N-Acetyl-Cysteine for Treatment of AGA in Men

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a non-scarring disease with a progressive thinning of the scalp hair that follows a characteristic pattern. AGA, the most common form of hair loss in men, involves the progressive loss of visible pigmented terminal hair on the scalp in response to circulating androgens. AGA is an autosomal disorder that begins in puberty in genetically predisposed individuals. Thinning usually begins between the age of 12 and 40 years in both sexes, and at least 50% of the men by the age of 50 and 50% of women by 60 years are more affected. The pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia involves both genetic and hormonal factors. The hair follicles are genetically targeted for androgen stimulation leading to follicular miniaturization and replacement of large pigmented hairs (terminal hairs) with shorter, thinner depigmented hairs (vellus hairs) in affected areas. Environmental factors, the nutritional influences, metabolic syndrome, smoking, and UV radiation, also play a role in the pathogenesis of AGA. Recent histological studies illustrated perifollicular inflammation in the upper third of the hair follicles, suggesting that inflammation plays a pathogenic role in AGA, although clinically, AGA is considered a non-inflammatory disease. Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely linked in biological systems. The enhanced hair loss in androgenetic alopecia was linked to several factors that increase cellular oxidative stress, including metabolic syndrome, alcohol consumption, smoking, and UV radiation. AGA patients were found to suffer from oxidative stress as evidenced by the decreased total antioxidant activity as well as increased malondialdehyde levels. Erdogan et al.investigated the oxidative stress in early-onset androgenetic alopecia and found that the total oxidant levels and oxidative stress index are higher in younger patients with early-onset AGA. Molecular studies of the paracrine mediators around the dermal papilla cells have shed light on the role played by ROS in bald scalp. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) was found to be elevated in the bald scalp of AGA patients and negatively affected the growth of human hair. PGD2 was found to enhance the capacity of human keratinocytes to convert the weak androgen, androstenedione, to testosterone through the involvement of the ROS cellular signaling axis. The ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-cysteine, blocked the enhanced testosterone production by PGD2. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is another key promotor of hair follicle apoptosis. TGF-β was found to be androgen-inducible via the induction of ROS and its induction was significantly suppressed by the ROS-scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine in the hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Treatment of cases of androgenetic alopecia comprises a therapeutic challenge. AGA is neither life-threatening nor does it lead to pain; however, it leads to a significant emotional burden and is considered as a therapeutically frustrating disorder to the patients. The therapeutic approach to the patient with androgenetic alopecia should be global: combined treatments may obtain improvements in hair density, reduction of miniaturization and hair loss. Minoxidil 2% or 5% solution is the most frequently used drug for topical application. In men with AGA, 5% topical minoxidil was clearly superior to 2% topical minoxidil in increasing hair regrowth.

Men who used 5% topical minoxidil also had an earlier response to treatment than those who used 2% topical minoxidil. Psychosocial perceptions of hair loss in men with AGA were also improved. Finasteride, a selective inhibitor of 5α- reductase of type II reduces the conversion of testosterone into DHT, was approved by FDA in 1997 in a dosage of 1 mg/day as a systemic therapy in adult men with mild to moderate AGA. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been widely used as an antioxidant in vivo and in vitro. N-Acetylcysteine may act as a precursor of glutathione facilitating its biosynthesis. Glutathione will then serve as a protective agent and detoxify reactive species both enzymatically and non-enzymatically. It is possible that N-acetylcysteine could scavenge the active oxygen species directly by non-enzymatic reduction. By replenishing glutathione, NAC can prevent paracetamol toxicity. NAC is traditionally used as a hepatoprotective agent for the treatment of paracetamol toxicity. Its mucolytic and anti-inflammatory actions allow its successful use in chronic bronchopulmonary disease. Dermatologically, NAC in a dose ranging from 1200 mg/day up to 2400 mg/day constitutes an effective treatment of trichotillomania owing to its glutamate modulating action via the reduction of oxidative stress and normalization of glutaminergic transmission. It is generally well tolerated with a high safety profile, mild gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea are the most common side effects. Given that oxidative stress emerges as a new component in the multifactorial milieu of the aetiopathogenesis of AGA; the proved high oxidative stress index in patients with early-onset androgenetic alopecia; the established in vitro efficacy of ROSscavenger, N-acetyl cysteine, in blocking ROS and subsequently the inhibitory paracrine mediators (PGD2 \& TGF-β) of the hair follicle dermal papilla in the bald scalp; together with the high safety profile and tolerability of NAC, the investigators thought to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of NAC as a single therapy and in combination with minoxidil for treatment of the early-onset androgenetic alopecia in men.