Postoperative Telerehabilitation in Older Adults

VE/VCO₂ slope measured during CPET. Lower values indicate better ventilatory efficiency.

Maximal inspiratory pressure measured using a handheld respiratory device. Higher values indicate stronger inspiratory muscles. Unit of Measure: cmH₂O

Skeletal muscle index calculated by dividing appendicular skeletal muscle mass by height squared. Higher values indicate greater muscle mass.

Unit of Measure: kg/m²

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was devised 30 years ago by Zigmond and Snaith to measure anxiety and depression in a general medical population of patients.

The HADS is a fourteen item scale that generates: Seven of the items relate to anxiety and seven relate to depression.

Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression.

0-7 = Normal 8-10 = Borderline abnormal (borderline case) 11-21 = Abnormal (case)

The EQ-5D-5L is a standardized instrument developed by the EuroQol Group to measure health-related quality of life. It consists of two parts: a descriptive system and a visual analogue scale (EQ VAS).

The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has five levels:

(1) no problems, (2) slight problems, (3) moderate problems, (4) severe problems, and (5) extreme problems.

Responses are converted into a summary index score, which ranges from -0.281 to 1.000, based on country-specific value sets. Higher index scores indicate better health status, with 1.000 representing full health and values below 0 indicating health states considered worse than death.

The EQ VAS records the participant's self-rated health on a vertical visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 100, where 100 represents the best health imaginable and 0 represents the worst health imaginable.

Higher VAS scores reflect

Grip strength is a measure of muscular strength or the maximum force/tension generated by participant's forearm muscles using the Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer.

The force has been measured in kilograms.

As a physical activity, Counting participant's steps per a day with an activity tracker.

Average number of steps per day for one week before surgery and after discharge.

The peak expiratory flow (PEF) is a participant's maximum speed of expiration, as measured with a peak flow meter, a small, hand-held device used to monitor a participant's ability to breathe out air. It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. Peak expiratory flow is typically measured in units of liters per minute (L/min).

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the maximum amount of air a participant can forcibly exhale from lungs after fully inhaling.

The unit is expressed in liters.

The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is the volume of air (in liters) exhaled in the first second during forced exhalation after maximal inspiration.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived phase angle (PA) is an alternative method to assess mortality risk. BIA is a simple, non-invasive technique that estimates body composition by measuring the opposition (impedance) to an applied current while passing through the body. Impedance consists of two components: resistance, which is the opposition to the flow of an alternating current through intra- and extracellular ionic solutions, and reactance, which is the delay in conduction as a result of capacitance by cell membranes and tissue interfaces.

PA is regarded as a biological marker of cellular health, as it reflects cell mass, membrane integrity, and hydration status. PA has repeatedly proven to be a predictor of morbidity and mortality in various patient groups.