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Anaerobic PerformanceNCT07891858

Warm-Up Music Tempo and Time-of-Day Effects on Anaerobic Performance in Young Female Volleyball Players

A study testing No Music Warm-Up, Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up and Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up in people with Anaerobic Performance and Athletic Performance, run by Inonu University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

This study examined whether listening to music of different tempo during warm-up is associated with differences in acute jump performance, perceived exertion and handgrip strength in young female volleyball players, and whether these responses differ between morning and evening testing. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 10 to 14 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
What is being tested?
No Music Warm-Up, Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up and Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
13 participants
Where
1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
Study dates
15 Jan 2025to 31 Mar 2025
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 10 to 14 years
  • Women only
  • Healthy volunteers accepted
  • Child

Who may be able to join

  • Female volleyball players aged 10 to 14 years.
  • At least three years of regular volleyball training experience.
  • Free from acute illness or musculoskeletal injury.
  • Willing and able to attend all morning and evening testing sessions.
  • Written informed assent or consent obtained from the participant.
  • Written informed consent obtained from a parent or legal guardian.

Who cannot join

  • Missing any testing session.
  • Failure to follow the pre-test instructions.
  • Sustaining an injury during the testing period.
  • Acute illness or musculoskeletal injury affecting safe participation.
  • Voluntary withdrawal from the study.

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
  • Inonu University

    Malatya, 44280

Other trials in Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

Official title: Acute Effects of Warm-Up Music Tempo on Anaerobic Performance, Perceived Exertion and Their Psychological Correlates in Young Female Volleyball Players: A Morning-versus-Evening Crossover Study

This study examined whether listening to music of different tempo during warm-up is associated with differences in acute jump performance, perceived exertion and handgrip strength in young female volleyball players, and whether these responses differ between morning and evening testing.

Thirteen healthy female volleyball players aged 10 to 14 years completed eight sessions. Each player performed a standardized 10-minute warm-up under four conditions: no music, music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute, music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute, and music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute. Each condition was tested once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00).

Read more

The primary outcome was countermovement jump height. Secondary outcomes were jump-derived peak power, relative peak power, single-hand handgrip strength and rating of perceived exertion. Chronotype, subjective wellness, sleep quality and mood were assessed at baseline.

Allocation was not randomized and the order of conditions was not documented at participant level, so the comparisons are descriptive and exploratory rather than causal.

Read the detailed description

This study used a within-participant, open-label crossover design to examine the acute effects of warm-up music condition and time of day on jump performance and perceptual responses in young female volleyball players.

Participants were healthy female volleyball players aged 10 to 14 years recruited from volleyball clubs in Malatya, Turkiye. The protocol specified at least three years of regular volleyball training experience as an inclusion criterion. All participants completed a familiarization session in the week before experimental testing, during which they were instructed in the standardized warm-up routine, the performance tests, heart-rate monitoring and the rating of perceived exertion procedures.

Each participant completed eight sessions corresponding to the combination of four warm-up music conditions and two testing times of day. The warm-up conditions were: no music, music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute, music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute, and music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute. Testing was conducted in the morning between 08:00 and 10:00 and in the evening between 18:00 and 20:00.

Allocation was not randomized and the study is classified as a non-randomized, open-label crossover. Participant-level session schedules, sequence-generation records and washout durations were not retained in the source documentation. The order in which participants performed the conditions therefore cannot be verified as counterbalanced, and experimental period effects cannot be separated from condition effects. The archived dataset is organized by condition rather than by chronological visit.

Each session began with a standardized 10-minute warm-up at 50 percent of heart-rate reserve calculated by the Karvonen method, including volleyball-relevant jumping actions and active wrist mobilization. In the no-music condition the warm-up was performed in silence; in the music conditions, music within the stated tempo band was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure levels were not documented, so the numerical condition names are source labels rather than independently validated playback tempos. A single mean warm-up heart rate per participant is available; session-specific heart rates were not recorded, so equality of exertion across conditions is unverified.

The primary outcome was countermovement jump height measured after each warm-up condition. Secondary outcomes were jump-derived peak power, relative peak power, single-hand handgrip strength and rating of perceived exertion on the Borg 6 to 20 scale. Chronotype, subjective wellness, sleep quality and mood were assessed once at baseline and are reported as other pre-specified, exploratory measures.

The study was approved by the Inonu University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Board, Health Sciences Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (15 October 2024; session 16; decision 2024/6284). Written informed consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian of each participant and written assent was obtained from each participant, as all participants were minors.

Being tested
No Music Warm-Up, Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up, Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up, Fast-Tempo Music Warm-Up
Keywords
music tempo, warm-up, vertical jump, anaerobic performance, time of day, circadian rhythm, volleyball, youth athletes, female athletes, perceived exertion, handgrip strength

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • No Music Warm-UpBehavioural

    A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed without music.

  • Low-Tempo Music Warm-UpBehavioural

    A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed while music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure level were not documented, so the tempo band is a source label rather than an independently verified exposure.

  • Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-UpBehavioural

    A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed while music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure level were not documented, so the tempo band is a source label rather than an independently verified exposure.

  • Fast-Tempo Music Warm-UpBehavioural

    A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed while music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure level were not documented, so the tempo band is a source label rather than an independently verified exposure.

Study groups in NCT07891858
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
No Music Warm-UpActive comparatorStandardized 10-minute warm-up performed without music, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Every participant completed this condition as well as the three music conditions; the order in which conditions were performed was not documented.
Receives: Behavioral: No Music Warm-Up
Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up (60 to 80 bpm)ExperimentalStandardized 10-minute warm-up performed with music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Playback tempo was not independently verified.
Receives: Behavioral: Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up
Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up (90 to 110 bpm)ExperimentalStandardized 10-minute warm-up performed with music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Playback tempo was not independently verified.
Receives: Behavioral: Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up
Fast-Tempo Music Warm-Up (120 to 140 bpm)ExperimentalStandardized 10-minute warm-up performed with music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Playback tempo was not independently verified.
Receives: Behavioral: Fast-Tempo Music Warm-Up

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height

    Countermovement jump height measured in centimetres after each warm-up condition and testing time; higher values indicate better jump performance. The jump-measurement device model, number of attempts, attempt-selection rule and inter-trial rest were not documented in the source records.

    Measured: Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

Secondary outcomes (4)
  1. Jump-Derived Peak Power

    Peak power expressed in watts and estimated from vertical jump height and body mass using the Sayers equation.

    Measured: Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

  2. Relative Peak Power

    Relative peak power expressed as watts per kilogram and calculated by dividing jump-derived peak power by body mass.

    Measured: Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

  3. Single-Hand Handgrip Strength

    Single-hand handgrip strength recorded with a hand dynamometer and reported in kilograms; higher values indicate greater grip strength. The dynamometer model, test hand, posture and number of attempts were not documented in the source records, and the recorded unit has not been confirmed against a device output.

    Measured: Immediately after the warm-up and jump testing in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

  4. Rating of Perceived Exertion

    Perceived exertion assessed with the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (6 to 20 version). Scores range from a minimum of 6 (no exertion at all) to a maximum of 20 (maximal exertion); higher scores indicate greater perceived exertion.

    Measured: Immediately after performance testing in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted23 Oct 2026
  2. Study start15 Jan 2025
  3. Primary completion31 Mar 2025
  4. Study completion31 Mar 2025

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Basic science
Allocation
Non-randomised
Intervention model
Crossover
Model description
A single cohort of 13 female volleyball players completed a within-participant, open-label crossover protocol. Each participant completed all four warm-up music conditions (no music, 60 to 80 bpm, 90 to 110 bpm and 120 to 140 bpm), each tested in the morning and in the evening, giving eight sessions per participant. Allocation was not randomized. Participant-level session schedules, sequence-generation records and washout durations were not retained, so the order of conditions cannot be verified as counterbalanced and period effects cannot be separated from condition effects.
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
13 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT07891858
Sponsor's protocol ID
INONU-2024-6284
Other IDs
TYL-2025-3831
Status last verified
Oct 2026
First submitted
5 Jul 2026
Last updated
23 Oct 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
Yes: De-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in the related publication may be made available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Because the study involved minors, data sharing will be subject to ethical approval, institutional requirements, and protection of participant confidentiality.

Publications

  • Mirizio GG, Nunes RSM, Vargas DA, Foster C, Vieira E. Time-of-Day Effects on Short-Duration Maximal Exercise Performance. Sci Rep. 2020 Jun 11;10(1):9485. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66342-w.

    PubMed 32528038
  • Ouergui I, Jebabli A, Messaoudi H, Delleli S, Chtourou H, Bouassida A, Bouhlel E, Franchini E, Ardigo LP. The effects of tempo and loudness variations during warm-up with music on perceived exertion, physical enjoyment and specific performances in male and female taekwondo athletes. PLoS One. 2023 Apr 27;18(4):e0284720. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720. eCollection 2023.

    PubMed 37104494
  • Ballmann CG. The Influence of Music Preference on Exercise Responses and Performance: A Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2021 Apr 8;6(2):33. doi: 10.3390/jfmk6020033.

    PubMed 33917781
  • Terry PC, Karageorghis CI, Curran ML, Martin OV, Parsons-Smith RL. Effects of music in exercise and sport: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2020 Feb;146(2):91-117. doi: 10.1037/bul0000216. Epub 2019 Dec 5.

    PubMed 31804098

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing No Music Warm-Up, Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up and Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up in people with Anaerobic Performance and Athletic Performance, run by Inonu University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height (time frame: Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07891858, which also lists 4 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Oct 2026.

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