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Diabetes MellitusNCT03812614

Comparative Effectiveness of Family vs. Individually Focused Diabetes Education and Support

A study testing FAM ACT and I-DSMES in people with Diabetes Mellitus and High Blood Pressure, run by University of Pittsburgh at 2 sites in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a novel program-Family Support for Health Action (FAM-ACT) - to individual patient-focused diabetes self-management education and support (I-DSMES). Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 21 to 75 years
What is being tested?
FAM ACT and I-DSMES
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
444 participants
Where
2 sitesUnited States
Study dates
23 Sep 2019to 31 Dec 2023
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 21 to 75 years
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Patient Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Have a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes
  2. Most recent HbA1c done in the 3 months prior to screening phone call >= 7.5%
  3. Plan to use recruiting site for health care over the next 12 months after enrollment
  4. Must be able to identify a family member or friend who is willing to be involved in their health care

Patient Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Diagnosis (active or prior) of Alzheimer's disease or dementia
  2. Preferred language is not English or Spanish
  3. Diagnosis (active or prior) of schizophrenia or other psychotic/delusional disorder in CHASS EMR Problem list as of screening call date
  4. Diagnosis of gestational diabetes without any other diabetes diagnoses
  5. Diagnosed with diabetes at age < 21 years
  6. Pregnant or planning to become pregnant in the next 12 months
  7. Concerns that may make it difficult to participate (ongoing health issues, personal events, etc.)
  8. Have a life-limiting severe illness (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring oxygen)

Support Person Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Able to attend intervention sessions in person or remotely via online video-conferencing
  2. At least 21 years old

Support Person Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Does not speak English or Spanish
  2. Receives pay for caring for the patient
  3. Has self-reported serious mental illness (schizophrenia)
  4. Has a life-limiting severe illness (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring oxygen)
  5. Has significant cognitive impairment (Alzheimer's disease or dementia)
  6. Lives in a nursing home or long-term care facility
  7. Concerns that may make it difficult to participate (ongoing health issues, personal events, etc.)

Trial locations and contacts

2 sites in 1 country.

United States2 sites
  • Community Health and Social Services Center (CHASS)

    Detroit, Michigan, 48209

  • University of Pittsburgh

    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213

Other trials in United States

About this study

Official title: Comparative Effectiveness of Adding Family Supporter Training to a CHW-Led Intervention to Improve Behavioral Management of Multiple Risk Factors for Diabetes Complications

The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a novel program-Family Support for Health Action (FAM-ACT) - to individual patient-focused diabetes self-management education and support (I-DSMES).

Read the detailed description

FAM-ACT uses three innovative approaches to enhance the impact of family support on diabetes management for adults with diabetes (AWDs):

  1. coach family supporters in regular discussions about AWDs' diabetes progress and goals that uses empathetic and autonomy-supportive communication,
  2. coach family supporters in practical roles that support diabetes-specific tasks tailored to AWDs' personal goals,
  3. leverage family support in the setting of other types of social support for AWDs (support from other AWDs and their family members and Community Health Workers (CHWs))

FAM-ACT will be developed and implemented in culturally-concordant ways, in partnership with the community participating in the program.

Adults with type 2 diabetes and either poor glycemic or blood pressure control will be randomized together with a Support Person (a chosen adult family member or friend) to receive either FAM-ACT or more traditional CHW-led patient-focused I-DSMES over 6 months.

See our published protocol (Deverts et al 2022; full citation in references section) for additional details on the protocol including any changes made after the study started.

Being tested
FAM ACT, I-DSMES
Keywords
Diabetes, Patient Activation, Self Management Education, Self Management Behavior, Autonomy Support, Social Support, Caregiver, Family Support, Glycemic Control
Medical subject headings
Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Patient Participation

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • FAM ACTBehavioural

    Also called Family Support for Health Action

    Patient and Support Person (dyad) will receive a Diabetes Complications Risk Assessment profile and introduction session, Support Person-focused information/skills training through 4-6 extended DSME sessions, case management contacts with CHW throughout the duration of the 6-month intervention, and guidance on how to prepare for and participate in healthcare appointments.

  • I-DSMESBehavioural

    Also called Individual-Focused DM Self-Management Education and Support

    Patient only will receive a Diabetes Complications Risk Assessment profile and introduction session, 4-6 group DSME sessions, case management contacts with CHW throughout the duration of the 6-month intervention, and guidance on how to prepare for and participate in healthcare appointments.

Study groups in NCT03812614
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
FAM-ACTExperimentalPatient and Support Person (dyad) will be included together as much as possible. The dyad will: 1. Take part in a one-hour introductory session and review of the patient's Diabetes Complications Risk Assessment profile. 2. Be invited to 4-6 Support Person-focused, group diabetes self-management education (DSME) sessions lasting 1-2 ½ hours each. 3. Receive case management contacts with a Community Health Worker (CHW) once every 2-4 weeks, subject to participant availability. Successful contacts will last approximately 20 minutes.
Receives: Behavioral: FAM ACT
I-DSMESActive comparatorThis arm will focus on the patient only. The Support Person assigned to this arm will not be invited to the introduction sessions, care management contacts, or diabetes self-management education sessions. Patients assigned to this arm will: 1. Take part in a one-hour introductory session and review of patient's diabetes management risk assessment. 2. Be invited to 4-6 group diabetes self-management education (DSME) sessions lasting 45 min to 2 hours each. 3. Receive case management contacts with a Community Health Worker (CHW) once every 2-4 weeks, subject to participant availability. Successful contacts will last approximately 20 minutes.
Receives: Behavioral: I-DSMES

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Change From Baseline in Patient Glycemic Control at 6 Months

    Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, percent) was measured via finger stick performed by a study research assistant, by a clinician as a part of the patients' regular care, or by patients via home test kit. For analysis, HbA1c first was examined graphically to understand how it changed over time. Main analyses then were conducted using linear mixed-effects models, with 12-month HbA1c values included in the models to increase the power to estimate changes over the initial 6 months. Adjusted outcome and effect estimates at 6 months were derived from linear mixed models using linear contrasts. The model was fitted using all available time points (baseline, 6 months, and 12 months) from all 222 enrollees to make efficient use of the data. Including all time points allows the model to account for individual trajectories over time, thus increasing power to detect treatment effects and reducing bias that could arise from analyzing the 6-month time point in isolation.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

Secondary outcomes (15)
  1. Change From Baseline in Patient Glycemic Control at 12 Months

    Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, percent) was measured through finger stick performed by a study research assistant, by a clinician as a part of the patients' regular care, or by the patients themselves via a home test kit.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 12 months

  2. Change From Baseline in Patient Systolic Blood Pressure at 6 Months

    SBP was measured using an electronic, upper arm blood pressure monitor.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  3. Change From Baseline in Patient Systolic Blood Pressure at 12 Months

    SBP was measured using an electronic, upper arm blood pressure monitor.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 12 months

  4. Change From Baseline in Patient Diabetes Distress at 6 Months

    Patient diabetes distress was assessed using the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-5) Scale. The scale is comprised of 5 closed-ended items with response options ranging from 0 ('not a problem') to 4 ('serious problem'). The scale's 5 items were summed to create a total score with a range of 0 to 20. A total score of >=8 indicates possible diabetes-related emotional distress that warrants further assessment, with higher scores suggesting greater diabetes-related emotional distress.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  5. Change From Baseline in Patient Diabetes Distress at 12 Months

    Patient diabetes distress was assessed using the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-5) Scale. The scale is comprised of 5 closed-ended items with response options ranging from 0 ('not a problem') to 4 ('serious problem'). The scale's 5 items were summed to create a total score with a range of 0 to 20. A total score of >=8 indicates possible diabetes-related emotional distress that warrants further assessment, with higher scores suggesting greater diabetes-related emotional distress.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 12 months

  6. Change From Baseline Patient Diabetes Self-care Behaviors at 6 Months: Healthy Eating

    The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) is a brief self-report instrument for measuring levels of self-management across different components of the diabetes regimen. Results were scored separately within each domain. Scores range from 1 to 7, representing the number of days per week the patient engages in the behavior. Higher numbers indicate better adherence.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  7. Change in Diabetes Self-care Behaviors in Patient: Physical Activity

    The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) is a brief self-report instrument for measuring levels of self-management across different components of the diabetes regimen. Results were scored separately within each domain. Scores range from 1 to 7, representing the number of days per week the patient engages in the behavior. Higher numbers indicate better adherence.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  8. Change in Diabetes Self-care Behaviors in Patient: Medication Adherence

    The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) is a brief self-report instrument for measuring levels of self-management across different components of the diabetes regimen. Results were scored separately within each domain. Scores range from 1 to 7, representing the number of days per week the patient engages in the behavior. Higher numbers indicate better adherence. Three types of medication adherence were assessed: number of days diabetes medications (non-insulin) were taken; number of days blood pressure medications were taken; number of days cholesterol medications were taken. Note that the Ns with data for these three measures are smaller than the Ns for diet and physical activity data. Differences are due to some patients not having been prescribed non-insulin diabetes, blood pressure and/or cholesterol medications.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  9. Change in Self-efficacy of Patient

    Patient self-efficacy for managing diabetes was assessed with the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Diseases Scale. The scale is comprised of 5 items asking respondents to indicate how confident they are that they regularly can perform tasks related to their diabetes management (0, not at all confident to 10, very confident). Item responses are averaged, with mean scores ranging from 0 to 10. Higher numbers indicate greater self-efficacy.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  10. Change in Patient Activation in Patient

    Patient activation was assessed with the Patient Activation Measure (PAM)-10. Using a 4-point scale (1=strongly disagree to 4=strongly agree), respondents indicate the extent to which statements related to being ready, willing and able to manage their health and health care accurately describe them. Responses are summed to create a total score with higher numbers indicating greater activation. Item scale locations were transformed from the original logit metric to a user-friendly 0-100 metric where 0=the lowest possible activation and 100=the highest possible activation as measured by this set of items. While the metric allows for a potential range of 0-100, the items included in the measure only covered the range from 40 (minimum) to 60 (maximum), not tapping what would be theoretically the lowest or highest ranges of the construct.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  11. Patient Perceived Overall Satisfaction With SP Support for Diabetes

    Patient satisfaction with support person (SP) support for diabetes was assessed with 2* items assessing patient's satisfaction with the support they receive from their SP and whether they feel like they would be worse off without their SP's help with their diabetes care. Responses were rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 1, "strongly disagree" to 7 "strongly agree". Responses are summed to create a total score with a range of 2 to 14. Higher numbers indicate greater satisfaction.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  12. Patient Perception of SP Support: Supportive and Non-supportive Behaviors

    Patient perception of support persons' (SP) supportive behaviors was assessed using the 8-item Important Other Climate Questionnaire (IOCQ) and non-supportive behaviors using 3 similarly-structured items addressing SP irritation, criticism and argumentativeness. All items are rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 0 ("strongly disagree") to 6 ("strongly agree"), with non-supportive behavior items being reversed scored. Item responses were averaged to create a mean score with a possible range of 0 (low support) to 6 (high support).

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  13. Impact of COVID on Ability to Manage Diabetes

    Impact of COVID on ability to manage Diabetes was assessed with a single closed-ended item: "In the last six months, how have the COVID pandemic or social distancing rules affected your ability to manage your diabetes?" The item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from "much harder" to "much easier". Due to small numbers, the variable was collapsed to 3 categories for analysis: harder/much harder, no change, easier/much easier.

    Measured: Cross-sectional at 6 months

  14. Change in Diabetes Distress in Support Person

    Support person distress about the patient's diabetes was assessed using the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-5) Scale (for family members). The scale is comprised of 5 closed-ended items with response options ranging from 0 ('not a problem') to 4 ('serious problem'). The scale's 5 items were summed to create a total score with a range of 0 to 20. A total score of >=8 indicates possible diabetes-related emotional distress that warrants further assessment, with higher scores suggesting greater diabetes-related emotional distress.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

  15. Change in Self-efficacy of Support Person

    Support person self-efficacy for helping the patient with managing diabetes was assessed with the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Diseases Scale (adapted for support persons). The scale is comprised of 5 items asking respondents to indicate how confident they are that they regularly can help patients perform tasks related to their diabetes management (0, not at all confident to 10, very confident). Item responses are averaged, with mean scores ranging from 0 to 10. Higher numbers indicate greater self-efficacy.

    Measured: Baseline vs. 6 months

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted23 Jan 2019
  2. Study start23 Sep 2019
  3. Primary completion31 Dec 2023
  4. Study completion31 Dec 2023

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Health services research
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Model description
This is a randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing two interventions. The participants and staff delivering the interventions will not be blinded, but the data analyst will be. This trial aims to compare the effect of the FAM-ACT intervention on patients' diabetes-related health behaviors and outcomes compared to patient-focused DSME and support (I-DSMES).
Masking
Double blind
Who is masked
Investigator, Outcomes assessor
Enrolment
444 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT03812614
Sponsor's protocol ID
STUDY20110344
Other IDs
R01DK116733
Status last verified
Feb 2025
First submitted
18 Jan 2019
Last updated
13 Feb 2025
Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
Yes: The study investigators will make de-identified data sets available for sharing after the trial is finished and primary analyses have been completed and published. Researchers requesting data must present an IRB-approved methodological protocol and explain the relevance of their interest in the study completed data to public health goals. Authors completing secondary analyses of the shared study data must agree to the Center for Clinical Trials and Data Coordination (CCDC) policy on data sharing and publishing. All secondary analysis authors will be expected to credit the primary investigators and mention the data source in all publications. Secondary authors will acknowledge that the data use was in accordance with CCDC protocol and the signed Data Use Agreement (DUA). The University of Pittsburgh Principal Investigator and study coordinator will not release any data until all request criteria are met and a signed Data Use Agreement is filed.

Publications

  • Deverts DJ, Heisler M, Kieffer EC, Piatt GA, Valbuena F, Yabes JG, Guajardo C, Ilarraza-Montalvo D, Palmisano G, Koerbel G, Rosland AM. Comparing the effectiveness of Family Support for Health Action (FAM-ACT) with traditional community health worker-led interventions to improve adult diabetes management and outcomes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2022 Oct 3;23(1):841. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06764-1.

    PubMed 36192769
  • Zupa MF, Perez S, Palmisano G, Kieffer EC, Piatt GA, Valbuena FM, Deverts DJ, Yabes JG, Heisler M, Rosland AM. Changes in Self-management During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes at a Federally Qualified Health Center. J Immigr Minor Health. 2022 Oct;24(5):1375-1378. doi: 10.1007/s10903-022-01351-7. Epub 2022 Mar 17.

    PubMed 35301642
  • Deverts DJ, F Zupa M, Kieffer EC, Piatt GA, Heisler M, Valbuena F, Gonzalez S, Guajardo C, Yabes JG, Lalama C, Rosland AM. Transition to Virtual Diabetes Self-Management Education Delivery in the Setting of Health Care Disruption for Adults With Diabetes and Their Support Persons. Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care. 2026 Jun;52(3):229-242. doi: 10.1177/26350106261432172. Epub 2026 Apr 9.

    PubMed 41958056

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing FAM ACT and I-DSMES in people with Diabetes Mellitus and High Blood Pressure, run by University of Pittsburgh at 2 sites in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 13 Feb 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 2 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 13 Feb 2025). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Change From Baseline in Patient Glycemic Control at 6 Months (time frame: Baseline vs. 6 months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03812614, which also lists 3 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 13 Feb 2025.

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