"The Effect of Trimetazidine on the Clinical Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients"

Trimetazidine is a well-known anti-anginal drug that exerts its effect by converting the cell's metabolism from fatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation. This is contrary to what occurs during a stroke event, in which the cell's metabolism is shifted to fatty acid metabolism. It also improves the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that allows the entry of pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria for subsequent oxidation in the Krebs cycle. Therefore, attenuating lactic acid production, controlling intracellular acidosis and calcium ion overload, thus conserving valuable ATP stores to meet energy requirements and preventing the occurrence of further ischemia. Clinical reports indicate that trimetazidine restores energy homeostasis and attenuates free radical generation to exhibit benefits in ischemia and angina pectoris.

An increasing number of studies have focused on the effect of Trimetazidine on myocardial I/R injury, and some studies have proposed possible hypotheses. Trimetazidine protects against myocardial I/R injury and is presumed to be related to autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative stress, which are all pathways in stroke.

An in vitro study proving the role of Trimetazidine in apoptosis found that trimetazidine protected muscle cells against starvation or inflammation-induced atrophy by inhibiting protein degradation and inducing autophagy. It has recently been shown to ameliorate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis: which plays an important role in the development of muscle atrophy by promoting neutrophil migration to cardiac tissue. It was shown that Trimetazidine mitigated the mRNA expression of pyroptosis-related molecules, including NLRP3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD.25 In another in vitro study, it was found that TMZ reduced the myocardial infarct size and decreased the expression of TLR4, MyD88, phospho-NF-κB p65, and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Furthermore, a study assessing the effect of TMZ on cerebral I/R injury proved that it reduced infarct volume compared with the vehicle-treated reperfused animals and significantly decreased the percentage of brain swelling in the TMZ-treated groups.

Trimetazidine in a clinical study added to the standard of care with or without interventional and/or surgical reperfusion reduced oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and major acute cardiovascular events, whereas, in patients with chronic coronary syndrome, TMZ decreased oxidative stress and readmission for ACS and heart failure.

Moreover, there is a recent clinical trial that has proven that Trimetazidine significantly reduced the serum levels of interleukin - 18 in patients with acute viral myocarditis compared to the control group.

This makes it possible to detect the severity of the stroke event by measuring the serum levels of interleukin - 18. It is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, that is encoded by the IL-18 gene in humans. It is likely to be the first line of immune defense for the brain, primarily secreted by macrophage cells and mononuclear cells in humans. It is initially expressed as the inactive precursor pro-IL-18. It is then converted into an active form by proteolytic cleavage, mainly by the cysteine protease caspase-1, which is also known as IL-1B converting enzyme (ICE).

Some researchers have proposed the hypothesis that a pro-inflammatory profile induced by increased IL-18 levels creates a prothrombotic and pro-atherosclerotic environment, which may eventually contribute to stroke in older people. These results are consistent with the results of a meta-analysis study which proved that there is a significant association between IL-18 level and NIHSS scores that makes it a strong tool for reflecting the severity of stroke and for predicting the prognosis.