ADHDPhase 2FMT-ADHD-2026NCT07756255
A Clinical Trial Evaluating Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in Adolescents With ADHD
A Phase 2 study testing Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT), Nitazoxanide 500mg BID and Vancomycin 250mg BID in people with ADHD and ADHD - Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity, run by University of Calgary at 1 site in Canada.
Trial summary
The primary goals of this phase 2 clinical trial are to determine the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of oral Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in adolescents (aged 13-17) with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 13 to 18 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- ADHD, ADHD - Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity, ADHD - Combined Type
- What is being tested?
- Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT), Nitazoxanide 500mg BID and Vancomycin 250mg BID
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 64 participants
- Where
- 1 siteCanada
- Study dates
- 31 Aug 2026to 31 Aug 2029
- Phase
- Phase 2
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 13 to 18 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Between 13-17 years of age with consent of a legal guardian: Participants should be at least 13 years old and not older than 17 years at the day of screening (V1).
- Have a primary diagnosis of ADHD as confirmed by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID).
- Be on a stable appropriate dose of an appropriate first-line pharmacological treatment for at least 8 weeks prior to the day of screening (V1).
- First line pharmacotherapy treatment will be defined based on the CADDRA guidelines [63] and include the following
- Amphetamine-based psychostimulants:
- Mixed amphetamine salts (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine) ii. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
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- Methylphenidate-based psychostimulants:
- Methylphenidate hydrochloride, Methylphenidate hydrochloride (extended release, multilayer release capsules) ii. Methylphenidate hydrochloride (extended release, OROS tablets) iii. Methylphenidate hydrochloride (controlled release, multi-layer beat capsules) iv. Methylphenidate hydrochloride (extended-release oral suspension)
- Have a score of ≥ 18 on the inattention subset (questions 1-9) and/or the hyperactivity/impulsivity subset (questions 10-18) of the SNAP-IV 26-Item Parent Rating Scale on the day of screening (V1) and the baseline visit (V2).
- Able to communicate and complete study assessments in English.
- Able to comply with all protocol procedures.
- Consenting guardian
Who cannot join
- Participant meets Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) Criteria for the following conditions according to the MINI-KID:
- Diagnosis of a Substance Use Disorder within the last 3 months prior to screening. *(Criteria should include Alcohol and Non-Alcohol substances except Cannabis)
- Moderate or severe Substance Use Disorder for Cannabis use in the last 3 months
- Currently active high suicidality. Eligibility of Participants who meet criteria for moderate suicidality is determined by clinical judgment of Principal Investigator.
- Active Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa in the last 3 months.
- Tic Disorders
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- Psychosis
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- Bipolar Disorder
- Conduct Disorder
- Participant has a score of ≥ 8 on the oppositional defiant subset of the SNAP-IV 26-Item Parent Rating Scale (questions 19-26) on the day of screening (V1).
- Intellectual or learning disability based on previous documented diagnosis or clinical judgment of Principal Investigator.
- Documented diagnosis of Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) or Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS).
- Documented diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
- Documented diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or currently undergoing assessment for suspected ASD.
- Use of systemic antibiotics for medical purposes within the last 3 months prior to the day of screening (V1).
- Use of prebiotics or probiotics for medical purposes for more than 2 weeks within the last 3 months prior to the day of screening (V1).
- Eligibility and required washout period of participants with use of over-the-counter prebiotics or probiotics will be determined by clinical judgment of Principal Investigator.
- Use of experimental drugs in the last 3 months prior to the day of screening (V1).
- Documented clinical diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and/or celiac disease.
- Documented diagnosis of conditions causing immunosuppression and/or currently receiving immunosuppressive treatments.
- Documented clinical diagnosis of significant bleeding disorders.
- History of oropharyngeal dysphagia or other swallowing disorder, and/or self or study partner reported difficulty with taking oral capsules or pills.
- Breastfeeding, pregnant or seeking to get pregnant during the course of this study. Female participants of childbearing age should be using an acceptable method of birth control (implants, injectable, combined oral contraceptives, IUDs, barrier contraceptives, sexual abstinence, or a vasectomized partner) for the duration of their participation in the trial.
- Participants who are currently hospitalized or institutionalized.
- Reported allergy to Vancomycin or Nitazoxanide
- Hepatic dysfunction:
- Documented history or current diagnosis of an acute or chronic hepatic disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis, hepatic impairment) OR
- Abnormal - Liver Function Tests (LFTs): Screening laboratory results indicating clinically significant hepatic dysfunction:
- Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) or Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) ≥3 the Upper Normal Limit (UNL)
- Total Bilirubin > 1.5 × ULN (except in cases of documented Gilbert's Syndrome) 19. Renal dysfunction: A) Diagnosed Renal Disease: Any documented medical history or current diagnosis of kidney disease, acute kidney injury, or other clinically significant renal impairment. OR B) Abnormal Renal Function Tests: Screening laboratory results indicating significant renal dysfunction. Creatinine > 1.5 × ULN*
- Potential participants presenting with mild, non-clinically significant laboratory abnormalities (e.g., AST/ALT between 1.0 and 3.0 × ULN, or isolated borderline creatinine variations confirmation of enrollment into the study will be dependent of the study physician.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Canada1 site
University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, T2M 1R5
Asem Bala, BDS, MSc, CCRP, CCRA, 403-210-7282, asem.bala@ucalgary.ca
About this study
Official title: Feasibility, Safety and Tolerability of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in an Adolescent Population With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
The primary goals of this phase 2 clinical trial are to determine the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of oral Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in adolescents (aged 13-17) with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Read the detailed description
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 5% to 7% of children globally, with up to 60% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, often leading to impairments in occupational, social, and academic functioning, while imposing profound socioeconomic burdens through direct medical costs and productivity losses. Due to current approved pharmacotherapy treatments yielding incomplete symptom relief or intolerable side effects there is an urgent need for innovative treatment options. Emerging evidence implicates the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) in ADHD, pointing to a unique, potentially dysbiotic gut microbiome profile in individuals with ADHD, marked by reduced alpha and beta diversity and fewer short-chain fatty acid producers. Thus, potentially driving ADHD pathology through low-grade inflammation, "leaky gut" and disrupted neurotransmitter precursor synthesis (dopamine, serotonin, GABA). Following promising results in autism spectrum disorder, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) presents a novel approach to address symptom management in ADHD. Unlike probiotics or dietary changes that introduce isolated strains, FMT systemically restructures the microbial network through competitive exclusion, restoring metabolic and ecological functions. Preclinical evidence strongly supports FMT's therapeutic potential as transplanting stool from humans with ADHD into germ-free mice induced ADHD-like behaviors and structural brain alterations in executive function regions. Conversely, transferring healthy donor stool into ADHD-like rodent models, reduced hyperactivity. However, clinical evidence is virtually nonexistent, with a single case report of a woman experiencing relief of her ADHD symptoms after FMT for a C. difficile infection. Pinpointing precise bidirectional MGBA mechanisms remains challenging due to confounding lifestyles, heterogeneous phenotypes, and microbiome complexity. Consequently, rigorous interventional trials are needed to establish true causality and disentangle the clinical impacts of a microbial reset from the disruptive effects of antibiotic pre-conditioning. This study will directly address this critical gap by conducting a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral FMT in an adolescent population with ADHD.
- Being tested
- Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT), Nitazoxanide 500mg BID, Vancomycin 250mg BID, Placebo Vancomycin, Placebo Nitazoxanide
- Keywords
- microbiome, microbiota transplants, fecal microbiota transplantation, gut microbiome therapy, gut microbiome, gut microbiota, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodevelopment, ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, gut brain axis, FMT, adolescent psychiatry, psychiatry, neuroscience
- Medical subject headings
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT)Drug
Participants will receive active oral FMT capsules, administered over three consecutive visits with each dose spaced 24 hours apart (20 capsules per visit at Visits 3A, 3B, and 3C). This will be administered following bowel preparation to serve as the primary therapeutic intervention for the active FMT regimen.
Nitazoxanide 500mg BIDDrug
Participants will receive oral combination therapy consisting of Nitazoxanide (500 mg administered in capsule form) taken twice daily for 6 consecutive days, administered concurrently with oral liquid Vancomycin (250 mg) twice daily for 6 days prior to dosing.
Vancomycin 250mg BIDDrug
Participants will receive oral liquid Vancomycin at a dose of 250 mg, administered twice daily for 6 consecutive days. This will be taken concurrently with oral Nitazoxanide capsules (500 mg) as part of FMT pre-treatment. Placebo antibiotic receiving participants will receive a matching oral liquid vehicle placebo on the identical twice-daily, 6-day schedule.
Placebo VancomycinDrug
Participants will receive a matching oral liquid vehicle placebo, administered twice daily for 6 consecutive days.
Placebo NitazoxanideDrug
Participants will receive matching oral placebo capsules, administered twice daily for 6 consecutive days.
Pico-SalaxDrug
Participants will undergo bowel cleansing prior to the intervention. On the evening before the first day of dosing participants will consume 1.5 sachets of Pico-Salax mixed in water, followed by eight 250 mL glasses of water over the subsequent 60 minutes to induce a bowel purge over an expected 6- to 8-hour period.
Placebo Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)Drug
Participants will receive matching oral placebo capsules, administered over three consecutive visits with each dose spaced 24 hours apart (20 capsules per visit at Visits 3A, 3B, and 3C). This will be administered following bowel preparation to serve as the control comparator for the active FMT regimen.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Arm 1: Antibiotic, bowel preparation, and FMT receiving | Experimental | Participants receive a 6-day course of antibiotics (nitazoxanide 500 mg BID and vancomycin 250 mg BID), followed by bowel preparation the night prior to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and FMT oral capsules (20 capsules daily for 3 consecutive days). Receives: Drug: Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT); Drug: Nitazoxanide 500mg BID; Drug: Vancomycin 250mg BID; Drug: Pico-Salax |
| Arm 2: Antibiotic, bowel preparation, and placebo FMT receiving | Experimental | Participants receive a 6-day course of antibiotic pretreatment (nitazoxanide 500 mg BID and vancomycin 250 mg BID), followed by bowel preparation the night prior to transplantation, and placebo FMT capsules (20 capsules daily for 3 consecutive days). Receives: Drug: Nitazoxanide 500mg BID; Drug: Vancomycin 250mg BID; Drug: Pico-Salax; Drug: Placebo Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) |
| Arm 3: Placebo antibiotics, bowel preparation, and FMT receiving | Experimental | Participants receive a 6-day course of placebo antibiotic pretreatment (matching nitazoxanide and vancomycin BID), followed by bowel preparation the night prior to transplantation, and oral fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) capsules (20 capsules daily for 3 consecutive days). Receives: Drug: Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT); Drug: Placebo Vancomycin; Drug: Placebo Nitazoxanide; Drug: Pico-Salax |
| Arm 4: Placebo antibiotic, bowel preparation, and placebo FMT receiving | Placebo comparator | Participants receive a 6-day course of placebo antibiotic pretreatment (matching nitazoxanide and vancomycin BID), followed by bowel preparation the night prior to transplantation, and placebo FMT capsules (20 capsules daily for 3 consecutive days). Receives: Drug: Placebo Vancomycin; Drug: Placebo Nitazoxanide; Drug: Pico-Salax; Drug: Placebo Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Feasibility: Number of Participants Enrolled
Feasibility of FMT in an Adolescent Population With ADHD will be determined by: Successful enrollment of at least 45 participants across the four trial arms
Measured: 0-24 Weeks
Feasibility: Number of Participants Completing Study Protocol
Feasibility of FMT in an Adolescent Population With ADHD will be determined by: A minimum of 45 participants to complete study until the 24-week primary endpoint
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Feasibility: Number of Prescribed Capsule Doses Successfully Ingested
Feasibility of FMT in an Adolescent Population With ADHD will be determined by adherence to study protocols: Receive at least 10/20 capsules per dosing visit
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Feasibility: Number of Participants Completing Required Study Visits
Feasibility of FMT in an Adolescent Population With ADHD will be determined by the adherence to study protocols: Attend all visits - attend the baseline visit (Visit 2- V2) and at least 2 follow up visits (V4-10).
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Feasibility: Number of Participants Providing Required Biological Samples
Feasibility of FMT in an Adolescent Population With ADHD will be determined by the adherence to study protocols: Provide biological samples at baseline visit (V2) and at least 2 follow up visits (V4-10)
Measured: 0-24 Weeks
Safety: Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events
Safety of FMT in an Adolescent Population With ADHD will be determined by:
Evaluating solicited and unsolicited adverse events, including serious adverse events
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Safety: Change From Baseline in Suicidality Score on the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)
Safety of FMT in an Adolescent Population With ADHD will be determined by: Monitoring suicidality using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). The suicidal ideation subscale ranges from 0 (no ideation) to 5 (active suicidal ideation with specific plan and intent), and the suicidal behavior subscale ranges from 0 (no behavior) to 5 (completed suicide). Higher scores indicate greater severity of suicidality.
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Tolerability: Change From Baseline in Pittsburgh Side Effects Rating Scale (PSERS) Total Score
Tolerability of FMT in Adolescents With ADHD will be determined by: Evaluating stimulant side effects using the Pittsburgh Side Effects Rating Scale (PSERS). Total scores range from 0 to 45 (or average score per item ranging from 0 to 3 across 15 symptoms: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of side effects.
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Tolerability: Change From Baseline in Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) Total Score
Tolerability of FMT in Adolescents With ADHD will be determined by: Evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms following colonic preparation and capsule dosing using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). The GSRS is a 15-item questionnaire assessing GI symptoms across 5 domains (abdominal pain, reflux, indigestion, diarrhea, and constipation). Individual items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (no discomfort) to 7 (very severe discomfort), with total scores ranging from 15 to 105. Higher scores indicate greater GI symptom severity.
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Secondary outcomes (5)
Stool Samples - Microbiome Composition - Metagenomics: Change From Baseline in Gut Microbiome Alpha Diversity (Shannon Diversity Index) and Beta Diversity (Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity) via Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing
The effect of FMT on microbiome composition will be assessed through changes from baseline (V2) to post-intervention follow-up (V4-10). Evaluated using shotgun metagenomic sequencing of stool samples analyzed via the MetaPhlAn4 bioinformatics pipeline. Species-level relative abundances are used to calculate the Shannon Diversity Index (alpha diversity) and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (beta diversity) at each study visit. Higher Shannon values indicate greater microbial community diversity and species richness, while Bray-Curtis dissimilarity measures compositional differences between samples over time. Samples are collected at 5 time points.
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Stool Samples - Microbiome Functional Activity - Metabolomics: Change From Baseline in Fecal Metabolite Concentrations Measured via Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) Spectroscopy
The effect of FMT on microbiome functional activity will be assessed through changes in the following from baseline (V2) to post-intervention follow-up (V4-10): Evaluated by quantifying fecal metabolite concentrations from stool samples using a 500 MHz 1H-NMR spectrometer and Chenomx NMR Suite library profiling. Individual target metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids) are quantified across study visits. Samples are collected at 5 time points.
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Saliva Samples - Oral Microbiome Composition - Metagenomics: Change From Baseline in Oral Microbiome Alpha Diversity (Shannon Diversity Index) and Beta Diversity (Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity) via Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing
The effect of FMT on oral microbiome composition will be assessed through changes from baseline (V2) to post-intervention follow-up (V4-10). Evaluated using shotgun metagenomic sequencing of saliva samples analyzed via the MetaPhlAn4 bioinformatics pipeline. Species-level relative abundances are used to calculate the Shannon Diversity Index (alpha diversity) and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (beta diversity) at each study visit. Higher Shannon values indicate greater oral microbial community diversity and species richness, while Bray-Curtis dissimilarity measures compositional differences between samples over time. Samples are collected at 5 time points.
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Saliva Samples - Oral Microbiome Composition - Metabolomic Analysis: Change From Baseline in Salivary Metabolite Concentrations Measured via Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) Spectroscopy
To assess the effect of FMT on the oral microbiome through changes in the following from baseline (V2) to post intervention follow up (V4-10): Evaluates functional metabolic changes in saliva by quantifying individual metabolite concentrations using 1H-NMR spectroscopy collected at 5 time points.
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Blood Samples - Serum Inflammatory Cytokines: Change From Baseline in Serum Cytokine Concentrations
To assess the effect of FMT on associated biomarkers seen through changes in the following from baseline (V2) to post intervention follow up (V4-10): Evaluates systemic inflammatory profile changes by measuring serum concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines obtained via blood samples collected at 5 time points.
Measured: 0-24 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted10 Aug 2026
- Study start31 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion31 Aug 2028 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Aug 2029 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (19)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for ADHDStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Model description
- This is a 2-phase, randomized, placebo-controlled, factorial-design trial evaluating the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in 64 adolescents with ADHD on stable first-line pharmacological treatment. Phase 1 (Double-Blinded Interventional): Participants are randomized 1:1:1:1 into four parallel groups (n=16 per group) to evaluate the individual and combined impact of the interventions: Group 1 (Active Antibiotics + Bowel Prep + Active FMT), Group 2 (Active Antibiotics + Bowel Prep + Placebo FMT), Group 3 (Placebo Antibiotics + Bowel Prep + Active FMT), and Group 4 (Placebo Antibiotics + Bowel Prep + Placebo FMT). Phase 2 (Single-Blinded Observational): Following the interventional period, participants transition into a single-blinded observational phase to monitor long-term safety, tolerability, and maintenance of outcomes
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 64 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Calgary
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Thomas J Raedler, MD, Principal investigator, University of Calgary
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07756255
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- FMT-ADHD-2026
- Acronym
- FMT-ADHD-2026
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 31 Jul 2026
- Last updated
- 10 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Nanda A, Janga LSN, Sambe HG, Yasir M, Man RK, Gogikar A, Mohammed L. Adverse Effects of Stimulant Interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023 Sep 26;15(9):e45995. doi: 10.7759/cureus.45995. eCollection 2023 Sep.
PubMed 37900465Anand N, Gorantla VR, Chidambaram SB. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cells. 2022 Dec 23;12(1):54. doi: 10.3390/cells12010054.
PubMed 36611848Prehn-Kristensen A, Zimmermann A, Tittmann L, Lieb W, Schreiber S, Baving L, Fischer A. Reduced microbiome alpha diversity in young patients with ADHD. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 12;13(7):e0200728. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200728. eCollection 2018.
PubMed 30001426Steckler R, Magzal F, Kokot M, Walkowiak J, Tamir S. Disrupted gut harmony in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Dysbiosis and decreased short-chain fatty acids. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2024 Jul 27;40:100829. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100829. eCollection 2024 Oct.
PubMed 39184374Yang LL, Stiernborg M, Skott E, Xu J, Wu Y, Landberg R, Arefin S, Kublickiene K, Millischer V, Nilsson IAK, Schalling M, Giacobini M, Lavebratt C. Effects of a Synbiotic on Plasma Immune Activity Markers and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Children and Adults with ADHD-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2023 Mar 6;15(5):1293. doi: 10.3390/nu15051293.
PubMed 36904292Yang LL, Stiernborg M, Skott E, Gillberg T, Landberg R, Giacobini M, Lavebratt C. Lower plasma concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in patients with ADHD. J Psychiatr Res. 2022 Dec;156:36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.042. Epub 2022 Sep 28.
PubMed 36228390Ma L, Chen YH, Chen H, Liu YY, Wang YX. The function of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in children with ADHD. Brain Res. 2011 Jan 12;1368:159-62. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.045. Epub 2010 Nov 12.
PubMed 20971091Cetin FH, Ucaryilmaz H, Ucar HN, Artac H, Guler HA, Duran SA, Kilinc K, Turkoglu S. Regulatory T cells in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A case-control study. J Neuroimmunol. 2022 Jun 15;367:577848. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577848. Epub 2022 Mar 21.
PubMed 35358939Ozyurt G, Ozturk Y, Appak YC, Arslan FD, Baran M, Karakoyun I, Tufan AE, Pekcanlar AA. Increased zonulin is associated with hyperactivity and social dysfunctions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;87:138-142. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.006. Epub 2018 Oct 29.
PubMed 30414552Lee SY, Li SC, Yang CY, Kuo HC, Chou WJ, Wang LJ. Gut Leakage Markers and Cognitive Functions in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Children (Basel). 2023 Mar 5;10(3):513. doi: 10.3390/children10030513.
PubMed 36980071Aarts E, Ederveen THA, Naaijen J, Zwiers MP, Boekhorst J, Timmerman HM, Smeekens SP, Netea MG, Buitelaar JK, Franke B, van Hijum SAFT, Arias Vasquez A. Gut microbiome in ADHD and its relation to neural reward anticipation. PLoS One. 2017 Sep 1;12(9):e0183509. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183509. eCollection 2017.
PubMed 28863139Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, Bienenstock J, Cryan JF. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Sep 20;108(38):16050-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1102999108. Epub 2011 Aug 29.
PubMed 21876150Kang DW, Adams JB, Gregory AC, Borody T, Chittick L, Fasano A, Khoruts A, Geis E, Maldonado J, McDonough-Means S, Pollard EL, Roux S, Sadowsky MJ, Lipson KS, Sullivan MB, Caporaso JG, Krajmalnik-Brown R. Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study. Microbiome. 2017 Jan 23;5(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s40168-016-0225-7.
PubMed 28122648Zhang Y, Zhang J, Pan Z, He X. Effects of Washed Fecal Bacteria Transplantation in Sleep Quality, Stool Features and Autism Symptomatology: A Chinese Preliminary Observational Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022 Jun 11;18:1165-1173. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S355233. eCollection 2022.
PubMed 35719863Tengeler AC, Dam SA, Wiesmann M, Naaijen J, van Bodegom M, Belzer C, Dederen PJ, Verweij V, Franke B, Kozicz T, Arias Vasquez A, Kiliaan AJ. Gut microbiota from persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects the brain in mice. Microbiome. 2020 Apr 1;8(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00816-x.
PubMed 32238191