GeriatricNCT07562906
Validity and Reliability of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) in Turkish
An observational study of Geriatric and Elderly, run by Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The aim of this research is to adapt the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) into Turkish and to evaluate its suitability for the Turkish elderly population through validity and reliability analyses. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 65 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- What is being tested?
- Validity and reliability assessments
- How many people
- 46 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 30 Apr 2026to 30 Sep 2026
- How long will I take part?
- 2 Weeks
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 65 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Older adult
Study population: The study population consists of individuals aged 65 and over residing in the city center of Balıkesir. Accordingly, the sample group will be comprised of volunteer elderly individuals who meet the specified inclusion criteria, have a cognitive capacity suitable for data collection, and have experience with the exergaming applications included in the study protocol.
Who may be able to join
- Being 65 years of age or older
- Having participated in an exergaming application at least once before
- Not having a physical, sensory or cognitive disability that would prevent participation in the exergaming application
- Agreeing to participate voluntarily and providing informed consent
Who cannot join
- Individuals with active neurological, vestibular, or psychiatric disorders
- Individuals diagnosed with moderate or severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 24 and/or MoCA < 21)
- Individuals with severe hearing or vision loss
- Individuals who are physically unable to participate in exergaming due to cardiopulmonary or orthopedic reasons
- Individuals with no prior exergaming experience
- Individuals who experience significant communication difficulties
- Participants who do not sign the voluntary consent form
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Balıkesir Üniversitesi
Balıkesir
GULFİDAN TOKGÖZ, Lecturer, PhD (c), 0552 022 76 32, gulfidan.tokgoz@gmail.com
Nilay ARMAN, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
About this study
Official title: Validity and Reliability of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) in a Geriatric Population in Turkish
The aim of this research is to adapt the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) into Turkish and to evaluate its suitability for the Turkish elderly population through validity and reliability analyses. After the cultural adaptation process is completed, the construct validity of the scale will be evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; its reliability will be assessed through internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability over time (ICC). Accordingly, the study aims to provide a valid and reliable assessment tool for clinicians and researchers who wish to evaluate individual experiences in exergaming-based interventions.
Read the detailed description
While regular exercise plays a critical role in maintaining the physical and cognitive health of the growing elderly population, barriers such as lack of motivation, physical limitations, and boredom restrict participation in exercise among the elderly. Multimodal "exergaming" applications, which combine exercise and gamification dynamics, offer an innovative and enjoyable alternative that enhances the motivation, balance, cognitive skills, and coordination of older individuals. The long-term success of exergaming interventions and the sustainability of participation should be evaluated not only by physical outcomes but also by psychosocial motivational parameters such as enjoyment, flow, and sense of control derived from the game. The Exergame Experience Questionnaire (EEQ) stands out in the literature for measuring this experience. However, the EEQ scale, in its current form, is only valid within the English-speaking cultural context. Despite the increasing prevalence of exergaming applications in Türkiye, the lack of a psychometrically robust and culturally adapted measurement tool capable of evaluating this experience in a multidimensional way hinders the individualization of interventions and the measurement of their effectiveness. This study aims to address this deficiency.
- Being tested
- Validity and reliability assessments
- Keywords
- exercise, exercise enjoyment, geriatrics, validation
- Medical subject headings
- Motor Activity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Validity and reliability assessmentsOther
The adaptation process of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) into Turkish will be carried out following the forward-backward translation method proposed by Beaton et al. (2000), which has international validity. In this context, the scale will first be translated from English to Turkish by two independent translators, one a healthcare specialist and the other a professional language expert. These two translations will then be compared to create a common preliminary text; subsequently, this text will be translated back into English by two independent translators whose native language is English and who are familiar with the conceptual content, and any loss of meaning will be evaluated. The resulting Turkish draft will be reviewed by an expert panel for cultural appropriateness, linguistic clarity, and conceptual equivalent; necessary adjustments will be made. Finally, the scale will be piloted on 10 elderly individuals selected from the target population, and feedback on the com
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Geriartric Indivıduals | The study population consists of individuals aged 65 and over residing in the city center of Balıkesir. Receives: Other: Validity and reliability assessments |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ)
The Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) is a self-report, multidimensional measurement tool developed to assess the level of enjoyment individuals experience while participating in exercise-based digital games (Fitzgerald et al.). The scale allows for a comprehensive assessment of both the structural characteristics of the digital game and the experience related to physical activity (Fitzgerald et al.). The original form of the EEQ consists of a total of 20 items, adapted from scales such as the Game Engagement Questionnaire (GEQ), Immersive Experience Questionnaire (IEQ), and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), which have previously proven their validity and reliability (Fitzgerald et al.).
Each item is answered using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The scale items are structured in four sub-dimensions: Immersion, Intrinsically Rewarding Activity, User Control, and Exercise Experience. O
Measured: 2 weeks
Secondary outcomes (1)
Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES)
The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES) is a self-report psychometric scale developed to assess the level of enjoyment individuals experience while participating in physical activity (Mullen et al., 2011; Özkurt et al., 2022). The Turkish adapted version of the scale was introduced to the Turkish population by Özkurt et al. (2022) after completing the cultural adaptation process and validity and reliability analyses. PAES has a single-factor structure consisting of 8 items. Each item is answered with a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree) (Özkurt et al., 2022). High scores obtained from the scale indicate that the individual experiences a high level of enjoyment during physical activity. The scale's internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96) and composite reliability value (CR = 0.95) were found to be high, indicating that the scale has strong psychometric properties (Özkurt et al.,
Measured: 1 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted1 May 2026
- Study start30 Apr 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion15 May 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Sep 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for GeriatricStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Istanbul University - CerrahpasaThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 46 participants (estimated)
- Target duration
- 2 Weeks
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Gulfidan Tokgoz, Balikesir University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07562906
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2026/45
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 25 Apr 2026
- Last updated
- 1 May 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Özkurt, B., Küçükibiş, H. F., & Eskiler, E. (2022). Fiziksel Aktivitelerden Keyif Alma Ölçeği (FAKÖ): Türk Kültürüne Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.976300
Fitzgerald, A., Huang, S., Sposato, K., Wang, D., Claypool, M., & Agu, E. (2020). The Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ): An instrument for measuring exergame enjoyment. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 1 May 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Validity and Reliability of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) in a Geriatric Population in Turkish
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07562906
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2026/45
- Keywords
- exercise, exercise enjoyment, geriatrics, validation
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 46 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Istanbul University - CerrahpasaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 30 Apr 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 15 May 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Sep 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 1 May 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this research is to adapt the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) into Turkish and to evaluate its suitability for the Turkish elderly population through validity and reliability analyses. After the cultural adaptation process is completed, the construct validity of the scale will be evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; its reliability will be assessed through internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability over time (ICC). Accordingly, the study aims to provide a valid and reliable assessment tool for clinicians and researchers who wish to evaluate individual experiences in exergaming-based interventions.
Detailed description
While regular exercise plays a critical role in maintaining the physical and cognitive health of the growing elderly population, barriers such as lack of motivation, physical limitations, and boredom restrict participation in exercise among the elderly. Multimodal "exergaming" applications, which combine exercise and gamification dynamics, offer an innovative and enjoyable alternative that enhances the motivation, balance, cognitive skills, and coordination of older individuals. The long-term success of exergaming interventions and the sustainability of participation should be evaluated not only by physical outcomes but also by psychosocial motivational parameters such as enjoyment, flow, and sense of control derived from the game. The Exergame Experience Questionnaire (EEQ) stands out in the literature for measuring this experience. However, the EEQ scale, in its current form, is only valid within the English-speaking cultural context. Despite the increasing prevalence of exergaming applications in Türkiye, the lack of a psychometrically robust and culturally adapted measurement tool capable of evaluating this experience in a multidimensional way hinders the individualization of interventions and the measurement of their effectiveness. This study aims to address this deficiency.
Study design
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Target follow-up
- 2 Weeks
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Geriartric Indivıduals | – | Other: Validity and reliability assessmentsThe study population consists of individuals aged 65 and over residing in the city center of Balıkesir. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 65 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Older adult
- Study population
- The study population consists of individuals aged 65 and over residing in the city center of Balıkesir. Accordingly, the sample group will be comprised of volunteer elderly individuals who meet the specified inclusion criteria, have a cognitive capacity suitable for data collection, and have experience with the exergaming applications included in the study protocol.
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Being 65 years of age or older
- Having participated in an exergaming application at least once before
- Not having a physical, sensory or cognitive disability that would prevent participation in the exergaming application
- Agreeing to participate voluntarily and providing informed consent
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Individuals with active neurological, vestibular, or psychiatric disorders
- Individuals diagnosed with moderate or severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 24 and/or MoCA < 21)
- Individuals with severe hearing or vision loss
- Individuals who are physically unable to participate in exergaming due to cardiopulmonary or orthopedic reasons
- Individuals with no prior exergaming experience
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Validity and reliability assessmentsThe adaptation process of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) into Turkish will be carried out following the forward-backward translation method proposed by Beaton et al. (2000), which has international validity. In this context, the scale will first be translated from English to Turkish by two independent translators, one a healthcare specialist and the other a professional language expert. These two translations will then be compared to create a common preliminary text; subsequently, this text will be translated back into English by two independent translators whose native language is English and who are familiar with the conceptual content, and any loss of meaning will be evaluated. The resulting Turkish draft will be reviewed by an expert panel for cultural appropriateness, linguistic clarity, and conceptual equivalent; necessary adjustments will be made. Finally, the scale will be piloted on 10 elderly individuals selected from the target population, and feedback on the com | Other | Geriartric Indivıduals |
Primary outcome
Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ)
Time frame: 2 weeks
The Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) is a self-report, multidimensional measurement tool developed to assess the level of enjoyment individuals experience while participating in exercise-based digital games (Fitzgerald et al.). The scale allows for a comprehensive assessment of both the structural characteristics of the digital game and the experience related to physical activity (Fitzgerald et al.). The original form of the EEQ consists of a total of 20 items, adapted from scales such as the Game Engagement Questionnaire (GEQ), Immersive Experience Questionnaire (IEQ), and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), which have previously proven their validity and reliability (Fitzgerald et al.). Each item is answered using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The scale items are structured in four sub-dimensions: Immersion, Intrinsically Rewarding Activity, User Control, and Exercise Experience. O
1 secondary outcome
Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES)
Time frame: 1 weeks
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 1 May 2026.
- Results publicationÖzkurt, B., Küçükibiş, H. F., & Eskiler, E. (2022). Fiziksel Aktivitelerden Keyif Alma Ölçeği (FAKÖ): Türk Kültürüne Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.976300
- Results publicationFitzgerald, A., Huang, S., Sposato, K., Wang, D., Claypool, M., & Agu, E. (2020). The Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ): An instrument for measuring exergame enjoyment. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
- LİNKLink provided by the sponsor.
- LİNKLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Geriatric and Elderly, run by Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 1 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact GULFİDAN TOKGÖZ, Lecturer, PhD (c) (0552 022 76 32, gulfidan.tokgoz@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) (time frame: 2 weeks). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07562906, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 1 May 2026.