Exposure to Environmental PollutionAIR-C3NCT06942715
Applied Implementation Research for Clean Cooking in Cambodia
A study testing Electric Induction Cookstoves in people with Exposure to Environmental Pollution and Exposure to Household Air Pollution, run by Emory University at 1 site in Cambodia.
Trial summary
The goal of this study is to learn how to help families in Cambodia switch to using electric induction stoves instead of traditional stoves that burn wood or charcoal. The study will also look at whether this switch is safe, affordable, and sustainable over time. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Exposure to Environmental Pollution, Exposure to Household Air Pollution
- What is being tested?
- Electric Induction Cookstoves
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 6,150 participants
- Where
- 1 siteCambodia
- Study dates
- 13 Oct 2025to May 2029
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- A household must:
- Provide consent to participate in our study, with at least one adult household member who identifies as the primary cook consenting to serve as the study participant
- Resides in village selected for implementation
- Household has electricity access
- Household does not already use electricity-based induction cooking technology
Who cannot join
- -Plans to move permanently outside the study area in the next 12 months
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Jedidiah Snyder contact
Cambodia1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
International Development Enterprises: iDE
Kampong Speu, Kampong Speu Province
Jennifer Roglà, PhD
SayPhearak Mak
About this study
Official title: Applied Implementation Research for Clean Cooking in Cambodia: Equity, Exposure, Costs, and Benefits of Induction Stove Interventions
The goal of this study is to learn how to help families in Cambodia switch to using electric induction stoves instead of traditional stoves that burn wood or charcoal. The study will also look at whether this switch is safe, affordable, and sustainable over time.
The main questions researchers want to answer are:
Read more
- What strategies work best to encourage families to use induction stoves regularly and stop using traditional cooking methods?
- Does switching to induction cooking reduce household air pollution for primary cooks?
- What are the costs and benefits of these strategies?
To answer these questions, researchers will compare different strategies across 65 peri-urban villages in Cambodia. They will use data loggers to track when families use induction stoves or traditional stoves, and measure air pollution levels in the home before and after families receive induction stoves.
Participants will:
- Receive an electric induction stove and support based on their group's strategy
- Have their stove use tracked through special devices
- Take part in air pollution measurements in their homes
- Share information about their cooking habits and experiences
Read the detailed description
Around 3 billion people worldwide cook using biomass fuels like wood, charcoal, and animal dung, which creates household air pollution responsible for about 2.3 million premature deaths each year from diseases such as heart disease, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, and cancer. Previous efforts to clean up biomass fuel burning have not sufficiently reduced air pollution or replaced traditional stoves, leading researchers to explore even cleaner alternatives like electric induction cooking.
This study evaluates whether electric induction stoves can effectively lower household air pollution in Cambodia. Using a rigorous, multi-year, cluster-randomized trial in 65 peri-urban villages, the study will:
- Develop and test different strategies (such as direct sales, subsidies, and community promotion) to encourage the purchase and regular use of induction stoves.
- Measure stove usage with cloud-connected data loggers that record cooking times and energy consumption.
- Collect household air pollution data and conduct surveys and interviews with approximately 3,100 households, with a focus on primary cooks.
The study also includes a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis to understand the benefits in terms of health, environmental impact, time savings, including impacts on individuals responsible for household cooking or fuel collection. By using established frameworks to plan, evaluate, and improve implementation (RE-AIM: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance; CFIR: Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research), the research aims to build a strong evidence base to support the scale-up of clean cooking interventions in Cambodia and other low- and middle-income settings.
- Being tested
- Electric Induction Cookstoves
- Keywords
- Cooking methods, Induction stoves
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Electric Induction CookstovesOther
The intervention consists of high-quality, locally available electric induction cookstoves with two burners, each equipped with cloud-connected data loggers, and includes compatible cookware.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Community-based demand generation only | Experimental | The implementation strategy consists of community-based demand generation and behavior change communication activities, including village meetings, cooking and stove demonstrations, and locally appropriate communication materials designed to build awareness, trust, and confidence in induction cooking Receives: Other: Electric Induction Cookstoves |
| Community-based demand generation + direct sales | Experimental | The implementation strategy encompasses community-based demand generation and behavior change communication, complemented by personalized direct sales engagement. Trained sales agents conduct door-to-door and small-group visits, provide tailored sales pitches and demonstrations, respond to questions, and facilitate stove purchases. Receives: Other: Electric Induction Cookstoves |
| Community-based demand generation + subsidies | Experimental | The implementation strategy includes community-based demand generation and behavior change communication, paired with financial support through stove subsidies. Subsidies include a lower-value subsidy available to early non-poor purchasers and a higher-value subsidy targeted to households classified as poor or at-risk. Receives: Other: Electric Induction Cookstoves |
| Community-based demand generation + direct sales + subsidies | Experimental | The implementation strategy includes community-based demand generation and behavior change communication, personalized direct sales engagement, and financial support through stove subsidies. Sales agents provide household-level engagement and facilitate purchases, while subsidies improve affordability through both lower-value and targeted higher-value support. Receives: Other: Electric Induction Cookstoves |
| Control villages | No intervention | Control Villages assigned to the control arm will receive no study intervention during the trial period. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Induction cookstove purchase: Proportion of households that purchase an induction stove
Purchase will be defined as the acquisition of an induction stove during the trial period, as reported in household surveys and verified through study-linked sales records matched to household study IDs. The outcome will be calculated as the number of participating households with a confirmed induction stove acquired divided by the total number of households in each village. Results will be reported overall and stratified by household poverty status, verified by the Cambodian Government (IDPoor status).
Measured: Endline, 18-30 months post-intervention
Disuse of biomass fuels: Proportion of meals cooked without biomass fuels
Disuse will be defined as the reduction in biomass fuel use for cooking, measured as the proportion of meals cooked without biomass fuels (e.g., firewood and charcoal) during a defined recent reference period, as reported in household surveys. Results will be reported overall and stratified by household poverty status.
Measured: Endline, 18-30 months post-intervention
Secondary outcomes (7)
Induction stove use: Daily electricity consumption of cooking events
Daily electricity consumption (kWh) associated with induction cookstove use, measured using built-in, cloud-connected data loggers that record energy use during cooking events among households that purchase an induction cookstove and consent to monitoring. Results will be summarized at the household and village level and stratified by household poverty status.
Measured: Up to 30 months following stove purchase
Induction cookstove use: Number of daily cooking events
Number of daily cooking events measured using built-in, cloud-connected data loggers installed on induction cookstoves. Cooking events will be derived from time-stamped stove activity among households that purchase an induction cookstove and consent to monitoring. Results will be summarized at the household and village level and stratified by household poverty status.
Measured: Up to 30 months following stove purchase
Induction cookstove use: Duration of daily cooking
Total duration of induction cookstove use per day, measured using built-in, cloud-connected data loggers based on time-stamped stove activity among households that purchase an induction cookstove and consent to monitoring. Results will be summarized at the household and village level and stratified by household poverty status.
Measured: Up to 30 months following stove purchase
Clean stove stacking patterns: Proportion of monitored days with no biomass stove use
Stove stacking will be defined as the concurrent use of multiple cooking technologies within a household, including biomass (e.g., firewood and charcoal), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and induction stoves. Stove use will be measured using thermocouple-based temperature loggers (Geocene Dots) installed on non-induction stoves. These devices record stove temperatures continuously and transmit data via Bluetooth to mobile devices, which sync to a central server. The outcome will be calculated as the proportion of monitored days with no biomass stove use and summarized at the household and village level, with results stratified by household poverty status.
Measured: Daily over a 1-week period, 6-8 weeks following stove purchase
Household air pollution: Personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon among primary cooks
Personal exposure to PM2.5 and black carbon will be measured among primary cooks using wearable personal exposure monitors (Ultrasonic Personal Aerosol Sampler) placed in the breathing zone of the primary cook for a continuous 24-hour period. Measurements will be collected among households that purchase an induction cookstove and a time-series matched subset of households that do not purchase. The outcome will be defined as 24-hour average PM2.5 (µg/m³) and black carbon concentrations and summarized at the household and village level, with results stratified by household poverty status.
Measured: 24-hour measurement, 6-8 weeks following stove purchase
Maintenance (behavioral): Induction cookstove use trajectories
Induction cookstove use trajectories will be assessed as longitudinal patterns of use among households that purchase an induction cookstove (e.g., sustained, increasing, declining, or discontinued use), measured using built-in, cloud-connected stove data loggers, including frequency of use, duration of use, and electricity consumption. Results will be summarized across households and villages and stratified by household poverty status.
Measured: Up to 30 months following stove purchase
Maintenance (behavioral): Determinants of sustained use and clean cooking behaviors
Determinants of sustained use, declining use, or discontinuation of induction stove use, as well as adoption and continued use of clean cooking technologies (e.g., LPG) and reliance on biomass fuels (e.g., firewood and charcoal), will be assessed using after-sales service and warranty records and structured household surveys. Measures will include household- and system-level factors such as stove functionality, repairs, service interactions, user-reported experiences, and contextual factors influencing adoption and use among both purchasing and non-purchasing households.
Measured: Throughout implementation and summarized at endline, 18-30 months post-intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 Apr 2025
- Study start13 Oct 2025
- Primary completionDec 2028 (estimated)
- Study completionMay 2029 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Exposure to Environmental PollutionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Emory UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Hybrid type II cluster randomized trial
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 6,150 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Emory University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Matthew Freeman, Emory University
- Investigators
- Matthew Freeman, PhD, Principal investigator, Rollins School of Public Health
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06942715
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- STUDY00007929
- Other IDs
- 1R01ES035395-01A1, 2025P013174
- Acronym
- AIR-C3
- Status last verified
- Mar 2026
- First submitted
- 24 Mar 2025
- Last updated
- 3 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: All de-identified individual participant data collected during the trial. Data sharing will comply with ethical standards and privacy regulations, ensuring individual participant confidentiality is maintained. All necessary metadata, tools, and statistical code needed to validate and replicate the findings will be publicly accessible. This includes documentation of the methods used, data collection procedures, and specific parameters for the analysis.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 3 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Applied Implementation Research for Clean Cooking in Cambodia: Equity, Exposure, Costs, and Benefits of Induction Stove Interventions
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06942715
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- AIR-C3 / STUDY00007929
- Keywords
- Cooking methods, Induction stoves
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 6,150 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Emory UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
- Study start
- 13 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Dec 2028 (estimated)
- Study completion
- May 2029 (estimated)
- First posted
- 24 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this study is to learn how to help families in Cambodia switch to using electric induction stoves instead of traditional stoves that burn wood or charcoal. The study will also look at whether this switch is safe, affordable, and sustainable over time.
The main questions researchers want to answer are:
- What strategies work best to encourage families to use induction stoves regularly and stop using traditional cooking methods?
- Does switching to induction cooking reduce household air pollution for primary cooks?
- What are the costs and benefits of these strategies?
To answer these questions, researchers will compare different strategies across 65 peri-urban villages in Cambodia. They will use data loggers to track when families use induction stoves or traditional stoves, and measure air pollution levels in the home before and after families receive induction stoves.
Participants will:
- Receive an electric induction stove and support based on their group's strategy
- Have their stove use tracked through special devices
- Take part in air pollution measurements in their homes
- Share information about their cooking habits and experiences
Detailed description
Around 3 billion people worldwide cook using biomass fuels like wood, charcoal, and animal dung, which creates household air pollution responsible for about 2.3 million premature deaths each year from diseases such as heart disease, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, and cancer. Previous efforts to clean up biomass fuel burning have not sufficiently reduced air pollution or replaced traditional stoves, leading researchers to explore even cleaner alternatives like electric induction cooking.
This study evaluates whether electric induction stoves can effectively lower household air pollution in Cambodia. Using a rigorous, multi-year, cluster-randomized trial in 65 peri-urban villages, the study will:
- Develop and test different strategies (such as direct sales, subsidies, and community promotion) to encourage the purchase and regular use of induction stoves.
- Measure stove usage with cloud-connected data loggers that record cooking times and energy consumption.
- Collect household air pollution data and conduct surveys and interviews with approximately 3,100 households, with a focus on primary cooks.
The study also includes a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis to understand the benefits in terms of health, environmental impact, time savings, including impacts on individuals responsible for household cooking or fuel collection. By using established frameworks to plan, evaluate, and improve implementation (RE-AIM: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance; CFIR: Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research), the research aims to build a strong evidence base to support the scale-up of clean cooking interventions in Cambodia and other low- and middle-income settings.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 5
- Model description
- Hybrid type II cluster randomized trial
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Community-based demand generation only | Experimental | Other: Electric Induction CookstovesThe implementation strategy consists of community-based demand generation and behavior change communication activities, including village meetings, cooking and stove demonstrations, and locally appropriate communication materials designed to build awareness, trust, and confidence in induction cooking |
| Community-based demand generation + direct sales | Experimental | Other: Electric Induction CookstovesThe implementation strategy encompasses community-based demand generation and behavior change communication, complemented by personalized direct sales engagement. Trained sales agents conduct door-to-door and small-group visits, provide tailored sales pitches and demonstrations, respond to questions, and facilitate stove purchases. |
| Community-based demand generation + subsidies | Experimental | Other: Electric Induction CookstovesThe implementation strategy includes community-based demand generation and behavior change communication, paired with financial support through stove subsidies. Subsidies include a lower-value subsidy available to early non-poor purchasers and a higher-value subsidy targeted to households classified as poor or at-risk. |
| Community-based demand generation + direct sales + subsidies | Experimental | Other: Electric Induction CookstovesThe implementation strategy includes community-based demand generation and behavior change communication, personalized direct sales engagement, and financial support through stove subsidies. Sales agents provide household-level engagement and facilitate purchases, while subsidies improve affordability through both lower-value and targeted higher-value support. |
| Control villages | No intervention | –Control Villages assigned to the control arm will receive no study intervention during the trial period. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- A household must:
- Provide consent to participate in our study, with at least one adult household member who identifies as the primary cook consenting to serve as the study participant
- Resides in village selected for implementation
- Household has electricity access
- Household does not already use electricity-based induction cooking technology
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- -Plans to move permanently outside the study area in the next 12 months
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Electric Induction CookstovesThe intervention consists of high-quality, locally available electric induction cookstoves with two burners, each equipped with cloud-connected data loggers, and includes compatible cookware. | Other | Community-based demand generation + direct sales, Community-based demand generation + direct sales + subsidies, Community-based demand generation + subsidies, Community-based demand generation only |
Primary outcome
Induction cookstove purchase: Proportion of households that purchase an induction stove
Time frame: Endline, 18-30 months post-intervention
Purchase will be defined as the acquisition of an induction stove during the trial period, as reported in household surveys and verified through study-linked sales records matched to household study IDs. The outcome will be calculated as the number of participating households with a confirmed induction stove acquired divided by the total number of households in each village. Results will be reported overall and stratified by household poverty status, verified by the Cambodian Government (IDPoor status).
Disuse of biomass fuels: Proportion of meals cooked without biomass fuels
Time frame: Endline, 18-30 months post-intervention
Disuse will be defined as the reduction in biomass fuel use for cooking, measured as the proportion of meals cooked without biomass fuels (e.g., firewood and charcoal) during a defined recent reference period, as reported in household surveys. Results will be reported overall and stratified by household poverty status.
7 secondary outcomes
Induction stove use: Daily electricity consumption of cooking events
Time frame: Up to 30 months following stove purchase
Induction cookstove use: Number of daily cooking events
Time frame: Up to 30 months following stove purchase
Induction cookstove use: Duration of daily cooking
Time frame: Up to 30 months following stove purchase
Clean stove stacking patterns: Proportion of monitored days with no biomass stove use
Time frame: Daily over a 1-week period, 6-8 weeks following stove purchase
Household air pollution: Personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon among primary cooks
Time frame: 24-hour measurement, 6-8 weeks following stove purchase
Maintenance (behavioral): Induction cookstove use trajectories
Time frame: Up to 30 months following stove purchase
Maintenance (behavioral): Determinants of sustained use and clean cooking behaviors
Time frame: Throughout implementation and summarized at endline, 18-30 months post-intervention
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 3 Apr 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. All de-identified individual participant data collected during the trial. Data sharing will comply with ethical standards and privacy regulations, ensuring individual participant confidentiality is maintained. All necessary metadata, tools, and statistical code needed to validate and replicate the findings will be publicly accessible. This includes documentation of the methods used, data collection procedures, and specific parameters for the analysis.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Jedidiah Snyder contact
Matthew Freeman, PhD principal investigator
Rollins School of Public Health
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Electric Induction Cookstoves in people with Exposure to Environmental Pollution and Exposure to Household Air Pollution, run by Emory University at 1 site in Cambodia.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 3 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Cambodia. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Matthew Freeman, PhD (404-712-8767, matthew.freeman@emory.edu), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Induction cookstove purchase: Proportion of households that purchase an induction stove (time frame: Endline, 18-30 months post-intervention). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 3 Apr 2026.