Gall StonesNCT03482375
Prospective Evaluation of Residual Bile Duct Stone by Peroral Cholangioscopy After Conventional ERCP
An observational study of Gall Stones, run by Northwell Health at 2 sites in United States.
Trial summary
Gallstone disease affects over 20 million Americans. Among patients with gallbladder disease, the prevalence of choledocholithiasis (stones in the bile duct) is estimated to be 10-20%. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Gall Stones
- How many people
- 140 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- 17 Dec 2015to 10 Feb 2019
- How long will I take part?
- 3 Months
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: Patients who are undergoing ERCP as their standard of care for treatment of their gall stones.
Who may be able to join
- Patient receiving ERCP as standard of care for suspected or documented choledocholithiasis as assessed by one or more of the following:
- Abnormal imaging on ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), CT scan, or MRCP suggestive of choledocholithiasis
- Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of choledocholithiasis such as jaundice, abdominal pain, pruritis, pancreatitis, and/or cholangitis
- Abnormal liver function tests suggestive of choledocholithiasis (eg: serum bilirubin > 1.5 and/or elevated alkaline phosphatase levels)
- In addition to one or more of the above inclusion criteria, patient must also satisfy one or more of the following:
- Mechanical lithotripsy, electrohydraulic lithotripsy, or laser lithotripsy performed for therapy of bile duct stones.
Show all 9Show fewer
- Bile duct > 12mm on prior tests (any portion of duct)
- History of recurrent abnormal LFTs with negative cholangiogram.
- Positive EUS or MRCP for biliary stones with a negative cholangiogram
Who cannot join
- Patients less than 18 years of age.
- Patients not undergoing ERCP as their standard of care.
- Patients who had the following surgeries - Billroth II surgery, Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass surgery, and Whipple's surgery.
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
United States2 sites
North Shore University Hospital
Manhasset, New York, 11030
LIJ Medical Center- NSLIJ Health System
New Hyde Park, New York, 11040
About this study
Official title: Prospective Evaluation of Residual Bile Duct Stone Detection by Peroral Cholangioscopy That Is Missed With Conventional ERCP and Cholangiogram
Gallstone disease affects over 20 million Americans. Among patients with gallbladder disease, the prevalence of choledocholithiasis (stones in the bile duct) is estimated to be 10-20%. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered the standard of care for removing stones in the bile duct utilizing a variety of conventional methods including biliary sphincterotomy, sphincteroplasty, extraction balloon, retrieval basket, and mechanical lithotripsy. After removal of stones from the bile duct, an occlusion cholangiogram is usually performed to confirm complete bile duct clearance. However, cholangiogram can miss residual stones in 11- 30% of cases - especially in the setting of a dilated bile duct, large stones, severe pneumobilia, juxtapapillary diverticulum, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and after lithotripsy (mechanical, electrohydraulic, or laser). The approach to patients with choledocholithiasis requires careful attention because missed bile duct stones can cause recurrent biliary symptoms, pancreatitis, cholangitis, and has significant cost implication with the need for repeat imaging and/or procedures.
Read the detailed description
Peroral cholangioscopy (POC) provides direct visualization of the bile duct during ERCP and its benefits are well documented in numerous published studies. POC has been described for therapy of difficult to remove biliary stones utilizing electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser lithotripsy with success rates of >90%. POC has also been used for evaluation of indeterminate filling defects and to assess for residual stones missed with cholangiogram. In a multicenter study evaluating POC for a variety of indications, 11% (7/66) of patients had bile duct stones identified only by POC that were missed on ERCP. In a study of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, 30% (7/23) of patients were found to have stones with POC that were missed with cholangiography. Takao et al. assessed residual bile duct stones found with POC in comparison to balloon-cholangiography; they found that 24% (26/108) of patients had residual stones seen with POC that were missed with balloon-cholangiography.
Although POC has been available for over thirty years, it has not become a widespread technique due to the fact that traditional cholangioscopes are fragile, cumbersome to use, and usually require two endoscopists to perform the procedure. A recent single operator semi-disposable cholangioscope, SpyGlass (Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts), has addressed those concerns and has been shown in a studies to be a useful tool in visualizing the bile ducts and performing therapeutic maneuvers for biliary stones. Both ERCP and Cholangioscopy are standard of care procedures to treat gall stones.
The primary goal of the study is to assess if POC will enhance the diagnostic yield in the detection of residual biliary stones that are missed during conventional ERCP. Residual bile duct stones can especially be seen in the setting of bile duct dilation, history of recurrent abnormal liver function tests, and after lithotripsy (mechanical, electrohydraulic, or laser). Missed biliary stones can lead to recurrent biliary symptoms, pancreatitis, and cholangitis. POC after conventional ERCP can be a useful diagnostic tool to confirm complete extraction of bile duct stones, and thus lead to decreased morbidity and decreased cost by avoiding unnecessary tests and repeat procedures.
- Conditions
- Gall Stones
- Keywords
- Gall Stones, ERCP, Cholangioscopy
- Medical subject headings
- Gallstones
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| No Stones on POC after ERCP | This is a cohort in which there are no stones seen on Cholangioscopy after ERCP and cholangiogram to treat gall stones. | |
| Stones seen on POC after ERCP | This is a cohort in which there are no stones seen on Cholangioscopy after ERCP and cholangiogram to treat gall stones. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Missed stones found on Cholangioscopy
The primary outcome of this study is to assess if digital peroral cholangioscopy (POC) will enhance the diagnostic yield in the detection of residual biliary stones that are missed during conventional ERCP. The primary outcome will be assessed at the time of the procedure (i.e. residual stone seen with POC vs. no residual stone seen with POC). We will enroll approximately 100 patients over a 2-year period. At study completion, the primary outcome measure for all patients will be analyzed and data will be reported.
Measured: We will enroll approximately 100 patients over a 2-year period.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted29 Mar 2018
- Study start17 Dec 2015
- Primary completion30 Oct 2018
- Study completion10 Feb 2019
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (12)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Gall StonesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Northwell HealthThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 140 participants (actual)
- Target duration
- 3 Months
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Northwell Health
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Boston Scientific Corporation
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Divyesh Sejpal, Northwell Health
- Investigators
- Divyesh Sejpal, MD, Principal investigator, Northwell Health
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03482375
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- HS15-0674
- Status last verified
- Feb 2019
- First submitted
- 8 Mar 2018
- Last updated
- 19 Feb 2019
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data will not be shared.
Publications
Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999 Sep;117(3):632-9. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70456-7.
PubMed 10464139Neuhaus H, Feussner H, Ungeheuer A, Hoffmann W, Siewert JR, Classen M. Prospective evaluation of the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Endoscopy. 1992 Nov;24(9):745-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1010576.
PubMed 1468389Lacaine F, Corlette MB, Bismuth H. Preoperative evaluation of the risk of common bile duct stones. Arch Surg. 1980 Sep;115(9):1114-6. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1980.01380090080019.
PubMed 7416958Chen YK, Parsi MA, Binmoeller KF, Hawes RH, Pleskow DK, Slivka A, Haluszka O, Petersen BT, Sherman S, Deviere J, Meisner S, Stevens PD, Costamagna G, Ponchon T, Peetermans JA, Neuhaus H. Single-operator cholangioscopy in patients requiring evaluation of bile duct disease or therapy of biliary stones (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Oct;74(4):805-14. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.04.016. Epub 2011 Jul 18.
PubMed 21762903Awadallah NS, Chen YK, Piraka C, Antillon MR, Shah RJ. Is there a role for cholangioscopy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis? Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb;101(2):284-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00383.x.
PubMed 16454832Itoi T, Sofuni A, Itokawa F, Shinohara Y, Moriyasu F, Tsuchida A. Evaluation of residual bile duct stones by peroral cholangioscopy in comparison with balloon-cholangiography. Dig Endosc. 2010 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S85-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2010.00954.x.
PubMed 20590779ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Maple JT, Ben-Menachem T, Anderson MA, Appalaneni V, Banerjee S, Cash BD, Fisher L, Harrison ME, Fanelli RD, Fukami N, Ikenberry SO, Jain R, Khan K, Krinsky ML, Strohmeyer L, Dominitz JA. The role of endoscopy in the evaluation of suspected choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010 Jan;71(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.09.041. No abstract available.
PubMed 20105473Piraka C, Shah RJ, Awadallah NS, Langer DA, Chen YK. Transpapillary cholangioscopy-directed lithotripsy in patients with difficult bile duct stones. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Nov;5(11):1333-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.05.021. Epub 2007 Jul 23.
PubMed 17644045Arya N, Nelles SE, Haber GB, Kim YI, Kortan PK. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 111 patients: a safe and effective therapy for difficult bile duct stones. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec;99(12):2330-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.40251.x.
PubMed 15571578Farrell JJ, Bounds BC, Al-Shalabi S, Jacobson BC, Brugge WR, Schapiro RH, Kelsey PB. Single-operator duodenoscope-assisted cholangioscopy is an effective alternative in the management of choledocholithiasis not removed by conventional methods, including mechanical lithotripsy. Endoscopy. 2005 Jun;37(6):542-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-861306.
PubMed 15933927Chen YK, Pleskow DK. SpyGlass single-operator peroral cholangiopancreatoscopy system for the diagnosis and therapy of bile-duct disorders: a clinical feasibility study (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007 May;65(6):832-41. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.01.025.
PubMed 17466202Sejpal DV, Trindade AJ, Lee C, Miller LS, Benias PC, Inamdar S, Singh G, Stewart M, George BJ, Vegesna AK. Digital cholangioscopy can detect residual biliary stones missed by occlusion cholangiogram in ERCP: a prospective tandem study. Endosc Int Open. 2019 Apr;7(4):E608-E614. doi: 10.1055/a-0842-6450. Epub 2019 Apr 12.
PubMed 30993165
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Feb 2019. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Prospective Evaluation of Residual Bile Duct Stone Detection by Peroral Cholangioscopy That Is Missed With Conventional ERCP and Cholangiogram
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03482375
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HS15-0674
- Conditions
- Gall Stones
- Keywords
- Gall Stones, ERCP, Cholangioscopy
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 140 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Northwell HealthUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Boston Scientific Corporation
- Study start
- 17 Dec 2015 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Oct 2018 (actual)
- Study completion
- 10 Feb 2019 (actual)
- First posted
- 29 Mar 2018 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Gallstone disease affects over 20 million Americans. Among patients with gallbladder disease, the prevalence of choledocholithiasis (stones in the bile duct) is estimated to be 10-20%. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered the standard of care for removing stones in the bile duct utilizing a variety of conventional methods including biliary sphincterotomy, sphincteroplasty, extraction balloon, retrieval basket, and mechanical lithotripsy. After removal of stones from the bile duct, an occlusion cholangiogram is usually performed to confirm complete bile duct clearance. However, cholangiogram can miss residual stones in 11- 30% of cases - especially in the setting of a dilated bile duct, large stones, severe pneumobilia, juxtapapillary diverticulum, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and after lithotripsy (mechanical, electrohydraulic, or laser). The approach to patients with choledocholithiasis requires careful attention because missed bile duct stones can cause recurrent biliary symptoms, pancreatitis, cholangitis, and has significant cost implication with the need for repeat imaging and/or procedures.
Detailed description
Peroral cholangioscopy (POC) provides direct visualization of the bile duct during ERCP and its benefits are well documented in numerous published studies. POC has been described for therapy of difficult to remove biliary stones utilizing electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser lithotripsy with success rates of >90%. POC has also been used for evaluation of indeterminate filling defects and to assess for residual stones missed with cholangiogram. In a multicenter study evaluating POC for a variety of indications, 11% (7/66) of patients had bile duct stones identified only by POC that were missed on ERCP. In a study of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, 30% (7/23) of patients were found to have stones with POC that were missed with cholangiography. Takao et al. assessed residual bile duct stones found with POC in comparison to balloon-cholangiography; they found that 24% (26/108) of patients had residual stones seen with POC that were missed with balloon-cholangiography.
Although POC has been available for over thirty years, it has not become a widespread technique due to the fact that traditional cholangioscopes are fragile, cumbersome to use, and usually require two endoscopists to perform the procedure. A recent single operator semi-disposable cholangioscope, SpyGlass (Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts), has addressed those concerns and has been shown in a studies to be a useful tool in visualizing the bile ducts and performing therapeutic maneuvers for biliary stones. Both ERCP and Cholangioscopy are standard of care procedures to treat gall stones.
The primary goal of the study is to assess if POC will enhance the diagnostic yield in the detection of residual biliary stones that are missed during conventional ERCP. Residual bile duct stones can especially be seen in the setting of bile duct dilation, history of recurrent abnormal liver function tests, and after lithotripsy (mechanical, electrohydraulic, or laser). Missed biliary stones can lead to recurrent biliary symptoms, pancreatitis, and cholangitis. POC after conventional ERCP can be a useful diagnostic tool to confirm complete extraction of bile duct stones, and thus lead to decreased morbidity and decreased cost by avoiding unnecessary tests and repeat procedures.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Target follow-up
- 3 Months
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| No Stones on POC after ERCP | – | –This is a cohort in which there are no stones seen on Cholangioscopy after ERCP and cholangiogram to treat gall stones. |
| Stones seen on POC after ERCP | – | –This is a cohort in which there are no stones seen on Cholangioscopy after ERCP and cholangiogram to treat gall stones. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- Patients who are undergoing ERCP as their standard of care for treatment of their gall stones.
Key inclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Patient receiving ERCP as standard of care for suspected or documented choledocholithiasis as assessed by one or more of the following:
- In addition to one or more of the above inclusion criteria, patient must also satisfy one or more of the following:
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Patients less than 18 years of age.
- Patients not undergoing ERCP as their standard of care.
- Patients who had the following surgeries - Billroth II surgery, Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass surgery, and Whipple's surgery.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
Missed stones found on Cholangioscopy
Time frame: We will enroll approximately 100 patients over a 2-year period.
The primary outcome of this study is to assess if digital peroral cholangioscopy (POC) will enhance the diagnostic yield in the detection of residual biliary stones that are missed during conventional ERCP. The primary outcome will be assessed at the time of the procedure (i.e. residual stone seen with POC vs. no residual stone seen with POC). We will enroll approximately 100 patients over a 2-year period. At study completion, the primary outcome measure for all patients will be analyzed and data will be reported.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Feb 2019.
- Background: PubMed 10464139Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999 Sep;117(3):632-9. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70456-7.
- Background: PubMed 1468389Neuhaus H, Feussner H, Ungeheuer A, Hoffmann W, Siewert JR, Classen M. Prospective evaluation of the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Endoscopy. 1992 Nov;24(9):745-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1010576.
- Background: PubMed 7416958Lacaine F, Corlette MB, Bismuth H. Preoperative evaluation of the risk of common bile duct stones. Arch Surg. 1980 Sep;115(9):1114-6. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1980.01380090080019.
- Background: PubMed 21762903Chen YK, Parsi MA, Binmoeller KF, Hawes RH, Pleskow DK, Slivka A, Haluszka O, Petersen BT, Sherman S, Deviere J, Meisner S, Stevens PD, Costamagna G, Ponchon T, Peetermans JA, Neuhaus H. Single-operator cholangioscopy in patients requiring evaluation of bile duct disease or therapy of biliary stones (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Oct;74(4):805-14. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.04.016. Epub 2011 Jul 18.
- Background: PubMed 16454832Awadallah NS, Chen YK, Piraka C, Antillon MR, Shah RJ. Is there a role for cholangioscopy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis? Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb;101(2):284-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00383.x.
- Background: PubMed 20590779Itoi T, Sofuni A, Itokawa F, Shinohara Y, Moriyasu F, Tsuchida A. Evaluation of residual bile duct stones by peroral cholangioscopy in comparison with balloon-cholangiography. Dig Endosc. 2010 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S85-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2010.00954.x.
- Background: PubMed 20105473ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Maple JT, Ben-Menachem T, Anderson MA, Appalaneni V, Banerjee S, Cash BD, Fisher L, Harrison ME, Fanelli RD, Fukami N, Ikenberry SO, Jain R, Khan K, Krinsky ML, Strohmeyer L, Dominitz JA. The role of endoscopy in the evaluation of suspected choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010 Jan;71(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.09.041. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 17644045Piraka C, Shah RJ, Awadallah NS, Langer DA, Chen YK. Transpapillary cholangioscopy-directed lithotripsy in patients with difficult bile duct stones. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Nov;5(11):1333-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.05.021. Epub 2007 Jul 23.
- Background: PubMed 15571578Arya N, Nelles SE, Haber GB, Kim YI, Kortan PK. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 111 patients: a safe and effective therapy for difficult bile duct stones. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec;99(12):2330-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.40251.x.
- Background: PubMed 15933927Farrell JJ, Bounds BC, Al-Shalabi S, Jacobson BC, Brugge WR, Schapiro RH, Kelsey PB. Single-operator duodenoscope-assisted cholangioscopy is an effective alternative in the management of choledocholithiasis not removed by conventional methods, including mechanical lithotripsy. Endoscopy. 2005 Jun;37(6):542-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-861306.
- Background: PubMed 17466202Chen YK, Pleskow DK. SpyGlass single-operator peroral cholangiopancreatoscopy system for the diagnosis and therapy of bile-duct disorders: a clinical feasibility study (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007 May;65(6):832-41. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.01.025.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 30993165Sejpal DV, Trindade AJ, Lee C, Miller LS, Benias PC, Inamdar S, Singh G, Stewart M, George BJ, Vegesna AK. Digital cholangioscopy can detect residual biliary stones missed by occlusion cholangiogram in ERCP: a prospective tandem study. Endosc Int Open. 2019 Apr;7(4):E608-E614. doi: 10.1055/a-0842-6450. Epub 2019 Apr 12.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data will not be shared.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Divyesh Sejpal, MD principal investigator
Northwell Health
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Gall Stones, run by Northwell Health at 2 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Feb 2019. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Missed stones found on Cholangioscopy (time frame: We will enroll approximately 100 patients over a 2-year period.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03482375, which also lists 12 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Feb 2019.