Complex Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderESTAIR_REFUGEENCT07015567

Treatment of Complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Displaced People in Switzerland and Germany

A study testing Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET) and Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET) in people with Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, run by Eva Heim at 8 sites in 2 countries.

Recruiting

Looking for participants now. Contact the study team or a site below to ask about taking part.

Sites and contacts

Official record

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Trial summary

Who is it for?: Ages 17 years and older
Conditions the study is for: Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
What is being tested?: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET) and Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
Type of treatment: Lifestyle or therapy programme
Could I receive a placebo?: No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people: 288 participants
Where: 8 sitesin 2 countries
Study dates: 21 Jan 2026to Dec 2030
Phase: Interventional
Are there results?: Not yet: the study is under way

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 17 years and older
All sexes
No healthy volunteers
Child, Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

Informed consent signature
Refugees and asylum seekers with a valid residence permit (N, F, B, or C status)
Speaking Arabic, Farsi/Dari, Pashtu, Kurdish (different dialects), Turkish, English, German, or French
Originating from Middle East, Northern Africa, or Sub-Sahara Africa
A psychotherapy is indicated and was prescribed
Participated to part 1 of the study and was diagnosed with CPTSD on the basis of the standard International Trauma Interview and the Socio-cultural and structural addendum (SCSA). The diagnosis is done based on the clinical judgement by the local therapist.

Who cannot join

Acute psychosis
Imminent risk of suicide
Severe alcohol and/or substance abuse
Being enrolled in another psychotherapy
Inability to follow study procedures (i.e., cognitive impairment)
Inability to give informed consent
Known pregnancy

Trial locations and contacts

8 sites in 2 countries. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.

Eva Heim contact

+41 21 692 31 75

eva.heim@unil.ch

Country

City, postcode or hospital

Sites recruiting now only

8 sites in 2 countries

Switzerland7 sites, 7 recruiting

Psy4Asyl
Aarau, Canton of Aargau, 5000
Sara Michalik, +62 521 01 11, leitung@psy4asyl.ch
Sara Michalik
Recruiting
UPK Transkulturelle Ambulanz
Basel, Canton of Basel-City, 4051
Serena Galli, +41 61 325 81 05, Serena.Galli@upk.ch
Serena Galli
Recruiting
Appartenances - CPM Lausanne
Lausanne, Canton of Vaud, 1003
Felicia Dutray, +41 21 341 12 50, f.dutray@appartenances.ch
Felicia Dutray
Recruiting
Psychiatrie Basel-Land
Liestal, Basel-Landschaft, 4410
Daniel Sollberger, +41 61 553 51 15, daniel.sollberger@pbl.ch
Daniel Sollberger
Recruiting
SRK Ambulatorium für Folter- und Kriegsopfer
Wabern, Canton of Bern, 3084
Christoph Engel, +41 58 400 40 85, christoph.engel@redcross.ch
Christoph Engel
Not yet recruiting
Integrierten Psychiatrie Winterthur
Winterthur, Canton of Zurich, 8400
Jochen Binder, +41 52 264 38 60, Jochen.Binder@ipw.ch
Jochen Binder
Recruiting
Appartenances - CPM Yverdon-les-Bains
Yverdon-les-Bains, Canton of Vaud, 1400
Felicia Dutray, +41 24 425 06 65, f.dutray@appartenances.ch
Felicia Dutray
Recruiting

Other trials in Switzerland

Germany1 site, 1 recruiting

Centra
Hamburg, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, 20097
Ingo Schäfer, +49-176-21631798, i.schaefer@uke.de
Ingo Schäfer
Not yet recruiting

Other trials in Germany

About this study

Official title: Contextualised, Culture-sensitive Diagnosis and Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Displaced People in Switzerland and Germany: A Two-step Multicentric Randomised Clinical Trial

In WHO ICD-11 (its latest edition), the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were revised, and a new sibling disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) was introduced. CPTSD is a debilitating condition associated with severe, prolonged, or chronic trauma. Refugee populations are affected by high prevalence of CPTSD because of high rates of such trauma (e.g. torture). Untreated CPTSD has negative consequences for quality of life and for integration into the host society. Evidence indicates cultural variation in the phenomenology of CPTSD.

Modular approaches, e.g., the Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Modified Prolonged Exposure (ESTAIR/MPE), have been recommended for the treatment of CPTSD. However, they have not been tested in a clinical trial among refugees so far and there are no available publications about their effectiveness in CPTSD symptom reduction among this population. Research suggests a higher symptom reduction of trauma-focused techniques, such as Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET), among refugee population. In a previous study, the investigators pilot tested a version of ESTAIR/NET that was adapted to sociocultural and structural aspects related to psychopathology in refugee populations. The performance of these culturally adapted modules in CPTSD symptom reduction among the refugee population remains to be assessed.

The present clinical trial seeks to assess the effect of the culturally adapted modules of the ESTAIR manual on symptom reduction among refugees and asylum seekers diagnosed with CPTSD.

Conditions: Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Being tested: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
Keywords: Refugee populations, Cultural adaptation, Factorial experiment, Culturally sensitive psychotherapy

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)Behavioural
ESTAIR is a psychotherapeutic manual for the treatment of CPTSD. The manual was adapted to the target population. It contains 24 sessions which are organised in four modules, including a module about emotion regulation. This module contains exercises for emotional awareness and emotion regulation with different focuses (on body, thoughts and behaviour).
Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)Behavioural
ESTAIR is a psychotherapeutic manual for the treatment of CPTSD. The manual was adapted to the target population. It contains 24 sessions which are organised in four modules, including a module about negative self-concept. In this module, the manual tackles topics such as what is the self, thinking about the self through cognitive restructuring, criticism and compassion and the self in relation to others.
Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)Behavioural
ESTAIR is a psychotherapeutic manual for the treatment of CPTSD. The manual was adapted to the target population. It contains 24 sessions which are organised in four modules, including a module about interpersonal relationships. This module includes exercises to understand relationship patterns, increasing assertiveness, practicing assertiveness, and managing power.
Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)Behavioural
ESTAIR is a psychotherapeutic manual for the treatment of CPTSD. It contains 24 sessions which are organised in four modules. The manual was adapted to the target population. In this context, the module "modified prolonged exposure" was replaced with Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET). NET is a standardised approach for the treatment of PTSD that has been tested across diverse social and cultural contexts. In this intervention, patients and therapists elaborate together a chronological timeline (called "the lifeline") of patient's life and the traumatic events, using a rope, stones for traumatic events, and flowers for positive events. Thereafter, the traumatic events are discussed in detail, one in each session. At the end of each session, patients receive a written form of these narrations, co-signed by patient and the therapist.

Study groups in NCT07015567
Study group	Role	What they receive
1. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
2. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
3. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
4. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
5. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
6. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
7. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
8. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
9. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
10. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
11. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
12. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
13. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
14. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
15. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
16. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
17. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
18. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
19. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
20. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
21. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
22. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
23. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
24. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
25. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
26. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
27. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
28. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
29. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
30. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
31. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
32. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
33. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
34. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
35. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
36. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
37. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
38. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
39. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
40. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
41. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
42. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
43. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
44. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
45. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
46. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
47. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
48. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET); Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

CPTSD symptom change
CPTSD symptom change will be assessed with the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ-28). This questionnaire contains 28 items on symptoms that are self-rated on a Likert scale of 0-4, with a maximum total score of 112.
Measured: 8 months

Secondary outcomes (5)

Depression
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 score may range from 0 to 27, since each of the 9 items can be scored from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). Higher scores mean higher levels of depression.
Measured: 8 months
Anxiety
General Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7). The GAD-7 score may range from 0 to 21, since each of the 7 items can be scored from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). Higher scores mean higher levels of anxiety.
Measured: 8 months
Somatic symptoms
Somatic Symptoms Scale (SSS-8). The SSS-8 score may range from 0 to 32, since each of the 8 items can be scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (severely). Higher scores mean higher levels of somatic symptoms.
Measured: 8 months
Well-being
WHO-5 questionnaire. Scores range from 0-25, with higher scores reflecting higher levels of well-being.
Measured: 8 months
Dissociative symptoms (Shut-D)
The Shut-D contains 13 items measuring dissociative symptoms such as fainting or analgesia. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 3. The total score ranges from 0 to 39.
Measured: 8 months

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

21 Jan 2026Dec 2030

First posted11 Jun 2025
Study start21 Jan 2026
Primary completionDec 2030 (estimated)
Study completionDec 2030 (estimated)

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for Complex Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase N/A
Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Factorial
Model description: In this single-blind randomised trial, the study team will use a Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD), which corresponds to an incomplete factorial experiment. The design encompasses 48 experimental conditions, where all participants will receive three out of four modules of the adapted ESTAIR manual and will have one waiting period (at the start or at the end of their treatment). The investigators will test all possible combinations and sequences of these modules. Assessments (between modules and after the last module) will be conducted by assessors. Assessors will not have access to the experimental condition to which the participant is assigned, nor to any information related to the therapy process.
Masking: Single blind
Who is masked: Outcomes assessor
Enrolment: 288 participants (estimated)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT07015567
Sponsor's protocol ID: BASEC 2025-00450
Other IDs: 10001G_212438
Acronym: ESTAIR_REFUGEE
Status last verified: Jul 2026
First submitted: 3 Jun 2025
Last updated: 31 Jul 2026
Results posted: No
Data monitoring committee: Yes
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: Undecided

Publications

Heim E, Karatzias T, Maercker A. Cultural concepts of distress and complex PTSD: Future directions for research and treatment. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022 Apr;93:102143. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102143. Epub 2022 Mar 7.
PubMed 35313215

Interested in taking part?

Eva Heim

+41 21 692 31 75

eva.heim@unil.ch

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

See sites and contacts

Not yet recruiting
Feasibility of a Web-based Single-session Intervention Combined With Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Patients With Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Awaiting Inpatient Treatment
PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression
Active, not recruiting
Body-oriented Psychotherapy for Individuals With a History of Child Maltreatment and Trauma-related Symptoms
Safety, Psychological, Acceptability of Health Care
Recruiting
Psychological Prehabilitation for Complex Gastrointestinal Surgery
Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms, Anxiety
Not yet recruiting
RECONNECT - Treatments for Complex PTSD
Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD)
Active, not recruitingObservational study
Using Data Science To Center Patient Perspectives in Mechanism Discovery
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

All Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder trials

Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 31 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Contextualised, Culture-sensitive Diagnosis and Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Displaced People in Switzerland and Germany: A Two-step Multicentric Randomised Clinical Trial
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT07015567
Acronym / sponsor ID: ESTAIR_REFUGEE / BASEC 2025-00450
Conditions: Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Keywords: Refugee populations, Cultural adaptation, Factorial experiment, Culturally sensitive psychotherapy
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Recruiting
Enrolment: 288 participants (estimated)
Lead sponsor: Eva HeimUniversity, hospital or other
Study start: 21 Jan 2026 (actual)
Primary completion: Dec 2030 (estimated)
Study completion: Dec 2030 (estimated)
First posted: 11 Jun 2025 (actual)
Results: Not posted in the source record

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

The present clinical trial seeks to assess the effect of the culturally adapted modules of the ESTAIR manual on symptom reduction among refugees and asylum seekers diagnosed with CPTSD.

Study design

Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Factorial
Masking: Single blind (outcomes assessor)
Number of arms: 48
Model description: In this single-blind randomised trial, the study team will use a Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD), which corresponds to an incomplete factorial experiment. The design encompasses 48 experimental conditions, where all participants will receive three out of four modules of the adapted ESTAIR manual and will have one waiting period (at the start or at the end of their treatment). The investigators will test all possible combinations and sequences of these modules. Assessments (between modules and after the last module) will be conducted by assessors. Assessors will not have access to the experimental condition to which the participant is assigned, nor to any information related to the therapy process.

Arm	Type	Receives
1. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
2. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
3. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
4. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
5. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
6. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
7. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
8. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
9. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
10. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
11. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
12. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
13. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
14. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
15. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
16. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
17. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
18. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
19. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
20. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
21. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
22. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
23. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
24. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
25. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
26. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
27. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
28. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
29. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
30. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
31. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
32. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
33. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
34. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
35. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
36. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
37. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
38. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
39. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
40. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
41. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
42. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
43. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
44. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
45. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
46. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
47. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)
48. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period	Experimental	Behavioral: Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET), Behavioral: Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)

Who may qualify

Ages: 17 years and older
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Not accepted
Age groups: Child, Adult, Older adult

Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)

Informed consent signature
Refugees and asylum seekers with a valid residence permit (N, F, B, or C status)
Speaking Arabic, Farsi/Dari, Pashtu, Kurdish (different dialects), Turkish, English, German, or French
Originating from Middle East, Northern Africa, or Sub-Sahara Africa
A psychotherapy is indicated and was prescribed

Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)

Acute psychosis
Imminent risk of suicide
Severe alcohol and/or substance abuse
Being enrolled in another psychotherapy
Inability to follow study procedures (i.e., cognitive impairment)

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
Emotion regulation module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)ESTAIR is a psychotherapeutic manual for the treatment of CPTSD. The manual was adapted to the target population. It contains 24 sessions which are organised in four modules, including a module about emotion regulation. This module contains exercises for emotional awareness and emotion regulation with different focuses (on body, thoughts and behaviour).	Behavioural	1. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, 11. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, 13. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, 14. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, 15. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, 17. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, 19. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, 2. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, 20. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, 21. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, 23. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, 25. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 26. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 27. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period, 28. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 29. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period, 3. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, 30. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 31. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 32. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 33. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period, 35. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period, 37. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period, 38. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 39. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period, 4. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, 41. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period, 43. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period, 44. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 45. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period, 47. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period, 5. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, 6. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, 7. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, 8. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, 9. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation
Negative self-concept module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)ESTAIR is a psychotherapeutic manual for the treatment of CPTSD. The manual was adapted to the target population. It contains 24 sessions which are organised in four modules, including a module about negative self-concept. In this module, the manual tackles topics such as what is the self, thinking about the self through cognitive restructuring, criticism and compassion and the self in relation to others.	Behavioural	1. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, 10. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, 11. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, 12. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, 13. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, 15. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, 16. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, 18. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, 19. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, 2. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, 21. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, 22. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, 24. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, 25. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 26. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 27. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period, 29. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period, 3. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, 31. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 32. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 33. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period, 34. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 35. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period, 36. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 37. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period, 39. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period, 40. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 42. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period, 43. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period, 45. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period, 46. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 48. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period, 5. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, 7. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, 8. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, 9. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation
Interpersonal relationships module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)ESTAIR is a psychotherapeutic manual for the treatment of CPTSD. The manual was adapted to the target population. It contains 24 sessions which are organised in four modules, including a module about interpersonal relationships. This module includes exercises to understand relationship patterns, increasing assertiveness, practicing assertiveness, and managing power.	Behavioural	1. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, 10. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, 12. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, 13. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, 14. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, 15. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, 16. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, 17. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, 18. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, 20. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, 22. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, 23. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, 24. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, 25. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 27. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period, 28. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 3. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, 30. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 31. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 33. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period, 34. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 36. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 37. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period, 38. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 39. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period, 4. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, 40. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 41. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period, 42. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period, 44. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 46. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 47. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period, 48. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period, 6. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, 7. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, 9. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation
Narrative exposure therapy module of Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation combined with Narrative Exposure Therapy (ESTAIR/NET)ESTAIR is a psychotherapeutic manual for the treatment of CPTSD. It contains 24 sessions which are organised in four modules. The manual was adapted to the target population. In this context, the module "modified prolonged exposure" was replaced with Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET). NET is a standardised approach for the treatment of PTSD that has been tested across diverse social and cultural contexts. In this intervention, patients and therapists elaborate together a chronological timeline (called "the lifeline") of patient's life and the traumatic events, using a rope, stones for traumatic events, and flowers for positive events. Thereafter, the traumatic events are discussed in detail, one in each session. At the end of each session, patients receive a written form of these narrations, co-signed by patient and the therapist.	Behavioural	10. Waiting period, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, 11. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, 12. Waiting period, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, 14. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, 16. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, 17. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, 18. Waiting period, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, 19. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, 2. Waiting period, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, 20. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, 21. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, 22. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, 23. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, 24. Waiting period, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, 26. Emotion regulation, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 28. Emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 29. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period, 30. Emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 32. Negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 34. Negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 35. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period, 36. Negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 38. Interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 4. Waiting period, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, 40. Interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, narrative exposure therapy, waiting period, 41. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, waiting period, 42. Interpersonal relationships, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, waiting period, 43. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, negative self-concept, waiting period, 44. Narrative exposure therapy, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 45. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, waiting period, 46. Narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, interpersonal relationships, waiting period, 47. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, waiting period, 48. Narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, negative self-concept, waiting period, 5. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, negative self-concept, 6. Waiting period, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy, interpersonal relationships, 8. Waiting period, negative self-concept, emotion regulation, narrative exposure therapy

Primary outcome

CPTSD symptom change
Time frame: 8 months
CPTSD symptom change will be assessed with the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ-28). This questionnaire contains 28 items on symptoms that are self-rated on a Likert scale of 0-4, with a maximum total score of 112.

5 secondary outcomes

Depression
Time frame: 8 months
Anxiety
Time frame: 8 months
Somatic symptoms
Time frame: 8 months
Well-being
Time frame: 8 months
Dissociative symptoms (Shut-D)
Time frame: 8 months

Results and safety

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 31 Jul 2026.
Background: PubMed 35313215Heim E, Karatzias T, Maercker A. Cultural concepts of distress and complex PTSD: Future directions for research and treatment. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022 Apr;93:102143. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102143. Epub 2022 Mar 7.
HumRes is the Federal Office of Public Health's website for the general public on human research in SwitzerlandLink provided by the sponsor.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided

Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.

Eva Heim contact

+41 21 692 31 75

eva.heim@unil.ch

8 sites in 2 countries: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 31 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 8 sites in Switzerland, Germany. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

Contact Eva Heim (+41 21 692 31 75, eva.heim@unil.ch), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

CPTSD symptom change (time frame: 8 months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07015567, which also lists 1 linked publication.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 31 Jul 2026.

Treatment of Complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Displaced People in Switzerland and Germany

Trial summary

Key requirements

Who may be able to join

Who cannot join

Trial locations and contacts

About this study

What participants receive

What is being measured

Timeline

Resources

More details

Publications

Study at a glance

Clinical summary

Study design

Who may qualify

Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)

Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)

Interventions

Primary outcome

Results and safety

Research links

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Referral and contact

Questions about this trial

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