Vision, LowNCT06237829
Testing Tactile Aids With Blind Subjects
A study testing Single bump acuity, Optimal spacing between bumps and Improving signal from a single bump with designer materials in people with Vision, Low and Blindness, run by University of Delaware at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The objective of this project is to create richer tactile aids by using materials chemistry to create tactile sensations in tactile aids, as an alternative to traditional physical bumps, lines, or textures. These materials are commonly used in household products, but have not yet been used to enrich tactile aids. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 16 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Vision, Low, Blindness
- What is being tested?
- Single bump acuity, Optimal spacing between bumps and Improving signal from a single bump with designer materials
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 100 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Sep 2021to Dec 2027
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 16 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Visual Impairment: Participants should be blind or visually impaired for greater than 10 years, either congenitally or acquired.
- Tactile Aid Usage: Participants must use tactile aids regularly.
- Mathematical Knowledge: Participants should have a basic understanding of mathematical plots, equivalent to at least high school geometry.
Who cannot join
- Limb Conditions: Participants with amputations or outer extremity conditions affecting hand use will be excluded.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
United States1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware, 19711
Charles Dhong, 302-831-2828, cdhong@udel.edu
Cynthia Papettas, 3022796766, cpap@Udel.edu
About this study
The objective of this project is to create richer tactile aids by using materials chemistry to create tactile sensations in tactile aids, as an alternative to traditional physical bumps, lines, or textures. These materials are commonly used in household products, but have not yet been used to enrich tactile aids. Successful outcomes are primarily the accuracy with which low vision or blind subjects identify objects made from tactile coatings versus traditional tactile aids. Other outcomes include time to completion of the task, or the number of distinctive categories that participants can identify.
Read the detailed description
Traditional images and graphics, like mathematical plots or charts, are not accessible to low vision and blind people. Instead, for blind and low vision people, tactile aids are traditionally used to convey abstract concepts. However, tactile aids cannot convey as rich or as dense of information as traditional visual graphics, limiting independence and access to gainful employment for low vision and blind professionals.
The primary reason why tactile aids are inferior to visual graphics is that tactile aids are made from a combination of physical bumps, lines, and labels. Placing too many details on a single tactile aid quickly becomes illegible to the user because the various bumps, lines, and textures blur together, which is known as "tactile clutter".
The objective of this project is to create richer tactile aids by using materials chemistry to create tactile sensations in tactile aids, as an alternative to traditional physical bumps, lines, or textures. These materials are commonly used in household products, but have not yet been used to enrich tactile aids. Successful outcomes include having low vision or blind subjects identify objects made from our tactile materials quicker than traditional tactile aids, or to successfully identify more categories on a mathematical plot than is currently possible with existing tactile aids.
- Conditions
- Vision, Low, Blindness
- Being tested
- Single bump acuity, Optimal spacing between bumps, Improving signal from a single bump with designer materials
- Keywords
- Tactile Aid
- Medical subject headings
- Vision, Low, Blindness
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Single bump acuityBehavioural
Investigators will design bumps of varying heights, spacings, diameters, and bump shapes (rounded top, flat top, angled top) which give a precise amount of mechanical stimulus to the finger. Subjects will be asked if they could notice a bump on the surface and instructed to make the judgment quickly (<2 seconds). A psychometric curve, with a standard braille bump serving as the positive, ~100% success rate control, will be constructed
Optimal spacing between bumpsBehavioural
Investigators will fabricate and characterize two bumps of varying widths (ranging from 150 μm to 3 times the bump width, based on fabrication resolution available in commercial tactile aid machines). Subjects will be asked to run their finger across the two bumps (two bumps always form a line, so investigators do not need to ask subjects to orient their fingers) quickly and asked if they felt one bump or two.
Improving signal from a single bump with designer materialsBehavioural
Investigators will coat single bumps with our designer materials (with alkyl and amino functional groups) to improve the mechanical stimuli from a single bump. Subjects will then be asked to perform a similar experiment as the "single bump acuity" test and the "optimal spacing between bumps" test. ("can you notice the bump?" or "did you feel one or two bumps").
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Identifying and synthesizing high-contrast tactile materials without physical features | Experimental | Beyond the few materials investigators previously identified, it is unknown which materials are useful for creating tactile sensations. Common material properties such as a friction coefficient or hydrophilicity are insufficiently detailed to accurately predict friction forces-the basis of tactile stimuli. The investigators will use expertise in connecting tactile sensations with chemical structure through mechanical testing, theory, and human testing. The investigators' goal is to identify materials that lead to high tactile contrast without relying on physical features. (Tactile contrast is defined by the investigators as large differences in friction which are easily distinguishable by humans during free tactile exploration.) Receives: Behavioral: Single bump acuity; Behavioral: Optimal spacing between bumps; Behavioral: Improving signal from a single bump with designer materials |
| Building tactile aids with designer materials for plots, games, and object labeling | Experimental | Investigators will build static tactile aids with designer materials, i.e., silanes and polymers coatings. These aids will be a mathematical plot, a board game, and simulated money. Investigators will compare the speed, accuracy, and amount of information of hybrid tactile aids made from designer materials and physical features to traditional tactile aids made only with bumps. Receives: Behavioral: Single bump acuity; Behavioral: Optimal spacing between bumps; Behavioral: Improving signal from a single bump with designer materials |
| Optimal design of bumps and designer materials in tactile aids | Experimental | Reflecting the lack of standardized methods or benchmarks for tactile technologies, the known limits of tactile sensitivity was narrowed from millimeters, microns, to nanometers within the last 10 years by use of metal wires, wrinkled plastics, and silanes, respectively. Investigators will determine the optimal design of traditional bumps which yields the highest tactile stimulus in the smallest area. Investigators expect to find that current bumps are larger than necessary, and that the same information could be placed into a smaller area (higher information density). Then, investigators will augment bumps with designer materials to increase the tactile stimulus from a bump, thereby permitting even smaller bumps to increase information density. Beyond optimal design methods, the investigators' quantitative methods, enabled by making the mechanical stimulus the dependent variable, also serve as benchmarks between tactile aids. Receives: Behavioral: Single bump acuity; Behavioral: Optimal spacing between bumps; Behavioral: Improving signal from a single bump with designer materials |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Success rate for correctly interpreting a tactile numeric plot of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of four countries.
Researchers will create a tactile plot of the GDP of four countries on an xy plot. The different countries are denoted from a combination of traditional lines or bump-dashed lines, and from a line made with a tactile coating. At three positions along the x-axis of on the plot, the relative GDP of which country has the most will change. Participants will be asked to give which country is the highest GDP and the lowest at these three positions. The primary outcome measure is if when asked, what is the GDP of country X at a certain value, participants successfully provide the correct value. More specifically, the percent of answer correct for each given country. Four countries will be used, with three being denoted through physical features, and the fourth denoted with a tactile coating.
Measured: Immediately after human testing (middle of year 2)
Usability of GDP plot tactile aid.
Researchers will create a tactile plot of the GDP of four countries on an xy plot. The different countries are denoted from a combination of traditional lines or bump-dashed lines, and from a line made with a tactile coating. At three positions along the x-axis of on the plot, the relative GDP of which country has the most will change. Participants will be asked to give which country is the highest GDP and the lowest at these three positions. Secondary outcome measures are usability of the tactile aid on a Likert scale, its comfort, how easy the tactile coating was to distinguish versus the physical features, and a free response of feedback on usability.
Title: GDP Plot Usability Min: 0 Max: 6 Higher the score, the better the outcome/ usability of the tactile plot.
Measured: Immediately after human testing (middle of year 2)
Time to completion of a tactile board game.
For participants who were successful at the Outcome 1 Task, they will be asked to play a tactile board game that resembles "chutes and ladders". They will play one of two versions, with the first version being randomized across participants. In one version, the chutes and ladders are made from traditional physical features. In the second version, the chutes and ladder each have tactile coatings in addition to their physical features. Participants will be given a preselected list of spaces to move which normalizes the path length between the board made with only physical features versus the board made with physical features and tactile coatings. Participants will be timed on how quickly they finish the board game and the time to completion between the two different boards will be compared.
Measured: Immediately after human testing with this tactile aid (end of year 3)
Success rate to completion for a fake money counting task.
Participants will be given a random collection of 3-5 fake bills with the denominations on the bills each represented by a different tactile coating. After familiarization and training, participants will be given the random collection of 3-5 fake bills and asked to give a sum of the bills in their hand. Participants will be evaluated on whether or not their response is correct. This will be repeated 15 times.
Measured: Immediately after human testing with this tactile aid (end of year 4)
Success time to completion for a fake money counting task.
Participants will be given a random collection of 3-5 fake bills with the denominations on the bills each represented by a different tactile coating. After familiarization and training, participants will be given the random collection of 3-5 fake bills and asked to give a sum of the bills in their hand. Participants will be evaluated on how quickly they completed the task. This will be repeated 15 times.
Measured: Immediately after human testing with this tactile aid (end of year 4)
Usability and general feedback
Subjects participating in the clinical trial will be invited to provide feedback on the usability and their preferences regarding the tactile aid introduced in the study. The assessment will be conducted using a modified Likert scale. This outcome aims to gather subjective experiences related to the use of new tactile aids throughout the trials. Throughout the study, participants will be consistently asked to comment on the usability and their preferences based on the tactile aid. This ongoing feedback will enable a comprehensive understanding of their experiences over time.
Modified Likert Scale:
Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neutral Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Extremely Agree Exceptionally Agree
Title: Usability of Tactile Aid Min: 1 Max: 9 Higher the score, the better the outcome/ usability of the tactile aid.
Measured: Through study completion, 4 years.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted2 Feb 2024
- Study start1 Sep 2021
- Primary completion31 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completionDec 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Vision, LowStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Sequential
- Model description
- Groups of participants will proceed with tactile aids in increasingly higher levels of complexity. The primary evaluation of participant outcome is the success rate with which they can correctly distinguish between multiple surfaces. In the first intervention, participants will be asked to categorize two different coated materials into their respective categories by touch. Participants who score 65% or higher, will be asked to continue. In the second intervention, participants will be asked to categorize four different coated materials into their respective categories. Participants who statistically significantly above chance can identify coated materials successfully will be asked to continue. In the last intervention, participants will be asked to identify between multiple categories on a tactile chart made from a combination of traditional physical features denoting categories and the coatings under investigation denoting another category.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 100 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Delaware
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06237829
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 372362
- Status last verified
- Mar 2024
- First submitted
- 30 Nov 2023
- Last updated
- 13 Mar 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 13 Mar 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Testing Tactile Aids With Blind Subjects
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06237829
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 372362
- Conditions
- Vision, Low, Blindness
- Keywords
- Tactile Aid
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 100 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of DelawareUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Dec 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 2 Feb 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The objective of this project is to create richer tactile aids by using materials chemistry to create tactile sensations in tactile aids, as an alternative to traditional physical bumps, lines, or textures. These materials are commonly used in household products, but have not yet been used to enrich tactile aids. Successful outcomes are primarily the accuracy with which low vision or blind subjects identify objects made from tactile coatings versus traditional tactile aids. Other outcomes include time to completion of the task, or the number of distinctive categories that participants can identify.
Detailed description
Traditional images and graphics, like mathematical plots or charts, are not accessible to low vision and blind people. Instead, for blind and low vision people, tactile aids are traditionally used to convey abstract concepts. However, tactile aids cannot convey as rich or as dense of information as traditional visual graphics, limiting independence and access to gainful employment for low vision and blind professionals.
The primary reason why tactile aids are inferior to visual graphics is that tactile aids are made from a combination of physical bumps, lines, and labels. Placing too many details on a single tactile aid quickly becomes illegible to the user because the various bumps, lines, and textures blur together, which is known as "tactile clutter".
The objective of this project is to create richer tactile aids by using materials chemistry to create tactile sensations in tactile aids, as an alternative to traditional physical bumps, lines, or textures. These materials are commonly used in household products, but have not yet been used to enrich tactile aids. Successful outcomes include having low vision or blind subjects identify objects made from our tactile materials quicker than traditional tactile aids, or to successfully identify more categories on a mathematical plot than is currently possible with existing tactile aids.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Sequential
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- Groups of participants will proceed with tactile aids in increasingly higher levels of complexity. The primary evaluation of participant outcome is the success rate with which they can correctly distinguish between multiple surfaces. In the first intervention, participants will be asked to categorize two different coated materials into their respective categories by touch. Participants who score 65% or higher, will be asked to continue. In the second intervention, participants will be asked to categorize four different coated materials into their respective categories. Participants who statistically significantly above chance can identify coated materials successfully will be asked to continue. In the last intervention, participants will be asked to identify between multiple categories on a tactile chart made from a combination of traditional physical features denoting categories and the coatings under investigation denoting another category.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Identifying and synthesizing high-contrast tactile materials without physical features | Experimental | Behavioral: Single bump acuity, Behavioral: Optimal spacing between bumps, Behavioral: Improving signal from a single bump with designer materialsBeyond the few materials investigators previously identified, it is unknown which materials are useful for creating tactile sensations. Common material properties such as a friction coefficient or hydrophilicity are insufficiently detailed to accurately predict friction forces-the basis of tactile stimuli. The investigators will use expertise in connecting tactile sensations with chemical structure through mechanical testing, theory, and human testing. The investigators' goal is to identify materials that lead to high tactile contrast without relying on physical features. (Tactile contrast is defined by the investigators as large differences in friction which are easily distinguishable by humans during free tactile exploration.) |
| Building tactile aids with designer materials for plots, games, and object labeling | Experimental | Behavioral: Single bump acuity, Behavioral: Optimal spacing between bumps, Behavioral: Improving signal from a single bump with designer materialsInvestigators will build static tactile aids with designer materials, i.e., silanes and polymers coatings. These aids will be a mathematical plot, a board game, and simulated money. Investigators will compare the speed, accuracy, and amount of information of hybrid tactile aids made from designer materials and physical features to traditional tactile aids made only with bumps. |
| Optimal design of bumps and designer materials in tactile aids | Experimental | Behavioral: Single bump acuity, Behavioral: Optimal spacing between bumps, Behavioral: Improving signal from a single bump with designer materialsReflecting the lack of standardized methods or benchmarks for tactile technologies, the known limits of tactile sensitivity was narrowed from millimeters, microns, to nanometers within the last 10 years by use of metal wires, wrinkled plastics, and silanes, respectively. Investigators will determine the optimal design of traditional bumps which yields the highest tactile stimulus in the smallest area. Investigators expect to find that current bumps are larger than necessary, and that the same information could be placed into a smaller area (higher information density). Then, investigators will augment bumps with designer materials to increase the tactile stimulus from a bump, thereby permitting even smaller bumps to increase information density. Beyond optimal design methods, the investigators' quantitative methods, enabled by making the mechanical stimulus the dependent variable, also serve as benchmarks between tactile aids. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 16 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Visual Impairment: Participants should be blind or visually impaired for greater than 10 years, either congenitally or acquired.
- Tactile Aid Usage: Participants must use tactile aids regularly.
- Mathematical Knowledge: Participants should have a basic understanding of mathematical plots, equivalent to at least high school geometry.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Limb Conditions: Participants with amputations or outer extremity conditions affecting hand use will be excluded.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Single bump acuityInvestigators will design bumps of varying heights, spacings, diameters, and bump shapes (rounded top, flat top, angled top) which give a precise amount of mechanical stimulus to the finger. Subjects will be asked if they could notice a bump on the surface and instructed to make the judgment quickly (<2 seconds). A psychometric curve, with a standard braille bump serving as the positive, ~100% success rate control, will be constructed | Behavioural | Building tactile aids with designer materials for plots, games, and object labeling, Identifying and synthesizing high-contrast tactile materials without physical features, Optimal design of bumps and designer materials in tactile aids |
| Optimal spacing between bumpsInvestigators will fabricate and characterize two bumps of varying widths (ranging from 150 μm to 3 times the bump width, based on fabrication resolution available in commercial tactile aid machines). Subjects will be asked to run their finger across the two bumps (two bumps always form a line, so investigators do not need to ask subjects to orient their fingers) quickly and asked if they felt one bump or two. | Behavioural | Building tactile aids with designer materials for plots, games, and object labeling, Identifying and synthesizing high-contrast tactile materials without physical features, Optimal design of bumps and designer materials in tactile aids |
| Improving signal from a single bump with designer materialsInvestigators will coat single bumps with our designer materials (with alkyl and amino functional groups) to improve the mechanical stimuli from a single bump. Subjects will then be asked to perform a similar experiment as the "single bump acuity" test and the "optimal spacing between bumps" test. ("can you notice the bump?" or "did you feel one or two bumps"). | Behavioural | Building tactile aids with designer materials for plots, games, and object labeling, Identifying and synthesizing high-contrast tactile materials without physical features, Optimal design of bumps and designer materials in tactile aids |
Primary outcome
Success rate for correctly interpreting a tactile numeric plot of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of four countries.
Time frame: Immediately after human testing (middle of year 2)
Researchers will create a tactile plot of the GDP of four countries on an xy plot. The different countries are denoted from a combination of traditional lines or bump-dashed lines, and from a line made with a tactile coating. At three positions along the x-axis of on the plot, the relative GDP of which country has the most will change. Participants will be asked to give which country is the highest GDP and the lowest at these three positions. The primary outcome measure is if when asked, what is the GDP of country X at a certain value, participants successfully provide the correct value. More specifically, the percent of answer correct for each given country. Four countries will be used, with three being denoted through physical features, and the fourth denoted with a tactile coating.
Usability of GDP plot tactile aid.
Time frame: Immediately after human testing (middle of year 2)
Researchers will create a tactile plot of the GDP of four countries on an xy plot. The different countries are denoted from a combination of traditional lines or bump-dashed lines, and from a line made with a tactile coating. At three positions along the x-axis of on the plot, the relative GDP of which country has the most will change. Participants will be asked to give which country is the highest GDP and the lowest at these three positions. Secondary outcome measures are usability of the tactile aid on a Likert scale, its comfort, how easy the tactile coating was to distinguish versus the physical features, and a free response of feedback on usability. Title: GDP Plot Usability Min: 0 Max: 6 Higher the score, the better the outcome/ usability of the tactile plot.
Time to completion of a tactile board game.
Time frame: Immediately after human testing with this tactile aid (end of year 3)
For participants who were successful at the Outcome 1 Task, they will be asked to play a tactile board game that resembles "chutes and ladders". They will play one of two versions, with the first version being randomized across participants. In one version, the chutes and ladders are made from traditional physical features. In the second version, the chutes and ladder each have tactile coatings in addition to their physical features. Participants will be given a preselected list of spaces to move which normalizes the path length between the board made with only physical features versus the board made with physical features and tactile coatings. Participants will be timed on how quickly they finish the board game and the time to completion between the two different boards will be compared.
Success rate to completion for a fake money counting task.
Time frame: Immediately after human testing with this tactile aid (end of year 4)
Participants will be given a random collection of 3-5 fake bills with the denominations on the bills each represented by a different tactile coating. After familiarization and training, participants will be given the random collection of 3-5 fake bills and asked to give a sum of the bills in their hand. Participants will be evaluated on whether or not their response is correct. This will be repeated 15 times.
Success time to completion for a fake money counting task.
Time frame: Immediately after human testing with this tactile aid (end of year 4)
Participants will be given a random collection of 3-5 fake bills with the denominations on the bills each represented by a different tactile coating. After familiarization and training, participants will be given the random collection of 3-5 fake bills and asked to give a sum of the bills in their hand. Participants will be evaluated on how quickly they completed the task. This will be repeated 15 times.
Usability and general feedback
Time frame: Through study completion, 4 years.
Subjects participating in the clinical trial will be invited to provide feedback on the usability and their preferences regarding the tactile aid introduced in the study. The assessment will be conducted using a modified Likert scale. This outcome aims to gather subjective experiences related to the use of new tactile aids throughout the trials. Throughout the study, participants will be consistently asked to comment on the usability and their preferences based on the tactile aid. This ongoing feedback will enable a comprehensive understanding of their experiences over time. Modified Likert Scale: Strongly Disagree Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neutral Somewhat Agree Agree Strongly Agree Extremely Agree Exceptionally Agree Title: Usability of Tactile Aid Min: 1 Max: 9 Higher the score, the better the outcome/ usability of the tactile aid.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 13 Mar 2024.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Vision, Low
Not yet recruiting
joyVision: The Superiority of Co-design in the Development of a Serious Game for Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment
Cerebral Visual Impairment
Not yet recruitingPhase 4
Iopidine to Decrease Intraocular Pressure Rise After Injections
Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Retinopathy
RecruitingPhase 1
A Study About the Safety of a Single ASP2020 Eye Injection and if it Helps People With Vision Loss From Stargardt-type Eye Conditions
Stargardt Disease, Stargardt Macular Dystrophy
RecruitingPhase 3
Intravitreal Faricimab Injections or Fluocinolone Acetonide (0.19 mg) Intravitreal Implants vs Observation for Prevention of VA Loss Due to Radiation Retinopathy
Radiation Retinopathy, Visual Impairment
Recruiting
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Prevent Vision Loss From Diabetes
Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetes Mellitus
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Single bump acuity, Optimal spacing between bumps and Improving signal from a single bump with designer materials in people with Vision, Low and Blindness, run by University of Delaware at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 13 Mar 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Each site lists its own contact: choose the nearest one under Trial locations. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Success rate for correctly interpreting a tactile numeric plot of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of four countries. (time frame: Immediately after human testing (middle of year 2)). The study lists 6 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 13 Mar 2024.