Athletic InjuriesIRISPORTNCT07521215
Evaluation of Injury Risk Factors and Effects of Individualized Exercise Program in Basketball and Volleyball Athletes
A study testing Test-Specific Individualized Exercise Program in people with Athletic Injuries and Sports Injury Prevention, run by Acibadem University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This study aims to identify injury risk factors using a clinical/functional test battery in university basketball and volleyball athletes, to develop individualized exercise prescriptions for athletes scoring below established cut-off values on each test, and to evaluate the effects of an 8-week intervention program… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Athletic Injuries, Sports Injury Prevention, Musculoskeletal Injury
- What is being tested?
- Test-Specific Individualized Exercise Program
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 100 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- Apr 2026to Nov 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Active member of Acibadem University basketball or volleyball team
- Regular training within the past 6 months
- Age 18 years or older
- Willing to participate and provide written informed consent
- Physical and cognitive capacity to complete test protocols
Who cannot join
- Surgical intervention within the past 6 months
- Acute musculoskeletal injury within the past 2 weeks (acute sprain/strain/contusion etc.) that would preclude testing
- History of vestibular disorder, neurological disease, or systemic condition that may affect balance testing
- Uncontrolled cardiovascular disease/hypertension or other medical condition contraindicating exercise
- Pregnancy or within the first 6 months postpartum (female athletes)
- Refusal to provide informed consent
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
Istanbul
Ali Omer Acar, +905378262790, aliomer.acar@acibadem.edu.tr
Ali Omer Acar
About this study
Official title: Evaluation of Injury Risk Factors With Clinical/Functional Tests and Effects of Individualized Exercise Program in University Basketball and Volleyball Athletes: A Non-Randomized Parallel-Group Study
This study aims to identify injury risk factors using a clinical/functional test battery in university basketball and volleyball athletes, to develop individualized exercise prescriptions for athletes scoring below established cut-off values on each test, and to evaluate the effects of an 8-week intervention program on test parameters.
As a secondary aim, all participants will be monitored prospectively over a 6-month season to assess the incidence of injuries and health problems, and to evaluate the contribution of the individualized program to injury-related health outcomes.
The study consists of four phases: (1) baseline cross-sectional assessment (T0), (2) 8-week individualized exercise intervention for athletes below cut-off thresholds, (3) post-intervention reassessment (T1), and (4) 6-month prospective injury surveillance (T2).
Read the detailed description
BACKGROUND:
Musculoskeletal injuries in athletes represent a significant sports medicine and public health problem due to restricted training/competition participation, prolonged rehabilitation, and increased re-injury risk. Epidemiological data indicate that basketball and volleyball athletes carry elevated risk for lower extremity sprains/strains, knee ligament injuries, and overhead-related shoulder pathologies. University athletes are particularly vulnerable given the concurrent demands of intense academic schedules and high training loads.
Clinical/functional tests can systematically identify modifiable risk factors including neuromuscular control, balance, flexibility, and functional strength. The Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ), Hop-for-Distance Test (Limb Symmetry Index), Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR), Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), and Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) assessment are employed in this study, each with established reliability and predictive validity.
STUDY DESIGN:
This is a non-randomized, parallel-group interventional study. Athletes scoring below literature-defined cut-off values on any test receive test-specific individualized exercise prescriptions (Intervention Group), while athletes meeting all cut-off thresholds receive no intervention and serve as the observation group. Both groups undergo identical assessment at T0 and T1, and are monitored for injuries through T2.
INTERVENTION:
The 8-week individualized exercise program is prescribed based on each athlete's specific deficits:
- YBT-LQ below cut-off (composite score less than 94% or asymmetry greater than 4 cm): Dynamic balance and proprioception exercises
- Hop Test LSI below 90%: Plyometric control and symmetry exercises
- ASLR below 70 degrees: Hamstring/posterior chain flexibility exercises
- CKCUEST below cut-off (males less than 21, females less than 23 touches): Scapular stability and upper extremity endurance exercises
- GIRD above cut-off (internal rotation deficit greater than 20 degrees or total rotation difference greater than 5 degrees): Posterior shoulder capsule and rotator cuff exercises
Frequency: 3 days/week, 20-30 minutes per session. First 2 weeks supervised, subsequent weeks partially independent. Weekly compliance logged.
INJURY SURVEILLANCE (T2):
All participants are monitored for 6 months using IOC 2020 Consensus Statement methodology. Events are classified by type (injury/illness), onset (acute/overuse), anatomical region, severity (time-loss days), and recurrence status. Participant reports are cross-checked with team staff records where available.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
Descriptive statistics (mean +/- SD, median, frequencies). T0-T1 comparisons: paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (only athletes below cut-off for each respective test). Between-branch comparisons: independent t-test / Mann-Whitney U, chi-square / Fisher exact test. Effect sizes (Cohen's d). Injury incidence comparison between intervention and observation groups at T2. Significance level: p less than 0.05.
- Being tested
- Test-Specific Individualized Exercise Program
- Keywords
- injury prevention, individualized exercise, Y-Balance Test, Hop Test, Limb Symmetry Index, GIRD, CKCUEST, university athletes, basketball, volleyball, functional screening, neuromuscular training
- Medical subject headings
- Athletic Injuries
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Test-Specific Individualized Exercise ProgramBehavioural
An 8-week individualized exercise program prescribed based on each athlete's baseline test deficits. Components include:
- Dynamic balance/proprioception exercises (for YBT-LQ deficit): single-leg balance progressions, 3-direction reach drills, BOSU balance exercises.
- Plyometric control and symmetry exercises (for Hop Test LSI deficit): single-leg hop-and-stick, lateral hops, eccentric step-up/step-down.
- Hamstring/posterior chain flexibility exercises (for ASLR deficit): static hamstring stretching with strap, PNF contract-relax, seated hamstring stretch.
- Scapular stability and upper extremity endurance exercises (for CKCUEST deficit): plank shoulder taps, bear crawl, side plank progressions.
- Posterior shoulder capsule and rotator cuff exercises (for GIRD deficit): cross-body stretch, sleeper stretch, external rotation with resistance band.
Dosage: 3 sessions/week, 20-30 minutes/session. Progressive overload applied. Weekly compliance monitored.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Individualized Exercise Intervention | Experimental | Athletes scoring below established literature cut-off values on one or more clinical/functional tests at baseline (T0). Each athlete receives a test-specific individualized exercise prescription targeting their identified deficits. The program is administered 3 days/week for 8 weeks (20-30 min/session), with supervised sessions in weeks 1-2 and partially independent sessions in weeks 3-8. Receives: Behavioral: Test-Specific Individualized Exercise Program |
| Observation (No Intervention) | No intervention | Athletes meeting all literature-defined cut-off thresholds on every clinical/functional test at baseline (T0). These athletes continue their routine training without additional exercise intervention. They undergo the same T0 and T1 assessments and 6-month injury surveillance as the intervention group. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) Composite Score
Composite score calculated as [(Anterior + Posteromedial + Posterolateral) / (3 x Leg Length)] x 100. Assessed bilaterally. Cut-off: composite score less than 94% or right-left asymmetry greater than 4 cm.
Measured: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
Change in Hop-for-Distance Test Limb Symmetry Index (LSI)
LSI calculated as (Weaker Side / Stronger Side) x 100. Three trials per limb, best distance recorded. Cut-off: LSI less than 90%.
Measured: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
Change in Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR) Hip Flexion Angle
Hip flexion range of motion measured by goniometry in supine position with knee extended. Two measurements per limb, average recorded. Cut-off: hip flexion less than 70 degrees.
Measured: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
Change in Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST) Score
Number of hand touches in 15 seconds from push-up position with hands 91 cm apart. Three trials, best score recorded. Cut-off: males less than 21 touches, females less than 23 touches.
Measured: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
Change in Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD)
Internal and external rotation measured by goniometry in supine (shoulder 90 degrees abduction, elbow 90 degrees flexion), scapula stabilized. GIRD = non-dominant IR minus dominant IR. Cut-off: IR deficit greater than 20 degrees or total rotation difference greater than 5 degrees.
Measured: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
Secondary outcomes (3)
Incidence of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Health Problems
Prospective injury surveillance using IOC 2020 Consensus Statement methodology. Events classified by type (injury/illness), onset (acute/overuse), anatomical region, severity (time-loss: 0, 1-3, 4-7, 8-28, greater than 28 days), and recurrence. Comparison between intervention and observation groups.
Measured: 6 months (T0 through T2)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Global Score
Self-report measure of sleep quality over the past month. 19 items, 7 components, global score 0-21. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality. Global PSQI greater than 5 indicates clinically significant poor sleep quality.
Measured: Baseline (T0)
Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Perceived exertion level assessed using the Borg RPE Scale (6-20).
Measured: Baseline (T0)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted9 Apr 2026
- Study startApr 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completionJun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completionNov 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Athletic InjuriesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Acibadem UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Non-randomized parallel assignment. Athletes scoring below literature-defined cut-off values on any clinical/functional test are assigned to the Intervention Group and receive test-specific individualized exercise prescriptions. Athletes meeting all cut-off thresholds are assigned to the Observation Group and receive no intervention. Group assignment is determined by baseline test performance, not by randomization.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 100 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Acibadem University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ali Ömer Acar, Acibadem University
- Investigators
- Ali Omer Acar, Principal investigator, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07521215
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ACU-FTR-AOA4
- Other IDs
- 2026-04/168
- Acronym
- IRISPORT
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 3 Apr 2026
- Last updated
- 9 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 9 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Evaluation of Injury Risk Factors With Clinical/Functional Tests and Effects of Individualized Exercise Program in University Basketball and Volleyball Athletes: A Non-Randomized Parallel-Group Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07521215
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- IRISPORT / ACU-FTR-AOA4
- Keywords
- injury prevention, individualized exercise, Y-Balance Test, Hop Test, Limb Symmetry Index, GIRD, CKCUEST, university athletes
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 100 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Acibadem UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Apr 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- Jun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Nov 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 9 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study aims to identify injury risk factors using a clinical/functional test battery in university basketball and volleyball athletes, to develop individualized exercise prescriptions for athletes scoring below established cut-off values on each test, and to evaluate the effects of an 8-week intervention program on test parameters.
As a secondary aim, all participants will be monitored prospectively over a 6-month season to assess the incidence of injuries and health problems, and to evaluate the contribution of the individualized program to injury-related health outcomes.
The study consists of four phases: (1) baseline cross-sectional assessment (T0), (2) 8-week individualized exercise intervention for athletes below cut-off thresholds, (3) post-intervention reassessment (T1), and (4) 6-month prospective injury surveillance (T2).
Detailed description
BACKGROUND:
Musculoskeletal injuries in athletes represent a significant sports medicine and public health problem due to restricted training/competition participation, prolonged rehabilitation, and increased re-injury risk. Epidemiological data indicate that basketball and volleyball athletes carry elevated risk for lower extremity sprains/strains, knee ligament injuries, and overhead-related shoulder pathologies. University athletes are particularly vulnerable given the concurrent demands of intense academic schedules and high training loads.
Clinical/functional tests can systematically identify modifiable risk factors including neuromuscular control, balance, flexibility, and functional strength. The Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ), Hop-for-Distance Test (Limb Symmetry Index), Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR), Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), and Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) assessment are employed in this study, each with established reliability and predictive validity.
STUDY DESIGN:
This is a non-randomized, parallel-group interventional study. Athletes scoring below literature-defined cut-off values on any test receive test-specific individualized exercise prescriptions (Intervention Group), while athletes meeting all cut-off thresholds receive no intervention and serve as the observation group. Both groups undergo identical assessment at T0 and T1, and are monitored for injuries through T2.
INTERVENTION:
The 8-week individualized exercise program is prescribed based on each athlete's specific deficits:
- YBT-LQ below cut-off (composite score less than 94% or asymmetry greater than 4 cm): Dynamic balance and proprioception exercises
- Hop Test LSI below 90%: Plyometric control and symmetry exercises
- ASLR below 70 degrees: Hamstring/posterior chain flexibility exercises
- CKCUEST below cut-off (males less than 21, females less than 23 touches): Scapular stability and upper extremity endurance exercises
- GIRD above cut-off (internal rotation deficit greater than 20 degrees or total rotation difference greater than 5 degrees): Posterior shoulder capsule and rotator cuff exercises
Frequency: 3 days/week, 20-30 minutes per session. First 2 weeks supervised, subsequent weeks partially independent. Weekly compliance logged.
INJURY SURVEILLANCE (T2):
All participants are monitored for 6 months using IOC 2020 Consensus Statement methodology. Events are classified by type (injury/illness), onset (acute/overuse), anatomical region, severity (time-loss days), and recurrence status. Participant reports are cross-checked with team staff records where available.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
Descriptive statistics (mean +/- SD, median, frequencies). T0-T1 comparisons: paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (only athletes below cut-off for each respective test). Between-branch comparisons: independent t-test / Mann-Whitney U, chi-square / Fisher exact test. Effect sizes (Cohen's d). Injury incidence comparison between intervention and observation groups at T2. Significance level: p less than 0.05.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Non-randomized parallel assignment. Athletes scoring below literature-defined cut-off values on any clinical/functional test are assigned to the Intervention Group and receive test-specific individualized exercise prescriptions. Athletes meeting all cut-off thresholds are assigned to the Observation Group and receive no intervention. Group assignment is determined by baseline test performance, not by randomization.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Individualized Exercise Intervention | Experimental | Behavioral: Test-Specific Individualized Exercise ProgramAthletes scoring below established literature cut-off values on one or more clinical/functional tests at baseline (T0). Each athlete receives a test-specific individualized exercise prescription targeting their identified deficits. The program is administered 3 days/week for 8 weeks (20-30 min/session), with supervised sessions in weeks 1-2 and partially independent sessions in weeks 3-8. |
| Observation (No Intervention) | No intervention | –Athletes meeting all literature-defined cut-off thresholds on every clinical/functional test at baseline (T0). These athletes continue their routine training without additional exercise intervention. They undergo the same T0 and T1 assessments and 6-month injury surveillance as the intervention group. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Active member of Acibadem University basketball or volleyball team
- Regular training within the past 6 months
- Age 18 years or older
- Willing to participate and provide written informed consent
- Physical and cognitive capacity to complete test protocols
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Surgical intervention within the past 6 months
- Acute musculoskeletal injury within the past 2 weeks (acute sprain/strain/contusion etc.) that would preclude testing
- History of vestibular disorder, neurological disease, or systemic condition that may affect balance testing
- Uncontrolled cardiovascular disease/hypertension or other medical condition contraindicating exercise
- Pregnancy or within the first 6 months postpartum (female athletes)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Test-Specific Individualized Exercise ProgramAn 8-week individualized exercise program prescribed based on each athlete's baseline test deficits. Components include: 1. Dynamic balance/proprioception exercises (for YBT-LQ deficit): single-leg balance progressions, 3-direction reach drills, BOSU balance exercises. 2. Plyometric control and symmetry exercises (for Hop Test LSI deficit): single-leg hop-and-stick, lateral hops, eccentric step-up/step-down. 3. Hamstring/posterior chain flexibility exercises (for ASLR deficit): static hamstring stretching with strap, PNF contract-relax, seated hamstring stretch. 4. Scapular stability and upper extremity endurance exercises (for CKCUEST deficit): plank shoulder taps, bear crawl, side plank progressions. 5. Posterior shoulder capsule and rotator cuff exercises (for GIRD deficit): cross-body stretch, sleeper stretch, external rotation with resistance band. Dosage: 3 sessions/week, 20-30 minutes/session. Progressive overload applied. Weekly compliance monitored. | Behavioural | Individualized Exercise Intervention |
Primary outcome
Change in Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) Composite Score
Time frame: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
Composite score calculated as [(Anterior + Posteromedial + Posterolateral) / (3 x Leg Length)] x 100. Assessed bilaterally. Cut-off: composite score less than 94% or right-left asymmetry greater than 4 cm.
Change in Hop-for-Distance Test Limb Symmetry Index (LSI)
Time frame: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
LSI calculated as (Weaker Side / Stronger Side) x 100. Three trials per limb, best distance recorded. Cut-off: LSI less than 90%.
Change in Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR) Hip Flexion Angle
Time frame: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
Hip flexion range of motion measured by goniometry in supine position with knee extended. Two measurements per limb, average recorded. Cut-off: hip flexion less than 70 degrees.
Change in Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST) Score
Time frame: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
Number of hand touches in 15 seconds from push-up position with hands 91 cm apart. Three trials, best score recorded. Cut-off: males less than 21 touches, females less than 23 touches.
Change in Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD)
Time frame: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)
Internal and external rotation measured by goniometry in supine (shoulder 90 degrees abduction, elbow 90 degrees flexion), scapula stabilized. GIRD = non-dominant IR minus dominant IR. Cut-off: IR deficit greater than 20 degrees or total rotation difference greater than 5 degrees.
3 secondary outcomes
Incidence of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Health Problems
Time frame: 6 months (T0 through T2)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Global Score
Time frame: Baseline (T0)
Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Time frame: Baseline (T0)
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 9 Apr 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Ali Omer Acar principal investigator
Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Test-Specific Individualized Exercise Program in people with Athletic Injuries and Sports Injury Prevention, run by Acibadem University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 9 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Ali Omer Acar (+905378262790, aliomer.acar@acibadem.edu.tr), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) Composite Score (time frame: Baseline (T0) and 8 weeks (T1)). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 9 Apr 2026.