HyperinsulinemiaPhase 1NCT05729282
Glycemic Effect of Diazoxide in NAFLD
A Phase 1 study testing Diazoxide oral suspension, 1 mg per kg per dose, Diazoxide oral suspension, 2 mg per kg per dose and FreeStyle Libre Pro in people with Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance, run by Columbia University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to compare a two-week course of diazoxide (at two different doses) and placebo in people with overweight/obesity and insulin resistance (IR) with, or at high risk for, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 70 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Hyperinsulinemia, Insulin Resistance, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- What is being tested?
- Diazoxide oral suspension, 1 mg per kg per dose, Diazoxide oral suspension, 2 mg per kg per dose and FreeStyle Libre Pro
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine, Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 22 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Aug 2023to 10 Sep 2025
- Phase
- Phase 1
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 70 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Adults aged 18-70 years (using highly effective contraception if of childbearing potential)
- Body mass index of 27-50 kg/m2
- Able to understand written and spoken English and/or Spanish
- Able to have pre-randomization screening labs drawn and study protocol initiated within 30 days of informed consent
- Diagnosed with, or clinically judged to be at high risk for, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also known as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), by hepatologist or other qualified physician
- Evidence of insulin resistance, represented by any or all of the following criteria:
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- Meeting either of the American Diabetes Association's definitions for prediabetes or IFG on screening labs:
- Prediabetes: Hemoglobin A1c 5.7-6.4%
- IFG: plasma glucose of 100-125 mg dL-1 after ≥ 8-h fast
- and/or
- Homeostasis Model of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score ≥ 2.73
- Fasting hyperinsulinemia (fasting insulin level ≥ 13 µIU/mL) on screening labs
- Written informed consent (in English or Spanish) and any locally required authorization (e.g., Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) obtained from the participant prior to performing any protocol-related procedures, including screening evaluations.
Who cannot join
- Unable to provide informed consent in English or Spanish
- Concerns arising at screening visit (any of the following):
- Documented weight loss of ≥ 5.0% of baseline within the previous 6 months
- Abnormal blood pressure (including on treatment, if prescribed) • Systolic blood pressure < 95 mm Hg or > 160 mm Hg, and/or
- Diastolic blood pressure < 65 mm Hg or > 100 mm Hg
- Abnormal resting heart rate < 60 bpm or ≥ 100 bpm
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- Sinus brady- or tachycardia that has been appropriately evaluated and considered benign by the recruit's personal physician may be permitted at PI's discretion
- Abnormal screening electrocardiogram (or if on file, performed within previous 90 d):
- Non-sinus rhythm
- Significant corrected QT segment (QTc) prolongation (≥ 480 ms)
- New or previously unknown ischaemic changes that persist on repeat EKG:
- •• ST segment elevations
- •• T-wave inversions
- Laboratory evidence of diabetes mellitus:
- Hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5%, and/or
- Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL
- Positive qualitative serum β-hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit; i.e., pregnancy test) in women of childbearing potential
- Liver function abnormalities
- Transaminases (AST or ALT) > 3.0 x the upper limit of normal, and/or
- Total bilirubin > 1.25 x the upper limit of normal
- Abnormal screening triglycerides > 500 mg/dL
- Abnormal screening serum electrolytes (any of the following) • Sodium, potassium, chloride, or bicarbonate levels that are considered clinically significant according to the clinical judgment of the PI • Creatinine equating to estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
- Uric acid level above the upper limit of normal
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase below the lower limit of normal
- COVID-19 precautions
- Unwillingness to comply with masking requirements per hospital policy
- Active, documented COVID-19 at any time after screening
- Reproductive concerns
- Women of childbearing potential not using highly effective contraception, defined as:
- Surgical sterilization (e.g., bilateral tubal occlusion, bilateral oophorectomy and/or salpingectomy, hysterectomy)
- Combined oral contraceptive pills taken daily, including during the study
- Intrauterine device (levonorgestrel-eluting or copper) active at the time of the study
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera®) injection active at the time of the study
- Etonogestrel implants (e.g., Implanon®, etc.) active at the time of the study
- Etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol vaginal rings (e.g., Nuvaring®, etc.) active at the time of the study
- Norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol transdermal system (e.g., Ortho-Evra®) active at the time of the study
- Women currently pregnant (tested by serum and/or urine β-hCG)
- Women currently breastfeeding
- Concerns related to glucose metabolism
- History of having met any of the American Diabetes Association's definitions of diabetes mellitus (i.e., overt diabetes):
- Hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5%, or rapid rise in documented HbA1c values causing clinical concern for evolving insulin deficiency
- Plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL after 8-h fast
- Plasma glucose of ≥ 200 mg/dL at 2 h after ingestion of a 75-g glucose load
- Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL associated with typical hyperglycemic symptoms, diabetic ketoacidosis, or hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state
- History of gestational diabetes mellitus within the previous 5 years
- Use of most antidiabetic medications within the 90 days prior to screening
- Excluded: thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, amylin mimetics, acarbose, insulin
- Metformin is acceptable provided that recruits meet all of the inclusion criteria at screening
- Clinical concern for absolute insulin deficiency (e.g., type 1 diabetes, pancreatic disease)
- Concerns related to lipid metabolism
- Known diagnoses of familial hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, or familial hyperchylomicronemia
- Use of certain lipid-lowering drugs within the 90 days prior to screening:
- Statins or PCSK9 inhibitors for secondary prevention or for treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. Statins or PCSK9 inhibitors for primary prevention of ASCVD are acceptable.
- Fibrates (e.g., fenofibrate, clofibrate, gemfibrozil)
- High-dose niacin (>100 mg daily)
- Known, documented history (i.e., not to be newly screened/tested for study purposes), at the time of screening, of any of the following medical conditions:
- Pancreatic pathology, including but not limited to:
- Pancreatic neoplasia, unless appropriately evaluated and considered benign and not producing hormones
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Acute pancreatitis within the previous 5 years
- Autoimmune pancreatitis
- Surgical removal of any portion of the pancreas
- Cardiovascular disease (N.B. uncomplicated hypertension is not exclusionary)
- Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
- Stable or unstable angina
- Myocardial infarction
- Ischaemic or hemorrhagic stroke, or transient ischaemic attack
- Peripheral arterial disease (claudication)
- Use of dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin + P2Y12 inhibitor)
- History of percutaneous coronary intervention
- Heart rhythm abnormalities
- Congestive heart failure of any New York Heart Association class
- Symptomatic valvular heart disease (e.g., aortic stenosis)
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Chronic kidney disease, Stage 3 or higher (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), of any cause
- Chronic liver disease other than uncomplicated NAFLD, including but not limited to:
- Advanced liver fibrosis, as determined by non-invasive testing
- Cirrhosis of any etiology
- Autoimmune hepatitis or other rheumatologic disorder affecting the liver
- Biliopathy (e.g., progressive sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis)
- Chronic liver infection (e.g., viral hepatitis, parasitic infestation)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Infiltrative disorders (e.g., sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease)
- Gout
- Chronic viral illness (N.B. diagnosis based only on medical history; the investigators will not test for any of these viruses at any point in this study)
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV), unless previously successfully eradicated with antiviral drugs that have been discontinued for at least 90 days prior to screening
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, unless previously successfully eradicated with antiviral drugs that have been discontinued for at least 90 d prior to screening
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
- Malabsorptive conditions
- Active inflammatory bowel disease (quiescent and off medication is acceptable)
- Celiac disease (in remission on gluten-free diet is acceptable)
- Surgical removal of a significant length of intestine
- Active seizure disorder (including controlled with antiepileptic drugs)
- Psychiatric diseases that:
- Are or have been decompensated within 1 year of screening, and/or
- Require use of anti-dopaminergic antipsychotic drugs associated with significant weight gain/metabolic dysfunction (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine), monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, or lithium
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
- Due to presence of quinine in tonic water placebo
- Other endocrinopathies:
- Cushing syndrome (okay if considered in remission after treatment, provided that no exogenous corticosteroids are required)
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Primary aldosteronism
- Venous thromboembolic disease (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) or any required use of therapeutic anticoagulation
- Active malignancy, or hormonally active benign neoplasm, except allowances for:
- Non-melanoma skin cancer
- Differentiated thyroid cancer (AJCC Stage I only)
- Clinical concern for increased risk of volume overload or hypotension (systolic blood pressure <95 and/or diastolic blood pressure <65 mm Hg), including due to medications and/or heart/liver/kidney problems, as listed above
- Use of certain medications currently or within 90 d prior to screening:
- Prescribed medications used for any of the indications in the preceding list of excluded conditions, or their use within 90 d prior to screening, except allowances for:
- Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
- Use of drugs prescribed for indications other than the exclusionary diagnoses/purposes listed above (e.g., non-hydantoin antiepileptic drugs used for non-seizure indications, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) used for uncomplicated hypertension rather than for congestive heart failure, etc.) •• Note, as above, that antidiabetic drugs for any indication (except metformin) within 90 d of screening are excluded
- Vasodilating drugs for any indication: hydralazine, nitrates, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, tadalafil), minoxidil (oral)
- Phenytoin or fosphenytoin for any indication
- Oral or parenteral corticosteroids (at greater than prednisone 5 mg daily, or equivalent) for more than 3 days within the previous 90 days; topical and inhaled formulations are permitted
- Fludrocortisone
- Opioids
- History of certain weight-loss (bariatric) surgeries, including:
- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
- Biliopancreatic diversion
- Restrictive procedures (lap band, sleeve gastrectomy) performed within past 6 months
- Clinical concern for alcohol overuse, including based on chart review and/or by participant's report of consuming more than 14 standard drinks per week for males or more than 7 standard drinks per week for females
- Positive urine drug screen, except for:
- Lawfully prescribed medication
- Marijuana/THC positivity is okay, provided that the participant agrees not to use it during the same period that they will abstain from alcohol
- History of severe infection or ongoing febrile illness within 30 days of screening
- Any other disease or condition or laboratory value that, in the opinion of the investigator, would place the participant at an unacceptable risk and/or interfere with the analysis of study data.
- Known allergy/hypersensitivity to any component of the medicinal product formulations (including sulfa drugs), other biologics, IV infusion equipment, plastics, adhesive or silicone, history of infusion site reactions with IV administration of other medicines, or ongoing clinically important allergy/hypersensitivity as judged by the investigator.
- Concurrent enrollment in another clinical study of any investigational drug therapy or use of any biologicals within 6 months prior to screening or within 5 half-lives of an investigational agent or biologic, whichever is longer.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Columbia University Irving Medical Center
New York, New York, 10032
About this study
Official title: Role of Hyperinsulinemia in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Pathogenesis: Diazoxide Pilot & Feasibility Study
The goal of this clinical trial is to compare a two-week course of diazoxide (at two different doses) and placebo in people with overweight/obesity and insulin resistance (IR) with, or at high risk for, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The main questions it aims to answer are how mitigation of compensatory hyperinsulinemia with diazoxide affects parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism (how people with IR and NAFLD respond to lowering high insulin levels so that the investigators can see what happens to how the liver handles fat and sugar).
Participants will:
Read more
- Take 27 doses of diazoxide (at 1 mg per kg of body weight per dose [mpk] or 2 mpk) or of placebo, over 14 days
- Take 32 doses of heavy (deuterated) water (50 mL each) over 14 days
- Have blood drawn and saliva collected after an overnight fast on four mornings over the two-week study period
- Consume their total calculated daily caloric needs as divided into three meals per day
- Wear a continuous glucose monitor for the two-week study period
Researchers will compare fasting blood tests at intervals during the study period in participants randomized (like the flip of a coin) to diazoxide 1 mpk, diazoxide 2 mpk, or placebo, to see how the drug treatment affects plasma glucose, serum insulin, and serum lipid parameters (triglycerides, free fatty acids, and apolipoprotein B). They will also consume heavy (deuterated) water to assess de novo lipogenesis (building of new fatty acids by the liver).
Read the detailed description
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an under-appreciated complication of lipid dysmetabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Although it appears that insulin resistance (IR) is a mechanism common to both, the pathophysiology of its connection to unhealthy fat accumulation in the liver remains unclear. The investigators propose that the hyperinsulinemia that accompanies IR drives the excess hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) that characterizes IR-associated NAFLD (IR-NAFLD). As such, despite its potential impact on glucose tolerance, lowering insulin levels might attenuate the pro-steatotic drive in patients with IR. The investigators' long-term objective, therefore, is to blunt endogenous insulin secretion using the insulin anti-secretagogue diazoxide in order to assess the impact on DNL. However, in order to optimize diazoxide treatment conditions, the investigators must first perform a pilot \& feasibility study.
This is a single-center, randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial to provide pilot and feasibility data on the use of diazoxide oral suspension to ameliorate hyperinsulinemia in participants with overweight/obesity and insulin resistance (prediabetic state or elevated Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score, + fasting hyperinsulinemia) who are diagnosed with, or clinically judged to be at high risk of, NAFLD. Participants will be randomized to one of three parallel arms: placebo, diazoxide at 1 mg per kg of body weight (mpk) per dose, or diazoxide at 2 mpk per dose, for a total of 27 doses over 14 days. They will also consume heavy (deuterated) water for a total of 32 doses of 50 ml over 14 days to measure de novo lipogenesis, an exploratory endpoint. They will present for outpatient blood draws and saliva collections after an overnight fast at four time points during the study course. Additionally, participants will follow a weight-maintaining diet and wear a professional continuous glucose monitor (CGM) throughout.
- Conditions
- Hyperinsulinemia, Insulin Resistance, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Prediabetic State
- Being tested
- Diazoxide oral suspension, 1 mg per kg per dose, Diazoxide oral suspension, 2 mg per kg per dose, Placebo, FreeStyle Libre Pro, Deuterated water (2H2O/D2O)
- Keywords
- Insulin resistance, Hyperinsulinemia, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Triglycerides
- Medical subject headings
- Hyperinsulinism, Insulin Resistance, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Prediabetic State
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Diazoxide oral suspension, 1 mg per kg per doseDrug
Also called Proglycem
Diazoxide oral suspension provided in label-obscured single-use oral syringes at 1 mg per kg per dose (total of 27 doses over 14 days).
Diazoxide oral suspension, 2 mg per kg per doseDrug
Also called Proglycem
Diazoxide oral suspension provided in label-obscured single-use oral syringes at 2 mg per kg per dose (total of 27 doses over 14 days).
PlaceboDrug
Also called Placebo solution
Flavor-approximate placebo consisting of peppermint extract in diet tonic water, thickened with xanthan gum, provided in label-obscured single-use oral syringes at 2 mg per kg per dose (total of 27 doses over 14 days).
FreeStyle Libre ProDevice
All participants will wear a FreeStyle Libre Pro continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to track glycemic trends in response to study treatments. Investigators and participants will be blinded to CGM readings until after each participant has completed the trial.
Deuterated water (2H2O/D2O)Drug
Also called Heavy water
All participants will consume 32 aliquots of deuterated water (2H2O/D2O) 50 mL over 14 days to assess hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Tracer enrichment will be determined in blood and saliva.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Placebo comparator | Participants will ingest a placebo solution (27 doses over 14 days) formulated to approximate the taste of diazoxide oral suspension. Blinding will occur by completely covering single-dose oral syringes with labels. Receives: Drug: Placebo; Device: FreeStyle Libre Pro; Drug: Deuterated water (2H2O/D2O) |
| Diazoxide oral suspension, 1 mg per kg per dose | Experimental | Participants will ingest diazoxide oral suspension at 1 mg per kg body weight per dose (27 doses over 14 days). Blinding will occur by completely covering single-dose oral syringes with labels. Receives: Drug: Diazoxide oral suspension, 1 mg per kg per dose; Device: FreeStyle Libre Pro; Drug: Deuterated water (2H2O/D2O) |
| Diazoxide oral suspension, 2 mg per kg per dose | Experimental | Participants will ingest diazoxide oral suspension at 2 mg per kg body weight per dose (27 doses over 14 days). Blinding will occur by completely covering single-dose oral syringes with labels. Receives: Drug: Diazoxide oral suspension, 2 mg per kg per dose; Device: FreeStyle Libre Pro; Drug: Deuterated water (2H2O/D2O) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Fasting Plasma Glucose (Absolute Values)
Measurement of fasting plasma glucose levels during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo (units: mg/dL).
Measured: Up to Study Day 15
Fasting Plasma Glucose (Fold Change)
Measurement of fasting plasma glucose during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo (units: fold change in mg/dL from baseline).
Measured: Up to Study Day 15
Fasting Plasma/Serum Insulin (Absolute Values)
Measurement of fasting endogenous insulin levels during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo (units: micro-international units [µIU] per mL).
Measured: Up to Study Day 15
Fasting Plasma/Serum Insulin (Fold Change)
Measurement of fasting endogenous insulin levels during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo (units: fold change in µIU/mL from baseline).
Measured: Up to Study Day 15
Secondary outcomes (6)
Fasting Serum or Plasma Triglycerides (TG) (Absolute Values)
Measurement of fasting circulating TG during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo (units: mg/dL).
Measured: Up to Study Day 15
Fasting Serum/Plasma Triglycerides (TG) (Fold Change)
Measurement of fasting serum TG during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo (units: fold change in mg/dL from baseline).
Measured: Up to Study Day 15
Fasting Plasma Free Fatty Acids (FFA) (Absolute Values)
Measurement of fasting plasma FFA (units: mmol/L) during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo
Measured: Up to Study Day 15
Fasting Plasma Free Fatty Acids (FFA) (Fold Change)
Measurement of fasting serum FFA during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo (units: fold change in mmol/L from baseline)
Measured: Up to Study Day 15
Fasting Serum/Plasma Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) (Absolute Values)
Measurement of fasting serum/plasma ApoB during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo (units: mg/dL)
Measured: Up to Study Day 15
Fasting Serum/Plasma Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) (Fold Change)
Measurement of fasting serum/plasma ApoB during treatment with diazoxide 1 mpk vs 2 mpk vs placebo (units: fold change in mg/dL from baseline).
Measured: Baseline and 2 weeks post-treatment
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted15 Feb 2023
- Study start1 Aug 2023
- Primary completion10 Sep 2025
- Study completion10 Sep 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Other trials for HyperinsulinemiaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Columbia UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 22 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Columbia University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of California, Berkeley, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Joshua Cook, Columbia University
- Investigators
- Joshua R Cook, MD, PhD, Principal investigator, Columbia University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05729282
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- AAAU2570
- Other IDs
- K12DK133995
- Status last verified
- Sep 2026
- First submitted
- 6 Feb 2023
- Last updated
- 30 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- Yes
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Blood samples will be banked in the Insulin Resistance Biobank and will be made available to other researchers for legitimate research purposes upon request. Associated data will be shared along with specimens in the smallest possible quantity and on a need-to-know basis. No Protected Health Information (PHI) will ever be disclosed to other researchers. All requests will be reviewed by the PI for scientific merit and samples/data will be transferred only upon completion of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) and/or Data Use Agreement (DUA), as appropriate.