Efficacy of Camel Whey Protein and Camel Whey Protein Nanoparticles for Treating Intra-bony Periodontal Defects

Periodontitis is clinically characterized by loss of gingival tissue attachment to the tooth, deepening of periodontal pocket, degradation of the periodontal ligament, and loss of alveolar bone. This destructive process is associated with the presence of subgingival microbial communities and dense immuno-inflammatory infiltrate in the periodontium that may lead to tooth loss if not appropriately treated.

Periodontitis is associated with a dysbiotic polymicrobial community, in which different members have distinct and synergistic roles that promote destructive inflammation. Inflammation, in turn, can exacerbate dysbiosis through provision of nutrients for the bacteria (derived from tissue breakdown products; eg, collagen peptides and hemecontaining compounds). Therefore, inflammation and dysbiosis are reciprocally reinforced and generate a positive-feedback loop. This self-sustaining loop may underlie the chronicity of periodontitis, the development of which requires a susceptible host.

Risk factors include the presence of bacteria that subvert the host response, systemic disease, smoking, aging and immune deficiencies. These factors could promote dysbiosis by acting individually or, more effectively, in combination.

Periodontal defects have been differentiated based on bone resorption patterns into "supraosseous" ("suprabony") and "infraosseous" ("infrabony") "). Infrabony defects are classified according to the location and number of osseous walls remaining around the pocket. According to the classification by Goldman \& Cohen , inrtabony defects are categorized as follows: (i) one-wall intrabony defects: defects bounded by one osseous wall and the tooth surface; (ii) two-wall intrabony defects: defects bounded by two osseous walls and the tooth surface; (iii) three-wall intrabony defects: defects bounded by three osseous walls and the tooth surface.

It has been suggested that the term "intrabony" means "within or inside the bone", while "infrabony" means "below the crest of bone". The authors suggested that only 3-wall angular defects should be termed "intrabony", while all other vertical bony defects should be referred to as "infrabony".

Intraosseous bone defects (IOBDs) are a significant challenge in the treatment of periodontal disease. Several bone graft materials can be used for bone defect regeneration.

Camel whey protein (CWP) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its unique properties, including: High biological value containing essential amino acids, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.

However, the therapeutic application of CWP for bone regeneration can be limited by its solubility and bioavailability . Nanoparticles offer a novel approach to enhance drug delivery and improve therapeutic efficacy. Introduction of bone grafts in the form of nanoparticles was found to improve the bioactivity and biocompatibility of artificial bone graft.

Nanoparticles (NPs) can efficiently enter biological organisms due to their very tiny size. The ability of NPs to easily pass through even the smallest blood capillaries and escape being phagocytized due to their small size (1-100 nm) extends their plasma half-life and permits a more progressive release of the medication. Nanoparticles have quicker absorption and a relatively greater drug loading arise from interactions at the surface. NPs increased antibacterial action may be attributed to their huge surface area and high charge density, which allows them to interact with the negatively charged surface of bacterial cells.