Obesity and Obesity-related Medical ConditionsNCT07178405
Effects of Meal Characteristics on Appetite
A study testing Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food, Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food and Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food in people with Obesity and Obesity-related Medical Conditions and Appetite, run by Göteborg University at 1 site in Sweden.
Trial summary
The overall aim of the study is to determine effects of different meal characteristics on energy intake, eating rate and appetite. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 64 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Obesity and Obesity-related Medical Conditions, Appetite
- What is being tested?
- Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food, Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food and Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 85 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSweden
- Study dates
- 29 Sep 2025to 27 Nov 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 64 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Age 18-64 years
- Body mass index (BMI) 18.5-35.0 kg/m2
- Weight stability the last 3 months +/-5%
Who cannot join
- Food allergies, intolerances or preferences preventing consumption of any products included in the study.
- Unable to sufficiently understand written and spoken Swedish or English to provide written consent and understand information and instructions from the study personal.
- Pregnant, lactating or planning a pregnancy during the study period.
- History of stomach or gastrointestinal conditions or major gastrointestinal surgery (Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, malabsorption, colostomy, bowel resection, gastric bypass surgery etc.)
- Type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.
- Drug treated thyroid disorder
Show all 9Show fewer
- •- Following any weight reduction program or having followed one during the last 6 months prior to screening.
- Medication for weight reduction purpose effecting appetite or fat absorption (e.g. GLP-1 analogues, orlistat)
- Severe dysfunctional eating behavior based on Three Factor Eating Questionnaire
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effects of Meal Characteristics on Appetite: a Randomized Controlled Trial
The overall aim of the study is to determine effects of different meal characteristics on energy intake, eating rate and appetite.
- Being tested
- Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food, Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food, Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food, Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food
- Keywords
- Appetite, Diet, Intervention, Single meal study
- Medical subject headings
- Obesity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed foodOther
Also called LL
Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food
Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed foodOther
Also called LH
Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food
Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed foodOther
Also called HL
Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food
Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed foodOther
Also called HH
Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| LL | Experimental | Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food Receives: Other: Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
| LH | Experimental | Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food Receives: Other: Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
| HL | Experimental | Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food Receives: Other: Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
| HH | Experimental | Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food Receives: Other: Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Energy intake
Energy intake estimated by nutrient calculation of leftover food
Measured: Baseline until 1 hour, or completion of the meal (which ever comes first)
Eating rate
Time it takes to eat the study meal until satisfied
Measured: Baseline until 1 hour, or completion of the meal (which ever comes first)
Secondary outcomes (2)
Self-reported appetite
Self-reported appetite, using Visual Analogue Scales
Measured: Before, and after the meal (before meal and after 30 minutes, 1hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours and 4 hours)
Self-reported prospective energy intake
Self-reported prospective energy intake during the remainder of the day
Measured: From 30 min until midnight or bedtime (which ever comes first)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted17 Sep 2025
- Study start29 Sep 2025
- Primary completion27 Nov 2025
- Study completion27 Nov 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Obesity and Obesity-related Medical ConditionsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Model description
- 2\*2 factorial
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 85 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Göteborg University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Linnea Bärebring, PhD, Associate professor, Principal investigator, Göteborg University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07178405
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2025-02415-01
- Other IDs
- 2025
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 26 Aug 2025
- Last updated
- 4 Feb 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided: Ethical approvals and legal issues must be considered and resolved before data of individuals can be shared.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Feb 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Meal Characteristics on Appetite: a Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07178405
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2025-02415-01
- Keywords
- Appetite, Diet, Intervention, Single meal study
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 85 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Göteborg UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 29 Sep 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 27 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 27 Nov 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 17 Sep 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The overall aim of the study is to determine effects of different meal characteristics on energy intake, eating rate and appetite.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 4
- Model description
- 2*2 factorial
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| LL | Experimental | Other: Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed foodMeal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
| LH | Experimental | Other: Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed foodMeal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
| HL | Experimental | Other: Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed foodMeal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
| HH | Experimental | Other: Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed foodMeal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 64 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Age 18-64 years
- Body mass index (BMI) 18.5-35.0 kg/m2
- Weight stability the last 3 months +/-5%
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Food allergies, intolerances or preferences preventing consumption of any products included in the study.
- Unable to sufficiently understand written and spoken Swedish or English to provide written consent and understand information and instructions from the study personal.
- Pregnant, lactating or planning a pregnancy during the study period.
- History of stomach or gastrointestinal conditions or major gastrointestinal surgery (Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, malabsorption, colostomy, bowel resection, gastric bypass surgery etc.)
- Type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed foodAlso: LLMeal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food | Other | LL |
| Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed foodAlso: LHMeal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food | Other | LH |
| Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed foodAlso: HLMeal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food | Other | HL |
| Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed foodAlso: HHMeal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food | Other | HH |
Primary outcome
Energy intake
Time frame: Baseline until 1 hour, or completion of the meal (which ever comes first)
Energy intake estimated by nutrient calculation of leftover food
Eating rate
Time frame: Baseline until 1 hour, or completion of the meal (which ever comes first)
Time it takes to eat the study meal until satisfied
2 secondary outcomes
Self-reported appetite
Time frame: Before, and after the meal (before meal and after 30 minutes, 1hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours and 4 hours)
Self-reported prospective energy intake
Time frame: From 30 min until midnight or bedtime (which ever comes first)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Feb 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided. Ethical approvals and legal issues must be considered and resolved before data of individuals can be shared.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Linnea Bärebring, PhD, Associate professor principal investigator
Göteborg University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food, Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food and Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food in people with Obesity and Obesity-related Medical Conditions and Appetite, run by Göteborg University at 1 site in Sweden.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Sweden. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Energy intake (time frame: Baseline until 1 hour, or completion of the meal (which ever comes first)). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Feb 2026.