MalocclusionNCT05361616

Impact of Photobiomodulation on Pain During Orthodontic Treatment.

A study testing PBM Ortho in people with Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment, run by PBM Healing International Limited at 2 sites in Canada.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

Search all trials

Trial summary

Who is it for?: Ages 20 to 65 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for: Malocclusion, Orthodontic Treatment
What is being tested?: PBM Ortho
Type of treatment: Medical device
Could I receive a placebo?: Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
How many people: 32 participants
Where: 2 sitesCanada
Study dates: 17 Apr 2023to 1 Jan 2025
Phase: Interventional
Are there results?: None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 20 to 65 years
All sexes
Healthy volunteers accepted
Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

Systemically healthy male and female patients (age 20 to 65), i.e., do not suffer from systemic illness nor require medication during the saliva collection period.
Permanent dentition, with Little's Irregularity Index (LII) of 2 mm or greater for the upper and lower arch.
Orthodontic treatment using clear aligners via non-extraction therapy.
Patient is available for follow-up visits.
Patient is able and willing to comply with the requirements of this trial protocol.
Non-smoker with no use of chewing tobacco.

Show all 9Show fewer

Good oral hygiene.
Caries free.
No sign of periodontal disease.

Who cannot join

Systemic diseases
Medication use for the past 6 months; specially use of anti-inflammatory (e.g., NSAIDs), antiviral, antibiotics.
Smoking.
Active dental caries.
Any periodontal problem including bleeding, tooth mobility, bone loss, attachment loss, deep pockets.
Sleep apnea and other airway pathologies.

Trial locations and contacts

2 sites in 1 country.

Canada2 sites

Sphinx Orthodontic
Edmonton, Alberta, T5K 2L2
Orthodontic Graduate Clinic, Kaye Clinic, University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z1

Other trials in Canada

About this study

Official title: Impact of Photobiomodulation on Pain During Orthodontic Treatment

The objective of this study is to determine to effect of PBM Ortho, a photobiomodulation device, in adult patients undergoing clear aligners orthodontic treatment. We hypothesize that PBM Ortho will reduced the orthodontic associated pain in the clear aligner patients. This effect will be evaluated by recording the pain on visual analog scale given to the patients before the placement of clear aligners and collecting saliva.

Read the detailed description

Pain associated with orthodontic treatment is one of the main causes of treatment discontinuation and patient non-cooperation. Several treatment modalities have been studied to alleviate orthodontic pain which includes pharmacological, mechanical, and behavioral approach. One potential treatment is the application of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy which is a form of light therapy. The objective of this study is to determine to effect of PBM therapy in adult patients undergoing clear aligners orthodontic treatment. This effect will be evaluated by recording the pain on visual analog scale given to the patients before the placement of clear aligners and collecting saliva. The patients will be provided with active PBM Ortho device and sham PBM device (placebo, which will look similar to the active device) to use them at home for one 8 minutes application for 7 days (4 minutes per arch, upper or lower). The pain scale sheets will also be given to the patients to fill them every day for 7 days. The inflammatory protein associated with pain present in the saliva will be collected on Day 1 (24 hours after clear aligner treatment start), Day 4 (fourth day of treatment), and Day 7 (after 1 week from the treatment start). On the last visit, the device and pain scale sheets will be collected from the patients. If successful, this device therapy will reduce the orthodontic associated pain and improve patients' compliance and cooperation.

Conditions: Malocclusion, Orthodontic Treatment
Being tested: PBM Ortho
Keywords: photobiomodulation, clear aligners, orthodontic pain
Medical subject headings: Malocclusion

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

PBM OrthoDevice
The device will be used by the patients at home for one 8 minutes per day (4 minutes each upper and lower) for 7 days.

Study groups in NCT05361616
Study group	Role	What they receive
PBM Ortho Active device	Active comparator	PBM Ortho Active group will be given an active device. Receives: Device: PBM Ortho
PBM Ortho Sham	Sham comparator	PBM Ortho Sham device group will be given a non-active device that will not emits light. Receives: Device: PBM Ortho

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Visual analog scale
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Measured: Day 0: prior to seating first clear aligner tray
Visual analog scale
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Measured: Day 1
Visual analog scale
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Measured: Day 2
Visual analog scale
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Measured: Day 3
Visual analog scale
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Measured: Day 4
Visual analog scale
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Measured: Day 5
Visual analog scale
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Measured: Day 6
Visual analog scale
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Measured: Day 7

Secondary outcomes (4)

Saliva analysis
2 ml of saliva samples will be obtained from all the patients enrolled in the study at Day 0, Day 1, Day 4 and Day 7 time points in 15-ml Falcon tubes. The samples will be immediately frozen and stored at -80°C refrigerator until assayed.
Multiplex immunoassay will be used to analyze target proteins: cortisol, testosterone, alpha amylase, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), substance P (SP), macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). ELISA kits for each target protein will be utilized to quantify the protein in the saliva and the unit will be according to the protocol provided in the kit.
Measured: The saliva will be collected on Day 0
Saliva analysis
2 ml of saliva samples will be obtained from all the patients enrolled in the study at Day 0, Day 1, Day 4 and Day 7 time points in 15-ml Falcon tubes. The samples will be immediately frozen and stored at -80°C refrigerator until assayed.
Multiplex immunoassay will be used to analyze target proteins: cortisol, testosterone, alpha amylase, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), substance P (SP), macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). ELISA kits for each target protein will be utilized to quantify the protein in the saliva and the unit will be according to the protocol provided in the kit.
Measured: The saliva will be collected on Day 1
Saliva analysis
2 ml of saliva samples will be obtained from all the patients enrolled in the study at Day 0, Day 1, Day 4 and Day 7 time points in 15-ml Falcon tubes. The samples will be immediately frozen and stored at -80°C refrigerator until assayed.
Multiplex immunoassay will be used to analyze target proteins: cortisol, testosterone, alpha amylase, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), substance P (SP), macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). ELISA kits for each target protein will be utilized to quantify the protein in the saliva and the unit will be according to the protocol provided in the kit.
Measured: The saliva will be collected on Day 4
Saliva analysis
2 ml of saliva samples will be obtained from all the patients enrolled in the study at Day 0, Day 1, Day 4 and Day 7 time points in 15-ml Falcon tubes. The samples will be immediately frozen and stored at -80°C refrigerator until assayed.
Multiplex immunoassay will be used to analyze target proteins: cortisol, testosterone, alpha amylase, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), substance P (SP), macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). ELISA kits for each target protein will be utilized to quantify the protein in the saliva and the unit will be according to the protocol provided in the kit.
Measured: The saliva will be collected on Day 7

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

17 Apr 20231 Jan 2025

First posted4 May 2022
Study start17 Apr 2023
Primary completion1 Jan 2025
Study completion1 Jan 2025

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Publications (21)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for MalocclusionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase N/A
Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Quadruple blind
Who is masked: Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
Enrolment: 32 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05361616
Sponsor's protocol ID: Pro00112179
Status last verified: May 2025
First submitted: 13 Jul 2021
Last updated: 4 Jun 2025
Results posted: No
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: No

Publications

White DW, Julien KC, Jacob H, Campbell PM, Buschang PH. Discomfort associated with Invisalign and traditional brackets: A randomized, prospective trial. Angle Orthod. 2017 Nov;87(6):801-808. doi: 10.2319/091416-687.1. Epub 2017 Jul 28.
PubMed 28753032
Wiedel AP, Bondemark L. A randomized controlled trial of self-perceived pain, discomfort, and impairment of jaw function in children undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed or removable appliances. Angle Orthod. 2016 Mar;86(2):324-30. doi: 10.2319/040215-219.1. Epub 2015 Jul 17.
PubMed 26185899
Johal A, Fleming PS, Al Jawad FA. A prospective longitudinal controlled assessment of pain experience and oral health-related quality of life in adolescents undergoing fixed appliance treatment. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2014 Aug;17(3):178-86. doi: 10.1111/ocr.12044. Epub 2014 Apr 7.
PubMed 24703180
Polat O, Karaman AI. Pain control during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Angle Orthod. 2005 Mar;75(2):214-9. doi: 10.1043/0003-3219(2005)0752.0.CO;2.
PubMed 15825785
Long H, Wang Y, Jian F, Liao LN, Yang X, Lai WL. Current advances in orthodontic pain. Int J Oral Sci. 2016 Jun 30;8(2):67-75. doi: 10.1038/ijos.2016.24.
PubMed 27341389
Panda S, Verma V, Sachan A, Singh K. Perception of pain due to various orthodontic procedures. Quintessence Int. 2015 Jul-Aug;46(7):603-9. doi: 10.3290/j.qi.a33933.
PubMed 25918756
Baldini A, Nota A, Santariello C, Assi V, Ballanti F, Cozza P. Influence of activation protocol on perceived pain during rapid maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod. 2015 Nov;85(6):1015-20. doi: 10.2319/112114-833.1. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
PubMed 25757063
Mangnall LA, Dietrich T, Scholey JM. A randomized controlled trial to assess the pain associated with the debond of orthodontic fixed appliances. J Orthod. 2013 Sep;40(3):188-96. doi: 10.1179/1465313313Y.0000000045.
PubMed 24009318
Dray A. Inflammatory mediators of pain. Br J Anaesth. 1995 Aug;75(2):125-31. doi: 10.1093/bja/75.2.125.
PubMed 7577246
Ren Y, Vissink A. Cytokines in crevicular fluid and orthodontic tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008 Apr;116(2):89-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00511.x.
PubMed 18353001
Zeng M, Kou X, Yang R, Liu D, Wang X, Song Y, Zhang J, Yan Y, Liu F, He D, Gan Y, Zhou Y. Orthodontic Force Induces Systemic Inflammatory Monocyte Responses. J Dent Res. 2015 Sep;94(9):1295-302. doi: 10.1177/0022034515592868. Epub 2015 Jun 30.
PubMed 26130260
Scott DA, Krauss J. Neutrophils in periodontal inflammation. Front Oral Biol. 2012;15:56-83. doi: 10.1159/000329672. Epub 2011 Nov 11.
PubMed 22142957
Yan Y, Liu F, Kou X, Liu D, Yang R, Wang X, Song Y, He D, Gan Y, Zhou Y. T Cells Are Required for Orthodontic Tooth Movement. J Dent Res. 2015 Oct;94(10):1463-70. doi: 10.1177/0022034515595003. Epub 2015 Jul 17.
PubMed 26187644
Topolski F, Moro A, Correr GM, Schimim SC. Optimal management of orthodontic pain. J Pain Res. 2018 Mar 16;11:589-598. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S127945. eCollection 2018.
PubMed 29588616
Monk AB, Harrison JE, Worthington HV, Teague A. Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 28;11(11):CD003976. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003976.pub2.
PubMed 29182798

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

See locations

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Not yet recruiting
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All Malocclusion trials

Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Jun 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Impact of Photobiomodulation on Pain During Orthodontic Treatment
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05361616
Acronym / sponsor ID: Pro00112179
Conditions: Malocclusion, Orthodontic Treatment
Keywords: photobiomodulation, clear aligners, orthodontic pain
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 32 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: PBM Healing International LimitedIndustry (pharma, biotech, devices)
Study start: 17 Apr 2023 (actual)
Primary completion: 1 Jan 2025 (actual)
Study completion: 1 Jan 2025 (actual)
First posted: 4 May 2022 (actual)
Results: Not posted in the source record

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

Detailed description

Study design

Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
Number of arms: 2

Arm	Type	Receives
PBM Ortho Active device	Active comparator	Device: PBM OrthoPBM Ortho Active group will be given an active device.
PBM Ortho Sham	Sham comparator	Device: PBM OrthoPBM Ortho Sham device group will be given a non-active device that will not emits light.

Who may qualify

Ages: 20 to 65 years
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Accepted
Age groups: Adult, Older adult

Key inclusion criteria (9 listed)

Systemically healthy male and female patients (age 20 to 65), i.e., do not suffer from systemic illness nor require medication during the saliva collection period.
Permanent dentition, with Little's Irregularity Index (LII) of 2 mm or greater for the upper and lower arch.
Orthodontic treatment using clear aligners via non-extraction therapy.
Patient is available for follow-up visits.
Patient is able and willing to comply with the requirements of this trial protocol.

Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)

Systemic diseases
Medication use for the past 6 months; specially use of anti-inflammatory (e.g., NSAIDs), antiviral, antibiotics.
Smoking.
Active dental caries.
Any periodontal problem including bleeding, tooth mobility, bone loss, attachment loss, deep pockets.

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
PBM OrthoThe device will be used by the patients at home for one 8 minutes per day (4 minutes each upper and lower) for 7 days.	Device	PBM Ortho Active device, PBM Ortho Sham

Primary outcome

Visual analog scale
Time frame: Day 0: prior to seating first clear aligner tray
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Visual analog scale
Time frame: Day 1
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Visual analog scale
Time frame: Day 2
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Visual analog scale
Time frame: Day 3
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Visual analog scale
Time frame: Day 4
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Visual analog scale
Time frame: Day 5
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Visual analog scale
Time frame: Day 6
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.
Visual analog scale
Time frame: Day 7
Study endpoint for effectiveness in decreasing the pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Pain intensity will be scored between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst imaginable pain) on the numeric scale. Pain intensity does not have a unit to describe. The pain intensity will be recorded in both groups at Day 0 (after the placement of the first composite attachments on the teeth but before the seating of the first clear aligner), and then every day for 7 consecutive days.

4 secondary outcomes

Saliva analysis
Time frame: The saliva will be collected on Day 0
Saliva analysis
Time frame: The saliva will be collected on Day 1
Saliva analysis
Time frame: The saliva will be collected on Day 4
Saliva analysis
Time frame: The saliva will be collected on Day 7

Results and safety

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Jun 2025.
Background: PubMed 28753032White DW, Julien KC, Jacob H, Campbell PM, Buschang PH. Discomfort associated with Invisalign and traditional brackets: A randomized, prospective trial. Angle Orthod. 2017 Nov;87(6):801-808. doi: 10.2319/091416-687.1. Epub 2017 Jul 28.
Background: PubMed 26185899Wiedel AP, Bondemark L. A randomized controlled trial of self-perceived pain, discomfort, and impairment of jaw function in children undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed or removable appliances. Angle Orthod. 2016 Mar;86(2):324-30. doi: 10.2319/040215-219.1. Epub 2015 Jul 17.
Background: PubMed 24703180Johal A, Fleming PS, Al Jawad FA. A prospective longitudinal controlled assessment of pain experience and oral health-related quality of life in adolescents undergoing fixed appliance treatment. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2014 Aug;17(3):178-86. doi: 10.1111/ocr.12044. Epub 2014 Apr 7.
Background: PubMed 15825785Polat O, Karaman AI. Pain control during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Angle Orthod. 2005 Mar;75(2):214-9. doi: 10.1043/0003-3219(2005)0752.0.CO;2.
Background: PubMed 27341389Long H, Wang Y, Jian F, Liao LN, Yang X, Lai WL. Current advances in orthodontic pain. Int J Oral Sci. 2016 Jun 30;8(2):67-75. doi: 10.1038/ijos.2016.24.
Background: PubMed 25918756Panda S, Verma V, Sachan A, Singh K. Perception of pain due to various orthodontic procedures. Quintessence Int. 2015 Jul-Aug;46(7):603-9. doi: 10.3290/j.qi.a33933.
Background: PubMed 25757063Baldini A, Nota A, Santariello C, Assi V, Ballanti F, Cozza P. Influence of activation protocol on perceived pain during rapid maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod. 2015 Nov;85(6):1015-20. doi: 10.2319/112114-833.1. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
Background: PubMed 24009318Mangnall LA, Dietrich T, Scholey JM. A randomized controlled trial to assess the pain associated with the debond of orthodontic fixed appliances. J Orthod. 2013 Sep;40(3):188-96. doi: 10.1179/1465313313Y.0000000045.
Background: PubMed 7577246Dray A. Inflammatory mediators of pain. Br J Anaesth. 1995 Aug;75(2):125-31. doi: 10.1093/bja/75.2.125.
Background: PubMed 18353001Ren Y, Vissink A. Cytokines in crevicular fluid and orthodontic tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008 Apr;116(2):89-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00511.x.
Background: PubMed 26130260Zeng M, Kou X, Yang R, Liu D, Wang X, Song Y, Zhang J, Yan Y, Liu F, He D, Gan Y, Zhou Y. Orthodontic Force Induces Systemic Inflammatory Monocyte Responses. J Dent Res. 2015 Sep;94(9):1295-302. doi: 10.1177/0022034515592868. Epub 2015 Jun 30.
Background: PubMed 22142957Scott DA, Krauss J. Neutrophils in periodontal inflammation. Front Oral Biol. 2012;15:56-83. doi: 10.1159/000329672. Epub 2011 Nov 11.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: No

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Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.

2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing PBM Ortho in people with Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment, run by PBM Healing International Limited at 2 sites in Canada.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Jun 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 2 sites in Canada. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Visual analog scale (time frame: Day 0: prior to seating first clear aligner tray). The study lists 8 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05361616, which also lists 21 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Jun 2025.