hucMSCs Exosomes for the Treatment of Active Ulcerative Colitis

It is the most commonly used histological scoring system for colonic mucosa in the field of ulcerative colitis (UC). It is divided into six grades: 1) Structural changes (Grade 0); 2) Chronic inflammatory infiltration (Grade 1); 3) Neutrophils and eosinophils in the lamina propria (Grade 2); 4) Neutrophils in the epithelium (Grade 3); 5) Crypt destruction (Grade 4); 6) Erosion or ulceration (Grade 5). Each grade is further divided into four subcategories. The Geboes score ranges from 0 to 5.4, with higher scores indicating more severe inflammation. Typically, active histological inflammation in UC is defined as a Geboes score of ≥2B.1.

The IBDQ is a well-established assessment tool for measuring disease-specific health-related quality of life. It consists of 32 items : bowel symptoms (10 items), systemic symptoms (5 items), emotional functioning (12 items), and social functioning (5 items). The questionnaire is scored using a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from worst health (1) to best health (7). Domain scores are calculated by summing the item responses, with higher values indicating better quality of life.The total score range of the IBDQ is 32-224, which can be obtained by adding up the scores of individual domains. According to the total score, a meaningful change in the IBDQ score (also defined as an IBDQ response) is defined as a change of ≥ 16 points, and this threshold has been applied in studies involving subjects with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). In addition, IBDQ remission can be defined as a total score of ≥ 170 points.

Subjects are required to complete a single item that assesses how frequently they needed to empty their bowels immediately to avoid an accident in the past 7 days. The response scale ranges from 0 (never) to 4 (more than once a day).

The EQ-5D-5L is a brief self-report measure of health status and function. The descriptive system of this instrument includes 5 items for measuring problems (none, mild, moderate, severe, or extreme), covering mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. In total, the responses to these items describe 5^5 = 3,125 health states. The responses of the subjects to the 5 items can be weighted and aggregated to generate a utility index score that measures the social value of their current health. These scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (death), and negative values indicate a health state worse than death. Additionally, the EQ-5D-5L includes a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which allows subjects to rate their current health on a scale from 0 (worst imaginable health) to 100 (best imaginable health).

Among patients receiving treatment for IBD, a meaningful change in the EQ-5D-5L VAS score is defined as a change of ≥ 10 points.

The unit for CRP is milligrams per liter (mg/L), with the normal reference value typically being ≤10 mg/L.When there is a bacterial infection, the CRP level usually increases significantly, which can exceed 100 mg/L, or even be higher. In contrast, when there is a viral infection, the CRP level generally does not increase or only increases slightly, usually not exceeding 50 mg/L. Therefore, CRP testing can be used to distinguish between bacterial infections and viral infections. The CRP level is positively correlated with the severity of the infection. The more severe the infection is, the more obvious the increase in CRP will be. By monitoring the changes in the CRP level, the therapeutic effect of the infection treatment and the progression of the disease can be evaluated.

The unit for fecal calprotectin is micrograms per gram of stool (μg/g), with a normal range of 0-50 μg/g. Values exceeding this range may indicate intestinal inflammation or disease activity (such as in inflammatory bowel disease).

The detection of immune cell subsets (such as T cells, B cells, and NK cells) is usually expressed as a percentage (%).

The unit is kilograms per square meter (kg/m²). It is calculated using the formula: weight (kg) ÷ height² (m²). Normal range: 18.5-24 kg/m² (for adults).

The unit is grams per liter (g/L). It reflects liver synthetic function and nutritional status. Normal reference values are 35-50 g/L for adults and 34-48 g/L for individuals aged 60 years or older.

The unit is grams per liter (g/L). It is used to assess anemia or polycythemia. Normal reference values are as follows: adult males: 120-160 g/L; adult females: 110-150 g/L.

The unit is degrees Celsius (℃). Normal range: axillary temperature is 36℃ to 37℃.

The unit is breaths per minute (breaths/min). Normal range: adults, 16-20 breaths/min (at rest).Tachypnea may be caused by reasons such as pneumonia, fever, cardiovascular diseases, anemia, etc., while bradypnea may be caused by reasons such as increased intracranial pressure, hypothyroidism, etc.

The unit is millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Normal range: systolic pressure, 90-139 mmHg; diastolic pressure, 60-89 mmHg.

The unit is beats per minute (beats/min). Normal range: 60-100 beats/min (at rest).

Normal range for adults is 4.0-10.0×10⁹/L. An elevated level may indicate bacterial infection or inflammation, while a decreased level may be associated with viral infections or drug reactions.

Normal range is 4.3-5.8×10¹²/L for males and 3.8-5.1×10¹²/L for females.

Normal range is 125-350×10⁹/L. A reduced count increases the risk of bleeding, while an elevated count increases the risk of thrombosis.

The reference value of white blood cells is 0 to 5 cells per high-power field (HP). If the number of white blood cells in each high-power field exceeds 5, it is called pyuria under the microscope, which suggests the possible presence of infections or other pathological changes in the urinary system.

Under normal circumstances, the number of urinary red blood cells is 0-3 per high-power field (HP). If the number of urinary red blood cells in each high-power field exceeds 3, it is called microscopic hematuria.

Normal value is negative (-).The test results of urinary protein are affected by various factors. For example, strenuous exercise, fever, a high-protein diet, etc., may all lead to a transient increase in physiological urinary protein, which can return to normal after removing the influencing factors. It may also indicate the presence of kidney diseases and other conditions.

Normally, the result is negative. A positive result is commonly seen in hemorrhagic diseases of the digestive tract.

Normal range is 7-40 U/L. Elevated levels indicate liver damage.

Normal range is 13-35 U/L. Elevated levels indicate liver damage.

Normal range is 53-106 μmol/L for males and 44-97 μmol/L for females. Elevated levels suggest decreased renal function.

Normal range is 2.9-7.5 mmol/L. Elevated levels may be associated with renal failure or dehydration.