pan, A., Tharpe, J., Crowther, J. E., Abd-Elsayed, A., Gilligan, C., Tolba, R., Ashina, S., Schatman, M. E., Kaye, A. D., Yong, R. J., & Robinson, C. L. (2024). Virtual reality in acute and chronic pain medicine: An updated review. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 28, 893-928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01246-2
- Background: PubMed 36503181Chen H, Li X, Cui H, Xiao X, Zhang Q, Gao X. Development of a knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire on urine leakage with an indwelling urethral catheter for nurses in China. Nurs Open. 2023 May;10(5):2960-2970. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1539. Epub 2022 Dec 11.
- BackgroundHaider, M. Z., & Annamaraju, P. (2023, August 8). Bladder catheterization. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560748/
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Virtual reality glasses in people with Urinary Catheterization, run by Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 10 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Visual Analog Scores (time frame: 5 minutes after urinary catheterization). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07893262, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Oct 2026.