Athletic PerformanceHIIT-ALPNCT07904481
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Physiological Responses in Alpine Skiers
A study testing High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength Training in people with Athletic Performance, run by TUNC ILCIN at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory responses in alpine skiing athletes. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 16 to 22 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Athletic Performance
- What is being tested?
- High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength Training
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 40 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 11 Jun 2026to 10 Oct 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 16 to 22 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years.
- Active participation in regular alpine skiing training.
- Willingness to participate in the 12-week training program.
- Ability to complete the Wingate anaerobic test and maximal treadmill exercise test.
- Provision of informed consent (and parental or legal guardian consent for participants under 18 years of age, where applicable).
Who cannot join
- - Presence of cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, or musculoskeletal conditions that contraindicate high-intensity exercise.
- Recent injury or illness preventing participation in training or performance testing.
- Inability to complete the planned training program or exercise tests.
- Failure to provide the required informed consent.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effects of a 12-Week High-Intensity Interval Training Program on Anaerobic Performance and Cardiorespiratory Responses in Alpine Skiers
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory responses in alpine skiing athletes. The study included 40 male alpine skiers aged 16-22 years residing in Bitlis, Türkiye, with 20 participants in the experimental group and 20 in the control group.
Throughout the study, all participants continued similar regular alpine skiing training programs to control for potential differences in training volume and fitness levels. Considering the competition schedule, the intervention period was designed to last 12 weeks. During this period, the experimental group performed high-intensity interval training twice per week in addition to their regular skiing training, while the control group continued their regular training program. Exercise intensity during HIIT sessions was maintained at 85-95% of the athletes' maximum heart rate.
Read more
Cardiorespiratory performance was evaluated using a maximal exercise test to assess maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), respiratory quotient (RQ), maximum heart rate (HRmax), and oxygen uptake per heartbeat (VO₂/HR). Anaerobic performance was assessed using the Wingate anaerobic power test, including peak power, average power, minimum power, power drop, and total energy output.
The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality. Paired-samples t-tests were used for within-group pretest-posttest comparisons, while independent-samples t-tests were used for between-group comparisons. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05.
The study was designed to evaluate the potential contribution of a 12-week HIIT program to anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory adaptations in alpine skiing athletes.
Keywords: Alpine skiing, high-intensity interval training, anaerobic power, VO₂max.
Read the detailed description
- Research Design This study was designed as a randomized controlled experimental trial to investigate the effects of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory responses in male alpine skiing athletes. The study involved two groups: an experimental group receiving additional HIIT and a control group continuing regular alpine skiing training. Baseline assessments were conducted one week before the training intervention, and post-intervention assessments were performed one week after completion of the training program. Both groups maintained comparable regular skiing training schedules throughout the intervention period.
- Participants A total of 40 male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years residing in Bitlis, Türkiye, participated in the study. Participants were recruited from local skiing clubs and allocated to an experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The inclusion criteria were participation in national or regional alpine skiing competitions, regular involvement in alpine skiing training, and no reported cardiovascular disorders or musculoskeletal injuries during the preceding six months. Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.
- Intervention Procedure and Training Protocol The intervention was conducted over 12 weeks. Both groups continued regular alpine skiing training, while the experimental group additionally performed two HIIT sessions per week. The HIIT program was designed according to the progressive overload principle and incorporated exercises targeting lower-limb explosive power, anaerobic capacity, coordination, change-of-direction ability, and skiing-specific movement patterns. Exercise intensity was maintained at 85-95% of each athlete's individual maximum heart rate (HRmax), monitored using a Polar Team2 heart rate monitoring system. Each training session included a standardized warm-up, a main HIIT component, and active recovery intervals. The warm-up consisted of light jogging and dynamic stretching exercises. The main HIIT component included slalom turn simulations, squat jumps, lateral jumps, change-of-direction drills, short-distance accelerations from a skiing start position, and dynamic trunk stabilization exercises. The program incorporated progressive adjustments in exercise duration, repetition structure, and recovery intervals throughout the intervention. 3.1. HIIT Training Progression The 12-week intervention was organized into progressive training phases. During weeks 1-4, participants performed shorter high-intensity exercise intervals emphasizing adaptation to repeated intense efforts and appropriate movement technique. During weeks 5-8, exercise duration and training demands were progressively increased to develop anaerobic capacity and repeated high-intensity exercise tolerance. During weeks 9-12, the training program incorporated longer high-intensity intervals and skiing-specific exercises intended to develop lower-limb power, coordination, and high-intensity exercise capacity. Throughout the intervention, work and recovery periods were adjusted according to the planned training progression, while exercise intensity remained within the prescribed target heart rate range. The control group continued its regular alpine skiing training program without additional HIIT sessions.
- Performance Assessments Anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory responses were assessed before and after the intervention under standardized laboratory conditions. Participants were instructed to avoid strenuous exercise and obtain adequate rest before testing. Testing procedures were conducted consistently across both assessment periods. 4.1. Wingate Anaerobic Test Anaerobic performance was evaluated using a 30-second Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer (Ergomedic 894E, Monark Exercise AB, Sweden). Before the test, participants completed a standardized warm-up consisting of low-intensity cycling followed by brief maximal-effort cycling bouts. The resistance was set at 7.5% of each participant's body mass. Participants were instructed to perform maximal-effort cycling throughout the 30-second test. The recorded parameters included peak power, mean power, minimum power, power drop, and total energy output. 4.2. Maximal Exercise Test Cardiorespiratory performance was assessed using a graded maximal exercise test performed on a treadmill. The test began at a running speed of 7 km/h with a 0% treadmill incline. Running speed was increased by 1 km/h every minute until voluntary exhaustion. Respiratory gas exchange was continuously measured using a metabolic measurement system. The assessed parameters included maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), maximum heart rate (HRmax), respiratory quotient (RQ), and oxygen uptake per heartbeat (VO₂/HR). 4.3. Respiratory Threshold Assessment Respiratory threshold was assessed using the V-slope method. Carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) was plotted against oxygen uptake (VO₂), and changes in the relationship between these variables were examined to identify the respiratory threshold. Respiratory gas exchange parameters were recorded continuously throughout the graded exercise test.
- Statistical Analysis
The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 25). Descriptive statistics included mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of data distributions. Paired-samples t-tests were performed to compare pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements within each group. Independent-samples t-tests were used to compare measurements between the experimental and control groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine relationships between selected physiological and performance variables. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05.
- Conditions
- Athletic Performance
- Being tested
- High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength Training
- Keywords
- High-Intensity Interval Training, Alpine Skiing, Anaerobic Performance Anaerobik performans, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, VO2max, Wingate Anaerobic Test
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)Behavioural
The experimental group performed a 12-week HIIT program twice weekly in addition to regular alpine skiing and strength training. Exercise intensity was targeted at 85-95% of individual maximum heart rate (HRmax), monitored using a Polar Team2 device. The protocol consisted of two sets, progressing from 6 to 10 repetitions per set over 12 weeks. Each repetition involved 20 seconds of high-intensity exercise followed by 10 seconds of active recovery, with one minute of active rest between sets. Exercises included slalom turn simulations, squat jumps, lateral jumps, change-of-direction drills, short-distance accelerations, and dynamic trunk stabilization. The control group continued regular training without additional HIIT.
Metni kopyala
Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength TrainingBehavioural
The participants performed regular alpine skiing training four days per week and general strength training one day per week throughout the 12-week study period. This training program was applied to both the experimental and control groups. The control group did not receive any additional high-intensity interval training (HIIT).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| HIIT Experimental Group | Experimental | The experimental group consisted of 20 male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years. Participants continued their regular alpine skiing training four days per week and general strength training one day per week. In addition, they performed a structured high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program twice per week for 12 weeks. Exercise intensity was targeted at 85-95% of individual maximum heart rate (HRmax). The HIIT protocol consisted of 20-second high-intensity exercise intervals followed by 10 seconds of active recovery, with one minute of active rest between sets. Training volume progressively increased from 2 × 6 to 2 × 10 repetitions. Receives: Behavioral: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT); Behavioral: Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength Training |
| Control Group | Active comparator | The control group consisted of 20 male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years. Participants continued their regular alpine skiing training four days per week and general strength training one day per week throughout the 12-week study period. No additional high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention was administered to this group. Receives: Behavioral: Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Peak Anaerobic Power
Peak anaerobic power was assessed using the 30-second Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer (Monark Ergomedic 894E). The highest power output achieved during the test was recorded in watts (W). Changes from baseline to post-intervention were evaluated.
Measured: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Change in Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured using a progressive maximal treadmill exercise test. VO2max was expressed in milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute (mL/kg/min). Changes between baseline and post-intervention measurements were evaluated to assess the effects of the 12-week HIIT program on cardiorespiratory fitness.
Measured: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Change in Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax)
Maximum heart rate (HRmax) was measured during a progressive maximal treadmill exercise test. HRmax was recorded in beats per minute (bpm). Changes between baseline and post-intervention measurements were evaluated to assess the effects of the 12-week HIIT program on cardiovascular responses in alpine skiing athletes.
Measured: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Change in Total Energy Output
Total energy output was assessed using the 30-second Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer (Monark Ergomedic 894E). Total energy output was calculated as the cumulative mechanical work performed during the 30-second test and expressed in joules (J). Changes between baseline and post-intervention measurements were evaluated to determine the effects of the 12-week HIIT program on anaerobic performance. Kopyala
Measured: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Secondary outcomes (2)
Change in Power Drop
Power drop was assessed using the 30-second Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer (Monark Ergomedic 894E). Power drop was calculated as the percentage decrease from peak power to minimum power during the test and expressed as a percentage (%). Changes between baseline and post-intervention measurements were evaluated to determine the effects of the 12-week HIIT program on anaerobic fatigue and performance.
Measured: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Change in Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) Kopyala
Maximum heart rate (HRmax) was measured during a progressive maximal treadmill exercise test. The highest heart rate recorded during the test was accepted as HRmax and expressed in beats per minute (bpm). Changes in HRmax between baseline and post-intervention assessments were evaluated to investigate the effects of the 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on cardiovascular responses in alpine skiing athletes.
Measured: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted29 Oct 2026
- Study start11 Jun 2026
- Primary completion11 Sep 2026
- Study completion10 Oct 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Athletic PerformanceStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups. A total of 40 male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=20) or a control group (n=20). Both groups continued their regular alpine skiing and strength training programs for 12 weeks. In addition, the experimental group performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) twice per week at 85-95% of their maximum heart rate. The control group did not receive additional HIIT. Anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory responses were assessed before and after the intervention.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- TUNC ILCIN
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, TUNC ILCIN, Bitlis Eren University
- Investigators
- TUNÇ İLÇİN, Ph.D./Assistant Professor, Principal investigator, Bitlis Eren University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07904481
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- HIIT-ALP-2026-001
- Acronym
- HIIT-ALP
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 22 Oct 2026
- Last updated
- 29 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data (IPD) will not be publicly shared to protect participant confidentiality and privacy. Only aggregated and anonymized study results will be reported in scientific publications.
Publications
Yang Q, Wang J, Guan D. Comparison of different interval training methods on athletes' oxygen uptake: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Jul 2;17(1):156. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01191-6.
PubMed 40605061Wiesinger HP, Stoggl TL, Haller N, Blumkaitis J, Strepp T, Kilzer F, Schmuttermair A, Hopkins WG. Meta-analyses of the effects of high-intensity interval training in elite athletes-part I: mean effects on various performance measures. Front Physiol. 2025 Jan 3;15:1486526. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1486526. eCollection 2024.
PubMed 39830026Matzka M, Lenk M, Meixner B, Sperlich B. Meta-analysis of high-intensity interval training and alternative modalities for enhancing aerobic and anaerobic endurance in young athletes. Physiol Rep. 2025 Oct;13(19):e70598. doi: 10.14814/phy2.70598.
PubMed 41047659Finkenzeller T, Burberg T, Kranzinger S, Harbour E, Snyder C, Wurth S, Amesberger G. Effects of physical stress in alpine skiing on psychological, physiological, and biomechanical parameters: An individual approach. Front Sports Act Living. 2022 Oct 10;4:971137. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.971137. eCollection 2022.
PubMed 36299402Laursen PB, Jenkins DG. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training: optimising training programmes and maximising performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sports Med. 2002;32(1):53-73. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200232010-00003.
PubMed 11772161Breil FA, Weber SN, Koller S, Hoppeler H, Vogt M. Block training periodization in alpine skiing: effects of 11-day HIT on VO2max and performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Aug;109(6):1077-86. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1455-1. Epub 2010 Apr 4.
PubMed 20364385Bar-Or O. The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Med. 1987 Nov-Dec;4(6):381-94. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001. No abstract available.
PubMed 3324256
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 29 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of a 12-Week High-Intensity Interval Training Program on Anaerobic Performance and Cardiorespiratory Responses in Alpine Skiers
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07904481
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HIIT-ALP / HIIT-ALP-2026-001
- Conditions
- Athletic Performance
- Keywords
- High-Intensity Interval Training, Alpine Skiing, Anaerobic Performance Anaerobik performans, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, VO2max, Wingate Anaerobic Test
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- TUNC ILCINUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 11 Jun 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 11 Sep 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 10 Oct 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 29 Oct 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory responses in alpine skiing athletes. The study included 40 male alpine skiers aged 16-22 years residing in Bitlis, Türkiye, with 20 participants in the experimental group and 20 in the control group.
Throughout the study, all participants continued similar regular alpine skiing training programs to control for potential differences in training volume and fitness levels. Considering the competition schedule, the intervention period was designed to last 12 weeks. During this period, the experimental group performed high-intensity interval training twice per week in addition to their regular skiing training, while the control group continued their regular training program. Exercise intensity during HIIT sessions was maintained at 85-95% of the athletes' maximum heart rate.
Cardiorespiratory performance was evaluated using a maximal exercise test to assess maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), respiratory quotient (RQ), maximum heart rate (HRmax), and oxygen uptake per heartbeat (VO₂/HR). Anaerobic performance was assessed using the Wingate anaerobic power test, including peak power, average power, minimum power, power drop, and total energy output.
The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality. Paired-samples t-tests were used for within-group pretest-posttest comparisons, while independent-samples t-tests were used for between-group comparisons. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05.
The study was designed to evaluate the potential contribution of a 12-week HIIT program to anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory adaptations in alpine skiing athletes.
Keywords: Alpine skiing, high-intensity interval training, anaerobic power, VO₂max.
Detailed description
- Research Design This study was designed as a randomized controlled experimental trial to investigate the effects of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory responses in male alpine skiing athletes. The study involved two groups: an experimental group receiving additional HIIT and a control group continuing regular alpine skiing training. Baseline assessments were conducted one week before the training intervention, and post-intervention assessments were performed one week after completion of the training program. Both groups maintained comparable regular skiing training schedules throughout the intervention period.
- Participants A total of 40 male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years residing in Bitlis, Türkiye, participated in the study. Participants were recruited from local skiing clubs and allocated to an experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The inclusion criteria were participation in national or regional alpine skiing competitions, regular involvement in alpine skiing training, and no reported cardiovascular disorders or musculoskeletal injuries during the preceding six months. Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.
- Intervention Procedure and Training Protocol The intervention was conducted over 12 weeks. Both groups continued regular alpine skiing training, while the experimental group additionally performed two HIIT sessions per week. The HIIT program was designed according to the progressive overload principle and incorporated exercises targeting lower-limb explosive power, anaerobic capacity, coordination, change-of-direction ability, and skiing-specific movement patterns. Exercise intensity was maintained at 85-95% of each athlete's individual maximum heart rate (HRmax), monitored using a Polar Team2 heart rate monitoring system. Each training session included a standardized warm-up, a main HIIT component, and active recovery intervals. The warm-up consisted of light jogging and dynamic stretching exercises. The main HIIT component included slalom turn simulations, squat jumps, lateral jumps, change-of-direction drills, short-distance accelerations from a skiing start position, and dynamic trunk stabilization exercises. The program incorporated progressive adjustments in exercise duration, repetition structure, and recovery intervals throughout the intervention. 3.1. HIIT Training Progression The 12-week intervention was organized into progressive training phases. During weeks 1-4, participants performed shorter high-intensity exercise intervals emphasizing adaptation to repeated intense efforts and appropriate movement technique. During weeks 5-8, exercise duration and training demands were progressively increased to develop anaerobic capacity and repeated high-intensity exercise tolerance. During weeks 9-12, the training program incorporated longer high-intensity intervals and skiing-specific exercises intended to develop lower-limb power, coordination, and high-intensity exercise capacity. Throughout the intervention, work and recovery periods were adjusted according to the planned training progression, while exercise intensity remained within the prescribed target heart rate range. The control group continued its regular alpine skiing training program without additional HIIT sessions.
- Performance Assessments Anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory responses were assessed before and after the intervention under standardized laboratory conditions. Participants were instructed to avoid strenuous exercise and obtain adequate rest before testing. Testing procedures were conducted consistently across both assessment periods. 4.1. Wingate Anaerobic Test Anaerobic performance was evaluated using a 30-second Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer (Ergomedic 894E, Monark Exercise AB, Sweden). Before the test, participants completed a standardized warm-up consisting of low-intensity cycling followed by brief maximal-effort cycling bouts. The resistance was set at 7.5% of each participant's body mass. Participants were instructed to perform maximal-effort cycling throughout the 30-second test. The recorded parameters included peak power, mean power, minimum power, power drop, and total energy output. 4.2. Maximal Exercise Test Cardiorespiratory performance was assessed using a graded maximal exercise test performed on a treadmill. The test began at a running speed of 7 km/h with a 0% treadmill incline. Running speed was increased by 1 km/h every minute until voluntary exhaustion. Respiratory gas exchange was continuously measured using a metabolic measurement system. The assessed parameters included maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), maximum heart rate (HRmax), respiratory quotient (RQ), and oxygen uptake per heartbeat (VO₂/HR). 4.3. Respiratory Threshold Assessment Respiratory threshold was assessed using the V-slope method. Carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) was plotted against oxygen uptake (VO₂), and changes in the relationship between these variables were examined to identify the respiratory threshold. Respiratory gas exchange parameters were recorded continuously throughout the graded exercise test.
- Statistical Analysis
The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 25). Descriptive statistics included mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of data distributions. Paired-samples t-tests were performed to compare pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements within each group. Independent-samples t-tests were used to compare measurements between the experimental and control groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine relationships between selected physiological and performance variables. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups. A total of 40 male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=20) or a control group (n=20). Both groups continued their regular alpine skiing and strength training programs for 12 weeks. In addition, the experimental group performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) twice per week at 85-95% of their maximum heart rate. The control group did not receive additional HIIT. Anaerobic performance and cardiorespiratory responses were assessed before and after the intervention.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| HIIT Experimental Group | Experimental | Behavioral: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), Behavioral: Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength TrainingThe experimental group consisted of 20 male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years. Participants continued their regular alpine skiing training four days per week and general strength training one day per week. In addition, they performed a structured high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program twice per week for 12 weeks. Exercise intensity was targeted at 85-95% of individual maximum heart rate (HRmax). The HIIT protocol consisted of 20-second high-intensity exercise intervals followed by 10 seconds of active recovery, with one minute of active rest between sets. Training volume progressively increased from 2 × 6 to 2 × 10 repetitions. |
| Control Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength TrainingThe control group consisted of 20 male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years. Participants continued their regular alpine skiing training four days per week and general strength training one day per week throughout the 12-week study period. No additional high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention was administered to this group. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 16 to 22 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Male alpine skiing athletes aged 16-22 years.
- Active participation in regular alpine skiing training.
- Willingness to participate in the 12-week training program.
- Ability to complete the Wingate anaerobic test and maximal treadmill exercise test.
- Provision of informed consent (and parental or legal guardian consent for participants under 18 years of age, where applicable).
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- - Presence of cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, or musculoskeletal conditions that contraindicate high-intensity exercise.
- Recent injury or illness preventing participation in training or performance testing.
- Inability to complete the planned training program or exercise tests.
- Failure to provide the required informed consent.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)The experimental group performed a 12-week HIIT program twice weekly in addition to regular alpine skiing and strength training. Exercise intensity was targeted at 85-95% of individual maximum heart rate (HRmax), monitored using a Polar Team2 device. The protocol consisted of two sets, progressing from 6 to 10 repetitions per set over 12 weeks. Each repetition involved 20 seconds of high-intensity exercise followed by 10 seconds of active recovery, with one minute of active rest between sets. Exercises included slalom turn simulations, squat jumps, lateral jumps, change-of-direction drills, short-distance accelerations, and dynamic trunk stabilization. The control group continued regular training without additional HIIT. Metni kopyala | Behavioural | HIIT Experimental Group |
| Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength TrainingThe participants performed regular alpine skiing training four days per week and general strength training one day per week throughout the 12-week study period. This training program was applied to both the experimental and control groups. The control group did not receive any additional high-intensity interval training (HIIT). | Behavioural | Control Group, HIIT Experimental Group |
Primary outcome
Change in Peak Anaerobic Power
Time frame: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Peak anaerobic power was assessed using the 30-second Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer (Monark Ergomedic 894E). The highest power output achieved during the test was recorded in watts (W). Changes from baseline to post-intervention were evaluated.
Change in Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)
Time frame: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured using a progressive maximal treadmill exercise test. VO2max was expressed in milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute (mL/kg/min). Changes between baseline and post-intervention measurements were evaluated to assess the effects of the 12-week HIIT program on cardiorespiratory fitness.
Change in Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax)
Time frame: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Maximum heart rate (HRmax) was measured during a progressive maximal treadmill exercise test. HRmax was recorded in beats per minute (bpm). Changes between baseline and post-intervention measurements were evaluated to assess the effects of the 12-week HIIT program on cardiovascular responses in alpine skiing athletes.
Change in Total Energy Output
Time frame: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Total energy output was assessed using the 30-second Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer (Monark Ergomedic 894E). Total energy output was calculated as the cumulative mechanical work performed during the 30-second test and expressed in joules (J). Changes between baseline and post-intervention measurements were evaluated to determine the effects of the 12-week HIIT program on anaerobic performance. Kopyala
2 secondary outcomes
Change in Power Drop
Time frame: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Change in Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) Kopyala
Time frame: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 29 Oct 2026.
- Background: PubMed 40605061Yang Q, Wang J, Guan D. Comparison of different interval training methods on athletes' oxygen uptake: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Jul 2;17(1):156. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01191-6.
- Results publication: PubMed 39830026Wiesinger HP, Stoggl TL, Haller N, Blumkaitis J, Strepp T, Kilzer F, Schmuttermair A, Hopkins WG. Meta-analyses of the effects of high-intensity interval training in elite athletes-part I: mean effects on various performance measures. Front Physiol. 2025 Jan 3;15:1486526. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1486526. eCollection 2024.
- Results publication: PubMed 41047659Matzka M, Lenk M, Meixner B, Sperlich B. Meta-analysis of high-intensity interval training and alternative modalities for enhancing aerobic and anaerobic endurance in young athletes. Physiol Rep. 2025 Oct;13(19):e70598. doi: 10.14814/phy2.70598.
- Results publication: PubMed 36299402Finkenzeller T, Burberg T, Kranzinger S, Harbour E, Snyder C, Wurth S, Amesberger G. Effects of physical stress in alpine skiing on psychological, physiological, and biomechanical parameters: An individual approach. Front Sports Act Living. 2022 Oct 10;4:971137. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.971137. eCollection 2022.
- Results publication: PubMed 11772161Laursen PB, Jenkins DG. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training: optimising training programmes and maximising performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sports Med. 2002;32(1):53-73. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200232010-00003.
- Results publication: PubMed 20364385Breil FA, Weber SN, Koller S, Hoppeler H, Vogt M. Block training periodization in alpine skiing: effects of 11-day HIT on VO2max and performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Aug;109(6):1077-86. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1455-1. Epub 2010 Apr 4.
- Results publication: PubMed 3324256Bar-Or O. The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Med. 1987 Nov-Dec;4(6):381-94. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001. No abstract available.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data (IPD) will not be publicly shared to protect participant confidentiality and privacy. Only aggregated and anonymized study results will be reported in scientific publications.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
TUNÇ İLÇİN, Ph.D./Assistant Professor principal investigator
Bitlis Eren University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Regular Alpine Skiing and Strength Training in people with Athletic Performance, run by TUNC ILCIN at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 29 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Peak Anaerobic Power (time frame: Baseline (1 week before intervention) and post-intervention (1 week after the 12-week training program).). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07904481, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 29 Oct 2026.