SmokersNCT07562295
Periodontal Health Among Cigarette, Electronic Cigarettes, and Narghile Smokers
An observational study of Smokers and Periodontal Status, run by Al-Hawash Private University at 1 site in Syria.
Trial summary
This study compares the different effects of traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and narghile on periodontal health among a sample of Al-Hawash Private University students. The main question it aims to answer is: Are there statistically significant differences in periodontal parameters among different types of… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 25 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Smokers, Periodontal Status
- What is being tested?
- Non-Interventional Study
- How many people
- 90 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSyria
- Study dates
- 1 Jun 2025to 31 Aug 2026
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 25 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Study population: Smoker students at Al-Hawash Private University
Who may be able to join
- Cigarette smokers: Individuals who have smoked five or more cigarettes per day for at least one year.
- E-cigarette smokers: Individuals who have smoked e-cigarettes one or more times per day for at least one year.
- narghile smokers: Individuals who have used a hookah one or more times per day for at least one year.
Who cannot join
- Non-smokers
- Ages older than 25 years
- Dual smokers: Individuals who smoke two or more types of tobacco.
- Individuals with systemic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, liver problems, and kidney disease
- Individuals who reported using antibiotics, steroids, or NSAIDs within the past month
- Individuals who have received periodontal treatment at least six months ago
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Evaluation of Periodontal Health Among Cigarette, Electronic Cigarettes, and Narghile Smokers Among a Sample of Alhawsh Private University Students
This study compares the different effects of traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and narghile on periodontal health among a sample of Al-Hawash Private University students. The main question it aims to answer is: Are there statistically significant differences in periodontal parameters among different types of smokers?
Read the detailed description
The emergence of e-cigarettes and the increasing popularity of hookah smoking, alongside traditional cigarette use, have created a complex health landscape, particularly regarding periodontal health. Despite growing global awareness of smoking-related dangers, particularly among young people due to marketing of "safer" alternatives, there is a lack of research directly comparing the effects of these three smoking methods on periodontal tissues.
While research extensively covers the impact of smoking on periodontal tissues, despite the individual studies on each type of smoking, no study has directly compared the effects of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and hookah on periodontal health in the same population.
Aim: study and compare the different effects of traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and narghile on periodontal health among a sample of students at Al-Hawash Private University.
- Conditions
- Smokers, Periodontal Status
- Being tested
- Non-Interventional Study
- Keywords
- Smoking, Cigarettes, Periodontal Health, Electronic Cigarettes, Narghile Smokers
- Medical subject headings
- Smoking, Vaping
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Non-Interventional StudyOther
Non-Interventional Study
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Cigarette Smokers | Not described Receives: Other: Non-Interventional Study | |
| E-cigarette Smokers | Not described Receives: Other: Non-Interventional Study | |
| Narghile Smokers | Not described Receives: Other: Non-Interventional Study |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Plaque Index (PI)
Plaque Index (PI) The PI was evaluated according to the Silness and Löe (1964) system. This system assesses the plaque thickness at the tooth cervical margin (closest to the gum) and has four scores:
0: no plaque;
- a film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin which is nonvisible and it can be scraped from the tooth surface using a probe;
- moderate accumulation of soft deposits within the gingival pocket or between the tooth and the gingival margin;
- abundance of soft matter within the gingival pocket and/or on the tooth and the gingival margin. The presence of visible dental plaque was recorded on the four sites (vestibular, lingual, mesial, and distal) of all the teeth, except the third molars. three PI classes (PI%; [0-1[; [1-2[; [2-3]) were arbitrarily defined
Measured: At enrollment
Gingival Index (GI)
The gingival status was evaluated using the method of Löe and Silness (1963). The GI score perfectly evaluates the marginal and inter proximal tissues separately on the basis of the following three criteria (Löe \& Silness, 1963):
0: no inflammation, healthy gingiva;
- mild inflammation, slight change in color, slight edema, no bleeding on pressure;
- moderate inflammation, moderate glazing, red ness, bleeding on pressure;
- severe inflammation, marked redness and hypertrophy, ulceration, tendency to spontaneous bleeding.
Measured: At enrollment
Probing Pocket Depth (PPD)
PPD is the distance between the gingival margin and the apical depth of the periodontal probe tip penetration. The depth of the sulci or pockets was probed using a Williams periodontal probe with markings 1, 2, 3, 5,7,8, 9, 10 mm. The clinical measurements were based on the four sites (buccal, mesial, distal, and lingual) of all the teeth, except the third molars (Natto et al., 2005b).
Measured: At enrollment
Clinical Attachment Level (CAL)
Clinical attachment level (CAL) is measured from the cementoenamel junction to the bottom of the sulcus or pocket at the four sites. The mean is then calculated for each patient.
Measured: At enrollment
Bleeding On Probing (BOP)
The bleeding on probing was assessed through gentle probing of the orifice of the gingival crevice .If bleeding occurs within 10 seconds, a positive finding was established and the number of positive sites was recorded and then expressed as the percentage of the number of sites examined.
Measured: At enrollment
Tooth Mobility (TM)
Tooth mobility, was performed by alternatively pressing on the tooth buccal and lingual surfaces using one finger and one metallic instrument Tooth mobility was recorded (Fleszar et al., 1980) as follows:
0: physiologic mobility, firm tooth;
- slightly increased mobility;
- definite to considerable increase in mobility but no function impairment;
- extreme mobility, a loose tooth that would be incomparable in function
Measured: At enrollment
Gingival Recession (GR)
Gingival recession is measured by measuring the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the free gingival margin at the midpoint of the buccal surface.
Measured: At enrollment
Furcation Involvement ( FI)
Furcation involvement, is investigated clinically with a probe and classified according to the Hamp's classification system:
Class 0 = no horizontal loss of periodontal tissue support (apart from the original scoring scale).
Class I ≤3mm horizontal loss of periodontal tissue support. Class II > 3 mm horizontal loss of periodontal tissue support, no through-and-through furcation Class III through-and-through furcation (required to see the tip of the probe at the contralateral furcation opening) and additionally
Measured: At enrollment
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted1 May 2026
- Study start1 Jun 2025
- Primary completion31 Aug 2026
- Study completion31 Aug 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for SmokersStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 90 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Al-Hawash Private University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07562295
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 15-6-2025
- Status last verified
- Mar 2026
- First submitted
- 25 Apr 2026
- Last updated
- 2 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 2 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Evaluation of Periodontal Health Among Cigarette, Electronic Cigarettes, and Narghile Smokers Among a Sample of Alhawsh Private University Students
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07562295
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 15-6-2025
- Conditions
- Smokers, Periodontal Status
- Keywords
- Smoking, Cigarettes, Periodontal Health, Electronic Cigarettes, Narghile Smokers
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 90 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Al-Hawash Private UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Aug 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Aug 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 1 May 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study compares the different effects of traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and narghile on periodontal health among a sample of Al-Hawash Private University students. The main question it aims to answer is: Are there statistically significant differences in periodontal parameters among different types of smokers?
Detailed description
The emergence of e-cigarettes and the increasing popularity of hookah smoking, alongside traditional cigarette use, have created a complex health landscape, particularly regarding periodontal health. Despite growing global awareness of smoking-related dangers, particularly among young people due to marketing of "safer" alternatives, there is a lack of research directly comparing the effects of these three smoking methods on periodontal tissues.
While research extensively covers the impact of smoking on periodontal tissues, despite the individual studies on each type of smoking, no study has directly compared the effects of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and hookah on periodontal health in the same population.
Aim: study and compare the different effects of traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and narghile on periodontal health among a sample of students at Al-Hawash Private University.
Study design
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Cigarette Smokers | – | Other: Non-Interventional Study |
| E-cigarette Smokers | – | Other: Non-Interventional Study |
| Narghile Smokers | – | Other: Non-Interventional Study |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 25 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
- Study population
- Smoker students at Al-Hawash Private University
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Cigarette smokers: Individuals who have smoked five or more cigarettes per day for at least one year.
- E-cigarette smokers: Individuals who have smoked e-cigarettes one or more times per day for at least one year.
- narghile smokers: Individuals who have used a hookah one or more times per day for at least one year.
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Non-smokers
- Ages older than 25 years
- Dual smokers: Individuals who smoke two or more types of tobacco.
- Individuals with systemic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, liver problems, and kidney disease
- Individuals who reported using antibiotics, steroids, or NSAIDs within the past month
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Non-Interventional StudyNon-Interventional Study | Other | Cigarette Smokers, E-cigarette Smokers, Narghile Smokers |
Primary outcome
Plaque Index (PI)
Time frame: At enrollment
Plaque Index (PI) The PI was evaluated according to the Silness and Löe (1964) system. This system assesses the plaque thickness at the tooth cervical margin (closest to the gum) and has four scores: 0: no plaque; 1. a film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin which is nonvisible and it can be scraped from the tooth surface using a probe; 2. moderate accumulation of soft deposits within the gingival pocket or between the tooth and the gingival margin; 3. abundance of soft matter within the gingival pocket and/or on the tooth and the gingival margin. The presence of visible dental plaque was recorded on the four sites (vestibular, lingual, mesial, and distal) of all the teeth, except the third molars. three PI classes (PI%; [0-1[; [1-2[; [2-3]) were arbitrarily defined
Gingival Index (GI)
Time frame: At enrollment
The gingival status was evaluated using the method of Löe and Silness (1963). The GI score perfectly evaluates the marginal and inter proximal tissues separately on the basis of the following three criteria (Löe \& Silness, 1963): 0: no inflammation, healthy gingiva; 1. mild inflammation, slight change in color, slight edema, no bleeding on pressure; 2. moderate inflammation, moderate glazing, red ness, bleeding on pressure; 3. severe inflammation, marked redness and hypertrophy, ulceration, tendency to spontaneous bleeding.
Probing Pocket Depth (PPD)
Time frame: At enrollment
PPD is the distance between the gingival margin and the apical depth of the periodontal probe tip penetration. The depth of the sulci or pockets was probed using a Williams periodontal probe with markings 1, 2, 3, 5,7,8, 9, 10 mm. The clinical measurements were based on the four sites (buccal, mesial, distal, and lingual) of all the teeth, except the third molars (Natto et al., 2005b).
Clinical Attachment Level (CAL)
Time frame: At enrollment
Clinical attachment level (CAL) is measured from the cementoenamel junction to the bottom of the sulcus or pocket at the four sites. The mean is then calculated for each patient.
Bleeding On Probing (BOP)
Time frame: At enrollment
The bleeding on probing was assessed through gentle probing of the orifice of the gingival crevice .If bleeding occurs within 10 seconds, a positive finding was established and the number of positive sites was recorded and then expressed as the percentage of the number of sites examined.
Tooth Mobility (TM)
Time frame: At enrollment
Tooth mobility, was performed by alternatively pressing on the tooth buccal and lingual surfaces using one finger and one metallic instrument Tooth mobility was recorded (Fleszar et al., 1980) as follows: 0: physiologic mobility, firm tooth; 1. slightly increased mobility; 2. definite to considerable increase in mobility but no function impairment; 3. extreme mobility, a loose tooth that would be incomparable in function
Gingival Recession (GR)
Time frame: At enrollment
Gingival recession is measured by measuring the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the free gingival margin at the midpoint of the buccal surface.
Furcation Involvement ( FI)
Time frame: At enrollment
Furcation involvement, is investigated clinically with a probe and classified according to the Hamp's classification system: Class 0 = no horizontal loss of periodontal tissue support (apart from the original scoring scale). Class I ≤3mm horizontal loss of periodontal tissue support. Class II > 3 mm horizontal loss of periodontal tissue support, no through-and-through furcation Class III through-and-through furcation (required to see the tip of the probe at the contralateral furcation opening) and additionally
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 2 Sep 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Smokers and Periodontal Status, run by Al-Hawash Private University at 1 site in Syria.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 2 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Syria. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Plaque Index (PI) (time frame: At enrollment). The study lists 8 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 2 Sep 2026.