Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)PLB I:E RatioNCT07573826
Effect of Pursed-Lip Breathing With Different I:E Ratios on Respiratory Outcomes in COPD Patients
A study testing Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration), Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration) and Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration) in people with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), run by Scholastica Fina Aryu Puspasari.
Trial summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether different inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ratios in the pursed-lip breathing (PLB) technique can improve respiratory outcomes in patients with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) aged 40 years and older. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 40 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- What is being tested?
- Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration), Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration) and Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration)
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 122 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- 4 May 2026to 14 Aug 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 40 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Diagnosed with stable COPD
- Age ≥ 40 years
- Able to follow breathing instructions
- Willing to participate and provide informed consent
Who cannot join
- Cognitive impairment or decreased consciousness
- Severe cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension)
- Asthma-COPD overlap (ACO)
- Acute respiratory infection (e.g., pneumonia)
- Neuromuscular disorders affecting respiratory muscles
Trial locations and contacts
No sites are listed yet. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Scholastica Fina Aryu Puspasari, Master contact
About this study
Official title: Effectiveness of Different Inspiratory-Expiratory Ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) in Pursed-Lip Breathing on Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, and Dyspnea in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Quasi-Experimental Study
The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether different inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ratios in the pursed-lip breathing (PLB) technique can improve respiratory outcomes in patients with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) aged 40 years and older. The primary purpose is to determine whether a specific breathing intervention can improve respiratory function.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Read more
Does PLB with different I:E ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) reduce respiratory rate in COPD patients? Does PLB with different I:E ratios improve oxygen saturation and reduce dyspnea severity?
Researchers will compare PLB with I:E ratios of 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 and a control group receiving standard care to see if different ratios produce different effects on respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and dyspnea levels.
Participants will:
Perform pursed-lip breathing using assigned I:E ratios (1:3, 1:4, or 1:5) for 10 minutes Be assigned to either an intervention group or a control group (standard care) Have their respiratory rate measured before and after the intervention Have their oxygen saturation measured using a pulse oximeter Report their dyspnea level using the Modified Borg Scale before and after the intervention
Read the detailed description
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation, dyspnea, and impaired gas exchange. It remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a disproportionately high burden in low- and middle-income countries. Dyspnea is one of the most debilitating symptoms experienced by COPD patients and is closely associated with reduced functional capacity and quality of life. Non-pharmacological interventions, particularly breathing exercises, play an important role in symptom management.
Pursed-lip breathing (PLB) is a simple, low-cost, and widely recommended breathing technique in COPD management. It works by prolonging the expiratory phase, increasing positive airway pressure, preventing airway collapse, and improving ventilation efficiency. Despite its widespread use, there is currently no standardized inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ratio for PLB. Variations in clinical practice may result in inconsistent outcomes, and evidence comparing different I:E ratios remains limited.
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three commonly recommended I:E ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) in PLB on respiratory outcomes in patients with stable COPD. The outcomes of interest include respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and dyspnea severity as measured by the Modified Borg Scale. By comparing these ratios, the study seeks to identify the most effective breathing pattern for optimizing respiratory function.
This study employs a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach. A total of 122 participants diagnosed with stable COPD will be recruited from Respira Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Participants will be randomly assigned into four groups: three intervention groups receiving PLB with different I:E ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5), and one control group receiving standard care without structured PLB intervention.
The intervention will be conducted in a controlled clinical setting. Participants in the intervention groups will be instructed to perform PLB in a seated high-Fowler position for 10 minutes under supervision. Each group will follow a specific breathing pattern: inhalation through the nose followed by prolonged exhalation through pursed lips according to the assigned I:E ratio. The control group will receive standard care without guided PLB.
Outcome measurements will be taken at baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately after the intervention. Respiratory rate will be measured by direct observation for one minute, oxygen saturation will be assessed using a calibrated pulse oximeter, and dyspnea will be evaluated using the Modified Borg Scale (0-10). Data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical tests to compare within-group and between-group differences.
This study is expected to contribute to the development of evidence-based guidelines for PLB implementation in COPD management, particularly in determining the optimal I:E ratio. The findings may help standardize clinical practice, improve respiratory outcomes, and enhance the quality of life of COPD patients. Additionally, the results may provide a foundation for future research on breathing techniques and non-pharmacological interventions in respiratory care.
- Being tested
- Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration), Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration), Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration)
- Keywords
- Pursed-Lip Breathing I:E ratio in COPD, Oxygen saturation, dyspnea scale, respiratory rate
- Medical subject headings
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration)Other
Participants will be allocated into four study arms: three intervention groups and one control group.
Intervention Groups (PLB with Different I:E Ratios):
Participants in the intervention arms will perform Pursed-Lip Breathing (PLB) with specific inspiratory-to-expiratory (I:E) ratios as follows:
Group 1: I:E ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration)
The procedure will be conducted in a seated position (high Fowler's position). Participants will be instructed to inhale slowly through the nose and exhale through pursed lips according to the assigned ratio. A metronome will be used to standardize breathing timing. Each session will last approximately 10 minutes and will be supervised by the researcher to ensure correct technique and safety.
stru
Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration)Other
Participants will be allocated into four study arms: three intervention groups and one control group.
Intervention Groups (PLB with Different I:E Ratios):
Participants in the intervention arms will perform Pursed-Lip Breathing (PLB) with specific inspiratory-to-expiratory (I:E) ratios as follows:
Group 2: I:E ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration)
The procedure will be conducted in a seated position (high Fowler's position). Participants will be instructed to inhale slowly through the nose and exhale through pursed lips according to the assigned ratio. A metronome will be used to standardize breathing timing. Each session will last approximately 10 minutes and will be supervised by the researcher to ensure correct technique and safety.
Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration)Other
Participants will be allocated into four study arms: three intervention groups and one control group.
Intervention Groups (PLB with Different I:E Ratios):
Participants in the intervention arms will perform Pursed-Lip Breathing (PLB) with specific inspiratory-to-expiratory (I:E) ratios as follows:
Group 3: I:E ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration)
The procedure will be conducted in a seated position (high Fowler's position). Participants will be instructed to inhale slowly through the nose and exhale through pursed lips according to the assigned ratio. A metronome will be used to standardize breathing timing. Each session will last approximately 10 minutes and will be supervised by the researcher to ensure correct technique and safety.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Arm Group 1, PLB I:E 1:3 | Experimental | Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration) Receives: Other: Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration) |
| Arm Group 2, PLB I:E 1:4 | Experimental | Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration) Receives: Other: Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration) |
| Arm Group 3, PLB I:E 1:5 | Experimental | Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration) Receives: Other: Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration) |
| Arm Group 4, Standard Therapy | No intervention | Participants receive standard care without structured PLB intervention |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Primary Outcome 1: Respiratory Rate
Respiratory rate measured as the number of breaths per minute at rest using direct observation for 60 seconds
Measured: Baseline and immediately after 10-minute intervention
Primary Outcome 2: Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂)
Peripheral oxygen saturation measured using a calibrated pulse oximeter at rest.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after 10-minute intervention
Primary Outcome 3 Dyspnea Level
Dyspnea assessed using the Modified Borg Scale (0-10), where higher scores indicate more severe breathlessness.
Measured: Baseline and immediately after 10-minute intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted7 May 2026
- Study start4 May 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion7 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion14 Aug 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This study uses a parallel assignment interventional model in which participants with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are randomly allocated to one of four groups: three intervention groups and one control group. Each intervention group receives the same type of behavioral intervention-pursed-lip breathing (PLB)-but with different inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5), while the control group receives standard care without structured PLB. The study follows a pretest-posttest design, where outcome measures are assessed at baseline and immediately after a single 10-minute intervention session. There is no crossover between groups, and each participant is exposed to only one assigned condition throughout the study. The intervention is administered in a controlled clinical setting with participants in a standardized high-Fowler position to ensure consistency. All groups are observed during the same time frame, and outcome assessments are conducted us
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 122 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Scholastica Fina Aryu Puspasari
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- STIKes Panti Rapih Yogyakarta
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Scholastica Fina Aryu Puspasari, STIKes Panti Rapih Yogyakarta
- Investigators
- Scholastica FA Puspasari, Master, Principal investigator, STIKes Panti Rapih Yogyakarta
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07573826
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 0511028601
- Acronym
- PLB I:E Ratio
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 30 Apr 2026
- Last updated
- 7 May 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: IPD will not be shared because the study involves human participants and the data are subject to institutional and ethical restrictions that limit public data sharing. Only aggregated results will be reported.
Publications
Abu-Odah H, Xian-Liang Liu, Wang T, Zhao IY, Yorke J, Tan JB, Molassiotis A. Modified Borg Scale (mBorg), the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and the Dyspnea- 12 Scale (D- 12): cross-scale comparison assessing the development of dyspnea in early-stage lung cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2025 May 2;33(5):442. doi: 10.1007/s00520-025-09474-x.
PubMed 40314858Gusmarta, G., & Oktarina, Y. (2025). Case Report : Implementation of Pursed-Lips Breathing Technique on Respiratory Rate and Oxygen Saturation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients in the Pulmonary Ward of Raden Mattaher Hospital Jambi. Jurnal Keperawatan Universitas Jambi, 9(3), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.22437/jkuj.v9i3.47490
Cavalheri, V., Burtin, C., Formico, V. R., Nonoyama, M., Jenkins, S., Spruit, M. A., & Hill, K. (2020). Exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD010039. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010039.pub2
Burge AT, Gadowski AM, Jones A, Romero L, Smallwood NE, Ekstrom M, Reinke LF, Saggu R, Wijsenbeek M, Holland AE. Breathing techniques to reduce symptoms in people with serious respiratory illness: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev. 2024 Oct 30;33(174):240012. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0012-2024. Print 2024 Oct.
PubMed 39477355Bhatt SP, Nakhmani A, Fortis S, Strand MJ, Silverman EK, Sciurba FC, Bodduluri S. FEV1/FVC Severity Stages for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Sep 15;208(6):676-684. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202303-0450OC.
PubMed 37339502Anon. (2025, March 4). What is the recommended inspiratory to expiratory (I:E) ratio for ventilator settings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation? Droracle.ai. https://www.droracle.ai/articles/22727/what-is-the-recommended-inspiratory-to-expiratory-ie-ratio
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 7 May 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effectiveness of Different Inspiratory-Expiratory Ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) in Pursed-Lip Breathing on Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, and Dyspnea in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Quasi-Experimental Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07573826
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- PLB I:E Ratio / 0511028601
- Keywords
- Pursed-Lip Breathing I:E ratio in COPD, Oxygen saturation, dyspnea scale, respiratory rate
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 122 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Scholastica Fina Aryu PuspasariUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- STIKes Panti Rapih Yogyakarta
- Study start
- 4 May 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 7 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 14 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 7 May 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether different inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ratios in the pursed-lip breathing (PLB) technique can improve respiratory outcomes in patients with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) aged 40 years and older. The primary purpose is to determine whether a specific breathing intervention can improve respiratory function.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does PLB with different I:E ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) reduce respiratory rate in COPD patients? Does PLB with different I:E ratios improve oxygen saturation and reduce dyspnea severity?
Researchers will compare PLB with I:E ratios of 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 and a control group receiving standard care to see if different ratios produce different effects on respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and dyspnea levels.
Participants will:
Perform pursed-lip breathing using assigned I:E ratios (1:3, 1:4, or 1:5) for 10 minutes Be assigned to either an intervention group or a control group (standard care) Have their respiratory rate measured before and after the intervention Have their oxygen saturation measured using a pulse oximeter Report their dyspnea level using the Modified Borg Scale before and after the intervention
Detailed description
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation, dyspnea, and impaired gas exchange. It remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a disproportionately high burden in low- and middle-income countries. Dyspnea is one of the most debilitating symptoms experienced by COPD patients and is closely associated with reduced functional capacity and quality of life. Non-pharmacological interventions, particularly breathing exercises, play an important role in symptom management.
Pursed-lip breathing (PLB) is a simple, low-cost, and widely recommended breathing technique in COPD management. It works by prolonging the expiratory phase, increasing positive airway pressure, preventing airway collapse, and improving ventilation efficiency. Despite its widespread use, there is currently no standardized inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ratio for PLB. Variations in clinical practice may result in inconsistent outcomes, and evidence comparing different I:E ratios remains limited.
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three commonly recommended I:E ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) in PLB on respiratory outcomes in patients with stable COPD. The outcomes of interest include respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and dyspnea severity as measured by the Modified Borg Scale. By comparing these ratios, the study seeks to identify the most effective breathing pattern for optimizing respiratory function.
This study employs a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach. A total of 122 participants diagnosed with stable COPD will be recruited from Respira Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Participants will be randomly assigned into four groups: three intervention groups receiving PLB with different I:E ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5), and one control group receiving standard care without structured PLB intervention.
The intervention will be conducted in a controlled clinical setting. Participants in the intervention groups will be instructed to perform PLB in a seated high-Fowler position for 10 minutes under supervision. Each group will follow a specific breathing pattern: inhalation through the nose followed by prolonged exhalation through pursed lips according to the assigned I:E ratio. The control group will receive standard care without guided PLB.
Outcome measurements will be taken at baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately after the intervention. Respiratory rate will be measured by direct observation for one minute, oxygen saturation will be assessed using a calibrated pulse oximeter, and dyspnea will be evaluated using the Modified Borg Scale (0-10). Data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical tests to compare within-group and between-group differences.
This study is expected to contribute to the development of evidence-based guidelines for PLB implementation in COPD management, particularly in determining the optimal I:E ratio. The findings may help standardize clinical practice, improve respiratory outcomes, and enhance the quality of life of COPD patients. Additionally, the results may provide a foundation for future research on breathing techniques and non-pharmacological interventions in respiratory care.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 4
- Model description
- This study uses a parallel assignment interventional model in which participants with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are randomly allocated to one of four groups: three intervention groups and one control group. Each intervention group receives the same type of behavioral intervention-pursed-lip breathing (PLB)-but with different inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5), while the control group receives standard care without structured PLB. The study follows a pretest-posttest design, where outcome measures are assessed at baseline and immediately after a single 10-minute intervention session. There is no crossover between groups, and each participant is exposed to only one assigned condition throughout the study. The intervention is administered in a controlled clinical setting with participants in a standardized high-Fowler position to ensure consistency. All groups are observed during the same time frame, and outcome assessments are conducted us
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Arm Group 1, PLB I:E 1:3 | Experimental | Other: Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration)Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration) |
| Arm Group 2, PLB I:E 1:4 | Experimental | Other: Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration)Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration) |
| Arm Group 3, PLB I:E 1:5 | Experimental | Other: Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration)Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration) |
| Arm Group 4, Standard Therapy | No intervention | –Participants receive standard care without structured PLB intervention |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 40 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Diagnosed with stable COPD
- Age ≥ 40 years
- Able to follow breathing instructions
- Willing to participate and provide informed consent
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Cognitive impairment or decreased consciousness
- Severe cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension)
- Asthma-COPD overlap (ACO)
- Acute respiratory infection (e.g., pneumonia)
- Neuromuscular disorders affecting respiratory muscles
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration)Participants will be allocated into four study arms: three intervention groups and one control group. Intervention Groups (PLB with Different I:E Ratios): Participants in the intervention arms will perform Pursed-Lip Breathing (PLB) with specific inspiratory-to-expiratory (I:E) ratios as follows: Group 1: I:E ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration) The procedure will be conducted in a seated position (high Fowler's position). Participants will be instructed to inhale slowly through the nose and exhale through pursed lips according to the assigned ratio. A metronome will be used to standardize breathing timing. Each session will last approximately 10 minutes and will be supervised by the researcher to ensure correct technique and safety. stru | Other | Arm Group 1, PLB I:E 1:3 |
| Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration)Participants will be allocated into four study arms: three intervention groups and one control group. Intervention Groups (PLB with Different I:E Ratios): Participants in the intervention arms will perform Pursed-Lip Breathing (PLB) with specific inspiratory-to-expiratory (I:E) ratios as follows: Group 2: I:E ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration) The procedure will be conducted in a seated position (high Fowler's position). Participants will be instructed to inhale slowly through the nose and exhale through pursed lips according to the assigned ratio. A metronome will be used to standardize breathing timing. Each session will last approximately 10 minutes and will be supervised by the researcher to ensure correct technique and safety. | Other | Arm Group 2, PLB I:E 1:4 |
| Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration)Participants will be allocated into four study arms: three intervention groups and one control group. Intervention Groups (PLB with Different I:E Ratios): Participants in the intervention arms will perform Pursed-Lip Breathing (PLB) with specific inspiratory-to-expiratory (I:E) ratios as follows: Group 3: I:E ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration) The procedure will be conducted in a seated position (high Fowler's position). Participants will be instructed to inhale slowly through the nose and exhale through pursed lips according to the assigned ratio. A metronome will be used to standardize breathing timing. Each session will last approximately 10 minutes and will be supervised by the researcher to ensure correct technique and safety. | Other | Arm Group 3, PLB I:E 1:5 |
Primary outcome
Primary Outcome 1: Respiratory Rate
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after 10-minute intervention
Respiratory rate measured as the number of breaths per minute at rest using direct observation for 60 seconds
Primary Outcome 2: Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂)
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after 10-minute intervention
Peripheral oxygen saturation measured using a calibrated pulse oximeter at rest.
Primary Outcome 3 Dyspnea Level
Time frame: Baseline and immediately after 10-minute intervention
Dyspnea assessed using the Modified Borg Scale (0-10), where higher scores indicate more severe breathlessness.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 7 May 2026.
- Background: PubMed 40314858Abu-Odah H, Xian-Liang Liu, Wang T, Zhao IY, Yorke J, Tan JB, Molassiotis A. Modified Borg Scale (mBorg), the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and the Dyspnea- 12 Scale (D- 12): cross-scale comparison assessing the development of dyspnea in early-stage lung cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2025 May 2;33(5):442. doi: 10.1007/s00520-025-09474-x.
- BackgroundGusmarta, G., & Oktarina, Y. (2025). Case Report : Implementation of Pursed-Lips Breathing Technique on Respiratory Rate and Oxygen Saturation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients in the Pulmonary Ward of Raden Mattaher Hospital Jambi. Jurnal Keperawatan Universitas Jambi, 9(3), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.22437/jkuj.v9i3.47490
- BackgroundCavalheri, V., Burtin, C., Formico, V. R., Nonoyama, M., Jenkins, S., Spruit, M. A., & Hill, K. (2020). Exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD010039. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010039.pub2
- Background: PubMed 39477355Burge AT, Gadowski AM, Jones A, Romero L, Smallwood NE, Ekstrom M, Reinke LF, Saggu R, Wijsenbeek M, Holland AE. Breathing techniques to reduce symptoms in people with serious respiratory illness: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev. 2024 Oct 30;33(174):240012. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0012-2024. Print 2024 Oct.
- Background: PubMed 37339502Bhatt SP, Nakhmani A, Fortis S, Strand MJ, Silverman EK, Sciurba FC, Bodduluri S. FEV1/FVC Severity Stages for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Sep 15;208(6):676-684. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202303-0450OC.
- BackgroundAnon. (2025, March 4). What is the recommended inspiratory to expiratory (I:E) ratio for ventilator settings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation? Droracle.ai. https://www.droracle.ai/articles/22727/what-is-the-recommended-inspiratory-to-expiratory-ie-ratio
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. IPD will not be shared because the study involves human participants and the data are subject to institutional and ethical restrictions that limit public data sharing. Only aggregated results will be reported.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Scholastica Fina Aryu Puspasari, Master contact
Scholastica FA Puspasari, Master principal investigator
STIKes Panti Rapih Yogyakarta
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:3 (2 seconds inspiration, 6 seconds expiration), Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:4 (2 seconds inspiration, 8 seconds expiration) and Participants perform PLB with inspiratory-expiratory ratio 1:5 (2 seconds inspiration, 10 seconds expiration) in people with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), run by Scholastica Fina Aryu Puspasari.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 7 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Scholastica Fina Aryu Puspasari, Master (+62821-3433-1244, scholastica_fina@stikespantirapih.ac.id), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Primary Outcome 1: Respiratory Rate (time frame: Baseline and immediately after 10-minute intervention). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07573826, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 7 May 2026.