Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonist (GnRHa) Versus Estrogen and Progesterone for Luteal Support in High Responders

The administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for final oocyte maturation is an accepted practice in in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments. However, in high-responder patients, it increases the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) due to its longer half-life compared to the naturally secreted Luteinizing Hormone (LH) as well as increased synthesis and secretion of vasoactive substances. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) triggering, as an alternative to hCG triggering for final oocyte maturation in antagonist protocols, enables substantial decrease of this complication in high responders. However, the main disadvantage of using GnRHa for induction of oocyte maturation is significantly lower pregnancy rates compared with hCG triggering. The primary hypothesis is luteal insufficiency due to increased luteolysis. In order to preserve a high pregnancy rates after GnRHa triggering, several approaches for luteal-phase rescue have been investigated, including low-dose hCG boluses, intensive P and E2 supplementation, and a ''freeze-all'' approach with frozen-thawed embryo transfers at subsequent cycles. Several previous case reports have demonstrated that inadvertent administration of GnRH agonists during the luteal phase doesn't harm pregnancies achieved through IVF and moreover might even support implantation.

The mechanism by which GnRH agonist improve implantation rates is unknown. Several hypotheses were suggested including promoting corpus luteum maintenance by secretion of LH from pituitary gonadotropin cells, a direct effect on the endometrium and the embryo through GnRH receptors and regulatory effect on hCG secretion by the placenta at the preimplantation phase. In 2004, Tesarik et al, conducted a prospective randomized trial including 276 oocyte recipients. Oocytes from each individual donor were divided to two recipients, one of whom received a single dose of a GnRH agonist (0.1 mg triptorelin) 3 days after embryo transfer and the other received placebo at the same time. Of note, the endometrium was prepared by oral estradiol valerate treatment following by vaginal progesterone (Utrogestan) as widely accepted. The results demonstrated significantly higher implantation and live birth rate in the group treated with GnRH agonist compared to the control group with significantly higher twin pregnancy rates while no difference in miscarriage and abortion rates was observed between the two study groups. The authors concluded that GnRH agonist administration at the time of implantation has a positive effect on embryo developmental potential. It's important to note that this study evaluated the effect of a single dose of GnRH agonist in addition to a conventional luteal support in a population of oocyte recipients that are not at risk for OHSS and tend to have higher implantation and pregnancy rates also without GnRH agonist supplementation. A study by Pirard et al. was the first to evaluate the administration of GnRH agonist alone for luteal support compared to compared to the standard treatment with vaginal progesterone. The study group included 35 patients who were treated with antagonist protocol. Intranasal GnRH agonist (Buserilin) was given for final oocyte maturation and luteal support was achieved by administration of intranasal GnRH agonist for up to 16 days after the oocytes retrieval. The control group included 18 women treated with a long GnRH protocol for pituitary suppression. Final oocytes maturation was achieved by administration of 10000 units of hCG and vaginal progesterone was used for luteal support. Implantation and pregnancy rates were higher among the study group compared to the control group however, no statistical significance was achieved. Progesterone levels on day 5 were significantly lower while LH levels were significantly higher during all the luteal phase in the study group compared to the control group. The authors concluded that intranasal administration of Buserelin is as effective as standard progesterone treatment for providing luteal phase support in IVF/ICSI antagonist protocols. To our knowledge, the only study, so far that evaluated the efficacy of GnRH agonist treatment for luteal support in high responder patients with increased risk for OHSS was conducted by Bar-Hava et al. It included 46 women at risk for OHSS that were treated with GnRH antagonist protocol for pituitary suppression. The final oocyte maturation was achieved by GnRH agonist (Triptorelin) and a daily intranasal GnRH agonist (Nafarelin 200 micrograms twice daily) was administered for luteal support for two weeks following the oocytes retrieval. 52% clinical pregnancy rates were obtained while no cases od OHSS or other substantial adverse effects were observed.

The main disadvantage of the study is the lack of a comparison to a control group. To the best of our knowledge, no study so far compared administration of GnRH agonist at the same protocol described by Bar-Hava et al. to intensive estrogen and progesterone treatment for luteal support among women treated with GnRH antagonist protocol and GnRH agonist triggering for final oocytes maturation. A randomized controlled trial in an infertility population at increased risk for OHSS, will enable us to evaluate the efficacy of GnRH agonist treatment compared to standard treatment for luteal support and to determine the best treatment approach in the high responder population undergoing a fresh embryo transfer new approach undergoing a fresh embryo transfer following GnRHa triggering.

The aim of the current study isto compare the efficacy of GnRH agonist versus estrogen and progesterone supplementation for luteal support in high responders undergoing fresh embryo transfer following GnRHa triggering.