Visual DependenceNCT07918599
Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic Stimulation Added to Neuromuscular Training in Basketball Players
A study testing Neuromuscular Training and Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic Stimulation in people with Visual Dependence and Postural Control, run by Bahçeşehir University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This study will investigate whether adding virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation to neuromuscular training improves jump-landing movements, balance, and performance during a visually cued movement task in basketball players. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 16 to 35 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Visual Dependence, Postural Control, Jump-Landing Biomechanics
- What is being tested?
- Neuromuscular Training and Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic Stimulation
- Type of treatment
- Medical device, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 42 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- Nov 2026to Nov 2027
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 16 to 35 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Aged 16-35 years.
- Body mass index of 18.5-25 kg/m².
- Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) score of at least 6.
- A licensed basketball player at a club actively competing at the second-league level.
- At least three years of regular basketball playing and training experience.
- Participation in regular basketball training at least three days per week, with each session lasting at least one hour.
Show all 9Show fewer
- A System Usability Scale (SUS) classification of A+ for the virtual reality system, corresponding to the 96th-100th percentile range.
- No trunk or lower-extremity injury within the previous six months.
- Willingness to provide written informed consent. For participants younger than 18 years, parental or legal guardian consent and participant assent will also be obtained.
Who cannot join
- More than two weeks away from sport due to a lower-extremity injury within the previous six months.
- A history of lower-extremity fracture, dislocation, or surgery resulting in functional limitations.
- A congenital or acquired musculoskeletal abnormality that may affect lower-extremity biomechanics.
- Inability to perform the study tasks safely because of a visual, auditory, vestibular, or neurological disorder.
- A history of migraine, epilepsy, severe motion sickness, or concussion within the previous six months.
- Participation in vestibular rehabilitation or a structured neuromuscular injury-prevention program within the previous six months.
- Cybersickness symptoms severe enough to prevent tolerance of the virtual reality intervention.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Motion Analysis Laboratory
Istanbul, 34022
Büşra Tamgüç, 05313373355, busra.tamguc.9@gmail.com
About this study
Official title: Comparison of the Effects of Optokinetic Stimulation Added to a Neuromuscular Training Program on Jump-Landing Biomechanics, Visual Dependence, and Reactive Transfer Performance
This study will investigate whether adding virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation to neuromuscular training improves jump-landing movements, balance, and performance during a visually cued movement task in basketball players. Optokinetic stimulation involves watching moving visual patterns through a virtual reality headset. Neuromuscular training includes strength, balance, and jumping and landing exercises.
Forty-two licensed basketball players aged 16-35 years will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: usual team training alone (control group), neuromuscular training in addition to usual team training, or virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation followed by neuromuscular training in addition to usual team training. The additional training will be provided three times per week for six weeks.
Assessments will be performed before and after the six-week program. The main outcome will be the maximum amount of knee bending during landing. Other assessments will examine landing forces, lower-limb movements, body movement, standing balance, and reliance on vision for balance. At the end of the program, participants will also complete a jump-landing task in response to colored lights to assess whether movement strategies are maintained under additional cognitive demands.
Read the detailed description
Basketball involves repeated jumping, landing, and rapid changes in movement. These activities require coordination of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information. Neuromuscular training may improve movement control, while the additional contribution of virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation to landing biomechanics and sensory integration will be investigated in this study.
This prospective, three-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial will compare usual team training, additional neuromuscular training, and virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation combined with the same neuromuscular training program. All participants will continue their usual team training throughout the study.
The neuromuscular training program will progressively incorporate strength, balance, proximal control, and plyometric exercises. In the combined intervention group, optokinetic stimulation will be delivered immediately before each neuromuscular training session using a virtual reality headset. Participants will visually track moving targets while keeping their head and trunk as still as possible. Visual stimulus speed, exposure duration, and postural difficulty will increase progressively over six weeks. Symptoms associated with virtual reality exposure will be monitored throughout the intervention.
Standardized drop vertical jump assessments will be performed using a force platform and an inertial motion capture system. Peak knee flexion angle during the landing deceleration phase will be the primary outcome. Additional measurements will characterize landing kinetics, lower-limb kinematics, center-of-mass movement, and tibial acceleration.
Standing balance will be assessed in tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Center-of-pressure measurements and eyes-closed-to-eyes-open ratios will be used to characterize postural stability and visual dependence.
At the six-week assessment only, a reactive transfer task will require participants to perform the drop vertical jump in response to a predetermined target color and withhold movement in response to other colors. Biomechanical measurements from this task will be compared with those from the standard task to examine the maintenance of movement strategies under additional cognitive demands.
- Being tested
- Neuromuscular Training, Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic Stimulation
- Keywords
- Optokinetic Stimulation, Virtual Reality, Neuromuscular Training, Basketball, Drop Vertical Jump, Reactive Transfer
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Neuromuscular TrainingBehavioural
Also called NMT
Supervised neuromuscular training will be delivered three times per week for six weeks (18 sessions), in addition to usual basketball team training. Each session will last approximately 25-30 minutes and include strength, balance, proximal control, and plyometric exercises. Exercises will progress from bilateral squats, walking lunges, single-leg balance, and drop landings to single-leg squats, drop jumps, single-leg countermovement jumps, and single-leg standing long jumps. Exercises will be performed in 3-4 sets, with 60-90 seconds of rest between sets. Exercise difficulty and repetitions will progress according to the weekly protocol.
Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic StimulationDevice
Also called VR-OKS
Optokinetic stimulation will be delivered using a Meta Quest 3S headset and custom Unity software immediately before neuromuscular training, three times per week for six weeks. Participants will track moving balloons with their eyes while keeping their head and trunk as still as possible. Weekly progression will be: week 1, seated, 20 degrees/s, 3 x 30 s; week 2, standing with feet together, 20 degrees/s, 3 x 60 s; week 3, semi-tandem stance, 30 degrees/s, 3 x 90 s; week 4, tandem stance, 40 degrees/s, 3 x 120 s; week 5, tandem stance, 50 degrees/s, 3 x 150 s; week 6, tandem stance, 60 degrees/s, 3 x 180 s. Clockwise and counterclockwise motion will be presented for equal durations. Background rotation speed will be twice the balloon speed. Symptoms will be monitored using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, with exposure adjusted according to tolerance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group | No intervention | Participants will continue their usual basketball team training for six weeks. No additional neuromuscular training or virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation will be provided as part of the study. |
| Neuromuscular Training Group | Active comparator | Participants will continue their usual basketball team training and additionally receive supervised neuromuscular training three times per week for six weeks, totaling 18 sessions. Each session will last approximately 25-30 minutes and include progressively advanced strength, balance, proximal control, and plyometric exercises targeting jump-landing mechanics. Receives: Behavioral: Neuromuscular Training |
| VR-Based Optokinetic Stimulation Group | Experimental | Participants will continue their usual basketball team training and receive the same supervised neuromuscular training program as the active comparator group, three times per week for six weeks, totaling 18 sessions. Immediately before each neuromuscular training session, participants will receive virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation. Visual stimulus speed, exposure duration, and postural difficulty will increase progressively over the six-week intervention. Receives: Behavioral: Neuromuscular Training; Device: Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic Stimulation |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Peak Knee Flexion Angle During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak knee flexion angle of the dominant limb will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda inertial motion capture system during a standardized drop vertical jump from a 30-cm box. The peak angle will be identified during the landing deceleration phase, from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion. Initial contact will be determined using synchronized force-platform data. The dominant limb will be defined as the preferred leg for kicking a ball. Three successful trials will be recorded at each assessment. Change from baseline to the end of the six-week intervention will be evaluated.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Secondary outcomes (24)
Change in Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak vertical ground reaction force will be measured using a Bertec force platform sampling at 1000 Hz during the standardized drop vertical jump. Initial contact will be defined as the first instant at which filtered vertical ground reaction force exceeds 10 N. Peak force will be identified as the maximum vertical ground reaction force within the first 0.20 seconds after initial contact and normalized to body weight, expressed in multiples of body weight. Three successful trials will be recorded at each assessment. Change from baseline to the end of the six-week intervention will be evaluated.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Time to Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
The time interval between initial ground contact and peak vertical ground reaction force will be measured in seconds using a Bertec force platform sampling at 1000 Hz during the standardized drop vertical jump. Initial contact will be defined as the first instant at which filtered vertical ground reaction force exceeds 10 N. Peak vertical ground reaction force will be identified within the first 0.20 seconds after initial contact. Three successful trials will be recorded at each assessment. Change from baseline to the end of the six-week intervention will be evaluated.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Landing Load Absorption Duration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Landing load absorption duration will be measured in seconds as the time interval between peak vertical ground reaction force and maximum knee flexion of the dominant limb during the standardized drop vertical jump. Peak vertical ground reaction force will be identified within the first 0.20 seconds after initial contact using a Bertec force platform. Maximum knee flexion will be identified using synchronized Xsens MVN Awinda motion capture data. The dominant limb will be defined as the preferred leg for kicking a ball. Three successful trials will be recorded at each assessment. Change from baseline to the end of the six-week intervention will be evaluated.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Hip Flexion Range of Motion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Hip flexion range of motion will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system, from initial ground contact to the instant of maximum dominant-knee flexion during the standardized drop vertical jump. Bilateral measurements will be calculated within the same analysis window.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Knee Flexion Range of Motion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Knee flexion range of motion will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system, from initial ground contact to the instant of maximum dominant-knee flexion during the standardized drop vertical jump. Bilateral measurements will be calculated within the same analysis window.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system, from initial ground contact to the instant of maximum dominant-knee flexion during the standardized drop vertical jump. Bilateral measurements will be calculated within the same analysis window.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Time to Peak Knee Flexion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
The interval from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion of the dominant limb will be measured in seconds using synchronized Bertec force-platform and Xsens MVN Awinda data during the standardized drop vertical jump.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Knee Valgus Angle During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak dominant-knee valgus angle will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system during the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Valgus will be defined as the maximum positive value of the dominant-knee abduction/adduction angle.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Resultant Tibial Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak resultant tibial acceleration will be calculated from the three-axis free-acceleration signals of the lower-leg sensors of the Xsens MVN Awinda system during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Acceleration will be expressed in meters per second squared.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Romberg Sway Area Ratio
Visual dependence will be assessed using the ratio of eyes-closed to eyes-open center-of-pressure sway area measured with a Bertec force platform during tandem stance. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. The ratio is dimensionless, with higher values indicating greater reliance on vision for postural control.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Romberg Sway Velocity Ratio
Visual dependence will be assessed using the ratio of eyes-closed to eyes-open mean center-of-pressure velocity measured with a Bertec force platform during tandem stance. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. The ratio is dimensionless, with higher values indicating greater reliance on vision for postural control.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Center-of-Pressure Sway Area During Tandem Stance
Center-of-pressure sway area will be measured using a Bertec force platform during tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. Results will be reported separately for each visual condition in square centimeters.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Center-of-Pressure Total Path Length During Tandem Stance
Total center-of-pressure path length will be measured using a Bertec force platform during tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. Results will be reported separately for each visual condition in centimeters.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Mean Center-of-Pressure Velocity During Tandem Stance
Mean center-of-pressure velocity will be measured using a Bertec force platform during tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Two 30-second trials will be performed under each condition. Results will be reported separately for each visual condition in centimeters per second.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Anterior-Posterior Center-of-Mass Velocity During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak anterior-posterior center-of-mass velocity will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Velocity will be expressed in meters per second.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Medial-Lateral Center-of-Mass Velocity During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak medial-lateral center-of-mass velocity will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Velocity will be expressed in meters per second.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Vertical Center-of-Mass Velocity During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak vertical center-of-mass velocity will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Velocity will be expressed in meters per second.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Anterior-Posterior Center-of-Mass Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak anterior-posterior center-of-mass acceleration will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Acceleration will be expressed in meters per second squared.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Medial-Lateral Center-of-Mass Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak medial-lateral center-of-mass acceleration will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Acceleration will be expressed in meters per second squared.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Vertical Center-of-Mass Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Peak vertical center-of-mass acceleration will be obtained from Xsens MVN Awinda data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Acceleration will be expressed in meters per second squared.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Anterior-Posterior Center-of-Mass Displacement During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Anterior-posterior center-of-mass displacement will be calculated from Xsens MVN Awinda position data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Displacement will be expressed in meters.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Medial-Lateral Center-of-Mass Displacement During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Medial-lateral center-of-mass displacement will be calculated from Xsens MVN Awinda position data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Displacement will be expressed in meters.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Vertical Center-of-Mass Displacement During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Vertical center-of-mass displacement will be calculated from Xsens MVN Awinda position data during landing load absorption, defined as the interval from peak vertical ground reaction force to maximum dominant-knee flexion. Displacement will be expressed in meters.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Peak Knee Flexion Angle During the Reactive Drop Vertical Jump Task
Peak dominant-knee flexion angle will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda system during a visually cued drop vertical jump. Participants will perform the task when a predetermined target color appears on the BlazePod system and withhold movement for other colors. Five successful trials will be recorded. Peak knee flexion will be identified during the landing deceleration phase, from initial ground contact to maximum dominant-knee flexion.
Measured: Immediately after the six-week intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted5 Nov 2026
- Study startNov 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completionNov 2027 (estimated)
- Study completionNov 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Visual DependenceStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 42 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Bahçeşehir University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Büşra Tamgüç, Bahçeşehir University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07918599
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 61351342/020-2509
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 31 Oct 2026
- Last updated
- 5 Nov 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: There are no plans to share individual participant data with other researchers. Study findings will be disseminated through aggregate results in scientific publications and presentations.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 5 Nov 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparison of the Effects of Optokinetic Stimulation Added to a Neuromuscular Training Program on Jump-Landing Biomechanics, Visual Dependence, and Reactive Transfer Performance
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07918599
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 61351342/020-2509
- Keywords
- Optokinetic Stimulation, Virtual Reality, Neuromuscular Training, Basketball, Drop Vertical Jump, Reactive Transfer
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 42 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Bahçeşehir UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Nov 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- Nov 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Nov 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 5 Nov 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will investigate whether adding virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation to neuromuscular training improves jump-landing movements, balance, and performance during a visually cued movement task in basketball players. Optokinetic stimulation involves watching moving visual patterns through a virtual reality headset. Neuromuscular training includes strength, balance, and jumping and landing exercises.
Forty-two licensed basketball players aged 16-35 years will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: usual team training alone (control group), neuromuscular training in addition to usual team training, or virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation followed by neuromuscular training in addition to usual team training. The additional training will be provided three times per week for six weeks.
Assessments will be performed before and after the six-week program. The main outcome will be the maximum amount of knee bending during landing. Other assessments will examine landing forces, lower-limb movements, body movement, standing balance, and reliance on vision for balance. At the end of the program, participants will also complete a jump-landing task in response to colored lights to assess whether movement strategies are maintained under additional cognitive demands.
Detailed description
Basketball involves repeated jumping, landing, and rapid changes in movement. These activities require coordination of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information. Neuromuscular training may improve movement control, while the additional contribution of virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation to landing biomechanics and sensory integration will be investigated in this study.
This prospective, three-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial will compare usual team training, additional neuromuscular training, and virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation combined with the same neuromuscular training program. All participants will continue their usual team training throughout the study.
The neuromuscular training program will progressively incorporate strength, balance, proximal control, and plyometric exercises. In the combined intervention group, optokinetic stimulation will be delivered immediately before each neuromuscular training session using a virtual reality headset. Participants will visually track moving targets while keeping their head and trunk as still as possible. Visual stimulus speed, exposure duration, and postural difficulty will increase progressively over six weeks. Symptoms associated with virtual reality exposure will be monitored throughout the intervention.
Standardized drop vertical jump assessments will be performed using a force platform and an inertial motion capture system. Peak knee flexion angle during the landing deceleration phase will be the primary outcome. Additional measurements will characterize landing kinetics, lower-limb kinematics, center-of-mass movement, and tibial acceleration.
Standing balance will be assessed in tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Center-of-pressure measurements and eyes-closed-to-eyes-open ratios will be used to characterize postural stability and visual dependence.
At the six-week assessment only, a reactive transfer task will require participants to perform the drop vertical jump in response to a predetermined target color and withhold movement in response to other colors. Biomechanical measurements from this task will be compared with those from the standard task to examine the maintenance of movement strategies under additional cognitive demands.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group | No intervention | –Participants will continue their usual basketball team training for six weeks. No additional neuromuscular training or virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation will be provided as part of the study. |
| Neuromuscular Training Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Neuromuscular TrainingParticipants will continue their usual basketball team training and additionally receive supervised neuromuscular training three times per week for six weeks, totaling 18 sessions. Each session will last approximately 25-30 minutes and include progressively advanced strength, balance, proximal control, and plyometric exercises targeting jump-landing mechanics. |
| VR-Based Optokinetic Stimulation Group | Experimental | Behavioral: Neuromuscular Training, Device: Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic StimulationParticipants will continue their usual basketball team training and receive the same supervised neuromuscular training program as the active comparator group, three times per week for six weeks, totaling 18 sessions. Immediately before each neuromuscular training session, participants will receive virtual reality-based optokinetic stimulation. Visual stimulus speed, exposure duration, and postural difficulty will increase progressively over the six-week intervention. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 16 to 35 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Aged 16-35 years.
- Body mass index of 18.5-25 kg/m².
- Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) score of at least 6.
- A licensed basketball player at a club actively competing at the second-league level.
- At least three years of regular basketball playing and training experience.
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- More than two weeks away from sport due to a lower-extremity injury within the previous six months.
- A history of lower-extremity fracture, dislocation, or surgery resulting in functional limitations.
- A congenital or acquired musculoskeletal abnormality that may affect lower-extremity biomechanics.
- Inability to perform the study tasks safely because of a visual, auditory, vestibular, or neurological disorder.
- A history of migraine, epilepsy, severe motion sickness, or concussion within the previous six months.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Neuromuscular TrainingAlso: NMTSupervised neuromuscular training will be delivered three times per week for six weeks (18 sessions), in addition to usual basketball team training. Each session will last approximately 25-30 minutes and include strength, balance, proximal control, and plyometric exercises. Exercises will progress from bilateral squats, walking lunges, single-leg balance, and drop landings to single-leg squats, drop jumps, single-leg countermovement jumps, and single-leg standing long jumps. Exercises will be performed in 3-4 sets, with 60-90 seconds of rest between sets. Exercise difficulty and repetitions will progress according to the weekly protocol. | Behavioural | Neuromuscular Training Group, VR-Based Optokinetic Stimulation Group |
| Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic StimulationAlso: VR-OKSOptokinetic stimulation will be delivered using a Meta Quest 3S headset and custom Unity software immediately before neuromuscular training, three times per week for six weeks. Participants will track moving balloons with their eyes while keeping their head and trunk as still as possible. Weekly progression will be: week 1, seated, 20 degrees/s, 3 x 30 s; week 2, standing with feet together, 20 degrees/s, 3 x 60 s; week 3, semi-tandem stance, 30 degrees/s, 3 x 90 s; week 4, tandem stance, 40 degrees/s, 3 x 120 s; week 5, tandem stance, 50 degrees/s, 3 x 150 s; week 6, tandem stance, 60 degrees/s, 3 x 180 s. Clockwise and counterclockwise motion will be presented for equal durations. Background rotation speed will be twice the balloon speed. Symptoms will be monitored using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, with exposure adjusted according to tolerance. | Device | VR-Based Optokinetic Stimulation Group |
Primary outcome
Change in Peak Knee Flexion Angle During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Peak knee flexion angle of the dominant limb will be measured in degrees using the Xsens MVN Awinda inertial motion capture system during a standardized drop vertical jump from a 30-cm box. The peak angle will be identified during the landing deceleration phase, from initial ground contact to maximum knee flexion. Initial contact will be determined using synchronized force-platform data. The dominant limb will be defined as the preferred leg for kicking a ball. Three successful trials will be recorded at each assessment. Change from baseline to the end of the six-week intervention will be evaluated.
24 secondary outcomes
Change in Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Time to Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Landing Load Absorption Duration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Hip Flexion Range of Motion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Knee Flexion Range of Motion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Time to Peak Knee Flexion During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Knee Valgus Angle During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Resultant Tibial Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Romberg Sway Area Ratio
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Romberg Sway Velocity Ratio
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Center-of-Pressure Sway Area During Tandem Stance
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Center-of-Pressure Total Path Length During Tandem Stance
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Mean Center-of-Pressure Velocity During Tandem Stance
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Anterior-Posterior Center-of-Mass Velocity During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Medial-Lateral Center-of-Mass Velocity During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Vertical Center-of-Mass Velocity During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Anterior-Posterior Center-of-Mass Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Medial-Lateral Center-of-Mass Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Peak Vertical Center-of-Mass Acceleration During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Anterior-Posterior Center-of-Mass Displacement During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Medial-Lateral Center-of-Mass Displacement During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Change in Vertical Center-of-Mass Displacement During Drop Vertical Jump Landing
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention
Peak Knee Flexion Angle During the Reactive Drop Vertical Jump Task
Time frame: Immediately after the six-week intervention
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 5 Nov 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. There are no plans to share individual participant data with other researchers. Study findings will be disseminated through aggregate results in scientific publications and presentations.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Neuromuscular Training and Virtual Reality-Based Optokinetic Stimulation in people with Visual Dependence and Postural Control, run by Bahçeşehir University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 5 Nov 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Büşra Tamgüç, PT, MSc (+905313373355, busra.tamguc.9@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Peak Knee Flexion Angle During Drop Vertical Jump Landing (time frame: Baseline and immediately after the six-week intervention). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 5 Nov 2026.