PainPhase 2NCT01394250
Vibrating, Cold Device for Pediatric Intravenous (IV) Cannulation Pain Relief
A Phase 2 study testing Buzzy and Topical Lidocaine 4% Cream in people with Pain and Anxiety, run by Children's Hospital of Philadelphia at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of Buzzy®, a battery-powered reusable device that provides cold and vibration, in reducing the pain associated with intravenous (IV) cannulation. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 4 to 18 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- What is being tested?
- Buzzy and Topical Lidocaine 4% Cream
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion, Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 240 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Jun 2011to Sep 2013
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 4 to 18 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Subject is aged 4 to 18 years of age
- Subjects will be having a peripheral IV line placed at the discretion of the treating physician for usual care of presenting complaints.
- Physician in charge of the subject is willing to wait the 30 minutes needed for the study preparation
- Subject/caregiver understands English
- Parent or legal guardian has signed Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved informed consent and subject (if age 7 years or older) has given assent
Who cannot join
- Subject is critically ill with a triage category of 1
- Subject has a condition that precludes the use of the self-report pain scale
- Subject has an abrasion, infection or break in skin in the area where Buzzy® would be placed
- Nerve damage is present in the extremity for planned IV placement
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
About this study
Official title: Testing the Efficacy of a Vibrating, Cold Device for Pediatric IV Cannulation Pain Relief in the Emergency Department
The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of Buzzy®, a battery-powered reusable device that provides cold and vibration, in reducing the pain associated with intravenous (IV) cannulation. The investigators will investigate if Buzzy® is as effective as topical lidocaine cream in reducing the pain associated with IV cannulation.
Read the detailed description
Intravenous (IV) cannulation is a significant source of pediatric pain and distress. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that pain from IV cannulation is a significant source of pediatric pain and distress with effects far more reaching than the presenting event. When describing worse pain experiences in hospitalized children, IV cannulation pain was found to be second only to pain related to the subject's underlying disease. Practitioners recognize the need to mitigate or decrease pediatric IV cannulation pain and distress in emergency department patients, yet often do not provide the relief measures that are available. The use of topical lidocaine cream has some barriers, including the need to predict the need for the IV, the 30 minute administration time, difficulty in applying and maintaining the cream, the need for a physician's order and nursing to override in the Pyxis machine in order to obtain the medication in a timely manner.
Buzzy® provides a potential alternative to treating pediatric IV cannulation pain in the emergency department (ED), as cold and vibration are quick-acting options for pain relief. If Buzzy® is demonstrated to be as effective or more effective for reducing the pain of IV cannulation it would be an inexpensive and rapid way to provide pain control in accordance to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Pain Society recommendations. The device's actions are based on the Gate Control Theory, whereby cold and vibratory stimulation stimulate large fiber and inhibitory neurons to interrupt nociception. The benefits of Buzzy® include a low cost of $34.99 per reusable device, which could also provide a significant cost savings over the use of single tubes of topical lidocaine cream at a cost of $4.62-12.00 per tube with one or more tubes needed for each patient. Buzzy® does not require a medical order, but must be cleaned according to institution standards and is supplied with either a reusable cold pack or single use cold packs as desired. The commonly voiced concern related to the application of cold causing vasoconstriction has not been borne out in prior studies of Buzzy®.
Self-report of pain is the gold standard in evaluating pediatric pain. For this study we will use the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) for rating self-reported pain in children ages 4-18 years. The FPS-R has been validated and frequently used in pediatric pain studies. The FPS-R consists of 6 cartoon faces that range from a neutral expression ("no pain") to one of very much pain. Using the same faces, children will be asked how much the procedure "hurt" from "no hurt" to "very much hurt". Self-reporting of pain is the primary source of data and a secondary measure of data will be an observational pain scale, the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale. Because anxiety has proven to affect pain ratings, we will also evaluate anxiety using "Child Rating of Anxiety Scale", a visual semantic scale in the form of a thermometer for rating anxiety.
All subjects in this study will develop and implement a coping plan with a Child Life Specialist, including preparation, distraction, and deep breathing. This is standard of care in our ED and applied whenever possible for IV placement procedures. Child Life Specialists prepare subjects and families prior to medical procedures to decrease anxiety and increase understanding. Psychological preparation is aimed to increase a subject and family's control over a situation or procedure. While decreasing anxiety and increasing control, the child can move past the event with a sense of mastery and a low level of distress. Preparation close to the event is important for younger subjects, whereas preparation for older subjects is more beneficial when initiated earlier. The effectiveness of distraction in needle related procedures is well documented in the literature. Distraction involves a supportive care giver (if present) as well as a Certified Child Life Specialist; all attempts are made to focus of child away from the pain of the procedure and when possible the child is permitted to hold the objects and manipulate them prior to the procedure to enhance the utilization of a coping plan.
- Being tested
- Buzzy, Topical Lidocaine 4% Cream
- Keywords
- Pain, Anxiety, IV Cannulation, Topical Lidocaine, Buzzy, Face, Legs, Activity, Crying, Consolability (FLACC) scale, Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R), Child Rating of Anxiety Scale
- Medical subject headings
- Pain, Anxiety Disorders, Facies, Motor Activity, Crying
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
BuzzyDevice
Cold, Vibrational Device
Topical Lidocaine 4% CreamDrug
Also called AneCream™; Anestacon®; Dalcaine®; L-M-X™4; Xylocaine®
Applied to anticipated IV site at least 30 minutes prior to cannulation.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Buzzy | Experimental | If randomized to Buzzy®, the nurse will demonstrate the cold pack and the device just prior to the IV cannulation procedure. The device will be applied with a Velcro strap 5 centimeters proximal to the site of IV cannulation; it will remain in place until the IV cannula is inserted and secured. All nurses that work during the study hours will be trained on the device prior to beginning the study. Training includes direct one-one training with the device including return demonstration. Receives: Device: Buzzy |
| Topical Lidocaine 4% Cream | Active comparator | If randomized to topical lidocaine cream, subjects will have the cream placed on two or more potential IV sites as soon as possible after the consent procedure is complete. These subjects will undergo IV placement no less than 30 minutes after the cream is applied. Receives: Drug: Topical Lidocaine 4% Cream |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change From Baseline in Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) at 30 Minutes After IV Cannulation
The Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) is numerical self-report measure of pain intensity developed for children to score the sensation of pain from 0-10. Pictures of 6 cartoon faces ranging from neutral expression of "no pain" (0) to "very much pain" (10).
Measured: Baseline and 30 minutes
Secondary outcomes (1)
Comparison of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale (FLACC) Score Immediately After IV Cannulation Between Groups
The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale or FLACC scale is a measurement used to assess pain for children between the ages of 2 months and 7 years or individuals that are unable to communicate their pain. The scale is scored in a range of 0-10 with 0 representing no pain. The scale has five criteria, which are each assigned a score of 0, 1 or 2. The FLACC score was completed immediately after IV cannulation by a member of the clinical care team who was not part of the study. During initial trial design, the goal was to collect FLACC score pre and post cannulation; however, it was decided prior to enrollment that FLACC score would not be collected pre cannulation, only post.
Measured: Up to 5 minutes after IV Cannulation
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted14 Jul 2011 (estimated)
- Study startJun 2011
- Primary completionSep 2013
- Study completionSep 2013
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for PainStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 240 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Joel Fein, MD, MPH, Principal investigator, Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaDebra Potts, MSN, RN, Study director, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01394250
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 11-007970
- Status last verified
- Jul 2016
- First submitted
- 3 Jun 2011
- Last updated
- 16 Sep 2016
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
Publications
Baxter AL, Leong T, Mathew B. External thermomechanical stimulation versus vapocoolant for adult venipuncture pain: pilot data on a novel device. Clin J Pain. 2009 Oct;25(8):705-10. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181af1236.
PubMed 19920721Kennedy RM, Luhmann J, Zempsky WT. Clinical implications of unmanaged needle-insertion pain and distress in children. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122 Suppl 3:S130-3. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-1055e.
PubMed 18978006American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2001 Sep;108(3):793-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.3.793.
PubMed 11533354Cummings EA, Reid GJ, Finley AG, McGrath PJ, Ritchie JA. Prevalence and source of pain in pediatric inpatients. Pain. 1996 Nov;68(1):25-31. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03163-6.
PubMed 9251995Rupp T, Delaney KA. Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Apr;43(4):494-503. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.11.019.
PubMed 15039693Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965 Nov 19;150(3699):971-9. doi: 10.1126/science.150.3699.971. No abstract available.
PubMed 5320816Vanderah TW. Pathophysiology of pain. Med Clin North Am. 2007 Jan;91(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2006.10.006.
PubMed 17164100Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001 Aug;93(2):173-183. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1.
PubMed 11427329Kleiber C, McCarthy AM. Evaluating instruments for a study on children's responses to a painful procedure when parents are distraction coaches. J Pediatr Nurs. 2006 Apr;21(2):99-107. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2005.06.008.
PubMed 16545670Nilsson S, Finnstrom B, Kokinsky E. The FLACC behavioral scale for procedural pain assessment in children aged 5-16 years. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008 Aug;18(8):767-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02655.x.
PubMed 18613934Cohen LL. Behavioral approaches to anxiety and pain management for pediatric venous access. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122 Suppl 3:S134-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-1055f.
PubMed 18978007
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 16 Sep 2016. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Testing the Efficacy of a Vibrating, Cold Device for Pediatric IV Cannulation Pain Relief in the Emergency Department
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01394250
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 11-007970
- Keywords
- Pain, Anxiety, IV Cannulation, Topical Lidocaine, Buzzy, Face, Legs, Activity, Crying, Consolability (FLACC) scale, Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R), Child Rating of Anxiety Scale
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 240 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Jun 2011
- Primary completion
- Sep 2013 (actual)
- Study completion
- Sep 2013 (actual)
- First posted
- 14 Jul 2011 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 15 May 2015
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of Buzzy®, a battery-powered reusable device that provides cold and vibration, in reducing the pain associated with intravenous (IV) cannulation. The investigators will investigate if Buzzy® is as effective as topical lidocaine cream in reducing the pain associated with IV cannulation.
Detailed description
Intravenous (IV) cannulation is a significant source of pediatric pain and distress. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that pain from IV cannulation is a significant source of pediatric pain and distress with effects far more reaching than the presenting event. When describing worse pain experiences in hospitalized children, IV cannulation pain was found to be second only to pain related to the subject's underlying disease. Practitioners recognize the need to mitigate or decrease pediatric IV cannulation pain and distress in emergency department patients, yet often do not provide the relief measures that are available. The use of topical lidocaine cream has some barriers, including the need to predict the need for the IV, the 30 minute administration time, difficulty in applying and maintaining the cream, the need for a physician's order and nursing to override in the Pyxis machine in order to obtain the medication in a timely manner.
Buzzy® provides a potential alternative to treating pediatric IV cannulation pain in the emergency department (ED), as cold and vibration are quick-acting options for pain relief. If Buzzy® is demonstrated to be as effective or more effective for reducing the pain of IV cannulation it would be an inexpensive and rapid way to provide pain control in accordance to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Pain Society recommendations. The device's actions are based on the Gate Control Theory, whereby cold and vibratory stimulation stimulate large fiber and inhibitory neurons to interrupt nociception. The benefits of Buzzy® include a low cost of $34.99 per reusable device, which could also provide a significant cost savings over the use of single tubes of topical lidocaine cream at a cost of $4.62-12.00 per tube with one or more tubes needed for each patient. Buzzy® does not require a medical order, but must be cleaned according to institution standards and is supplied with either a reusable cold pack or single use cold packs as desired. The commonly voiced concern related to the application of cold causing vasoconstriction has not been borne out in prior studies of Buzzy®.
Self-report of pain is the gold standard in evaluating pediatric pain. For this study we will use the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) for rating self-reported pain in children ages 4-18 years. The FPS-R has been validated and frequently used in pediatric pain studies. The FPS-R consists of 6 cartoon faces that range from a neutral expression ("no pain") to one of very much pain. Using the same faces, children will be asked how much the procedure "hurt" from "no hurt" to "very much hurt". Self-reporting of pain is the primary source of data and a secondary measure of data will be an observational pain scale, the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale. Because anxiety has proven to affect pain ratings, we will also evaluate anxiety using "Child Rating of Anxiety Scale", a visual semantic scale in the form of a thermometer for rating anxiety.
All subjects in this study will develop and implement a coping plan with a Child Life Specialist, including preparation, distraction, and deep breathing. This is standard of care in our ED and applied whenever possible for IV placement procedures. Child Life Specialists prepare subjects and families prior to medical procedures to decrease anxiety and increase understanding. Psychological preparation is aimed to increase a subject and family's control over a situation or procedure. While decreasing anxiety and increasing control, the child can move past the event with a sense of mastery and a low level of distress. Preparation close to the event is important for younger subjects, whereas preparation for older subjects is more beneficial when initiated earlier. The effectiveness of distraction in needle related procedures is well documented in the literature. Distraction involves a supportive care giver (if present) as well as a Certified Child Life Specialist; all attempts are made to focus of child away from the pain of the procedure and when possible the child is permitted to hold the objects and manipulate them prior to the procedure to enhance the utilization of a coping plan.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Buzzy | Experimental | Device: BuzzyIf randomized to Buzzy®, the nurse will demonstrate the cold pack and the device just prior to the IV cannulation procedure. The device will be applied with a Velcro strap 5 centimeters proximal to the site of IV cannulation; it will remain in place until the IV cannula is inserted and secured. All nurses that work during the study hours will be trained on the device prior to beginning the study. Training includes direct one-one training with the device including return demonstration. |
| Topical Lidocaine 4% Cream | Active comparator | Drug: Topical Lidocaine 4% CreamIf randomized to topical lidocaine cream, subjects will have the cream placed on two or more potential IV sites as soon as possible after the consent procedure is complete. These subjects will undergo IV placement no less than 30 minutes after the cream is applied. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 4 to 18 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Subject is aged 4 to 18 years of age
- Subjects will be having a peripheral IV line placed at the discretion of the treating physician for usual care of presenting complaints.
- Physician in charge of the subject is willing to wait the 30 minutes needed for the study preparation
- Subject/caregiver understands English
- Parent or legal guardian has signed Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved informed consent and subject (if age 7 years or older) has given assent
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Subject is critically ill with a triage category of 1
- Subject has a condition that precludes the use of the self-report pain scale
- Subject has an abrasion, infection or break in skin in the area where Buzzy® would be placed
- Nerve damage is present in the extremity for planned IV placement
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| BuzzyCold, Vibrational Device | Device | Buzzy |
| Topical Lidocaine 4% CreamAlso: AneCream™; Anestacon®; Dalcaine®; L-M-X™4; Xylocaine®Applied to anticipated IV site at least 30 minutes prior to cannulation. | Drug | Topical Lidocaine 4% Cream |
Primary outcome
Change From Baseline in Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) at 30 Minutes After IV Cannulation
Time frame: Baseline and 30 minutes
The Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) is numerical self-report measure of pain intensity developed for children to score the sensation of pain from 0-10. Pictures of 6 cartoon faces ranging from neutral expression of "no pain" (0) to "very much pain" (10).
1 secondary outcome
Comparison of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale (FLACC) Score Immediately After IV Cannulation Between Groups
Time frame: Up to 5 minutes after IV Cannulation
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 16 Sep 2016.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 19920721Baxter AL, Leong T, Mathew B. External thermomechanical stimulation versus vapocoolant for adult venipuncture pain: pilot data on a novel device. Clin J Pain. 2009 Oct;25(8):705-10. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181af1236.
- Background: PubMed 18978006Kennedy RM, Luhmann J, Zempsky WT. Clinical implications of unmanaged needle-insertion pain and distress in children. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122 Suppl 3:S130-3. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-1055e.
- Background: PubMed 11533354American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2001 Sep;108(3):793-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.3.793.
- Background: PubMed 9251995Cummings EA, Reid GJ, Finley AG, McGrath PJ, Ritchie JA. Prevalence and source of pain in pediatric inpatients. Pain. 1996 Nov;68(1):25-31. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03163-6.
- Background: PubMed 15039693Rupp T, Delaney KA. Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Apr;43(4):494-503. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.11.019.
- Background: PubMed 5320816Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965 Nov 19;150(3699):971-9. doi: 10.1126/science.150.3699.971. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 17164100Vanderah TW. Pathophysiology of pain. Med Clin North Am. 2007 Jan;91(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2006.10.006.
- Background: PubMed 11427329Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001 Aug;93(2):173-183. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1.
- Background: PubMed 16545670Kleiber C, McCarthy AM. Evaluating instruments for a study on children's responses to a painful procedure when parents are distraction coaches. J Pediatr Nurs. 2006 Apr;21(2):99-107. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2005.06.008.
- Background: PubMed 18613934Nilsson S, Finnstrom B, Kokinsky E. The FLACC behavioral scale for procedural pain assessment in children aged 5-16 years. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008 Aug;18(8):767-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02655.x.
- Background: PubMed 18978007Cohen LL. Behavioral approaches to anxiety and pain management for pediatric venous access. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122 Suppl 3:S134-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-1055f.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Joel Fein, MD, MPH principal investigator
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Debra Potts, MSN, RN study director
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2 study testing Buzzy and Topical Lidocaine 4% Cream in people with Pain and Anxiety, run by Children's Hospital of Philadelphia at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 16 Sep 2016. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 15 May 2015). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change From Baseline in Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) at 30 Minutes After IV Cannulation (time frame: Baseline and 30 minutes). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01394250, which also lists 11 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 16 Sep 2016.