SportsNo acronymNCT07559487
Field-Based Physical and Temporal Correlates of Pitch Velocity in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers
An observational study of Sports and Techniques, run by Federal University of Vicosa at 1 site in Colombia.
Trial summary
This completed observational repeated-measures study examined the relationship between field-based physical and temporal measures and pitch velocity in adolescent baseball pitchers. Six adolescent pitchers were assessed repeatedly over five weeks. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 13 to 14 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Sports, Techniques, Young
- What is being tested?
- Field-Based Performance Assessment Battery
- How many people
- 6 participants
- Where
- 1 siteColombia
- Study dates
- 21 Jul 2022to 15 Sep 2022
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 13 to 14 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Study population: The study population consisted of male adolescent baseball pitchers aged 13 to 14 years from an organized youth baseball training process in Antioquia, Colombia. Participants were healthy athletes involved in regular baseball practice and were assessed using field-based physical, biomechanical, and performance measures related to pitch velocity.
Who may be able to join
- Male adolescent baseball players aged 13 to 14 years.
- Regular pitchers or players who performed regular pitching duties within an organized baseball training process.
- Regular participation in baseball training during the assessment period.
- Ability to complete field-based jumping, sprinting, shoulder flexibility, pitching, and video-based wind-up assessments.
- Parent or legal guardian consent and participant assent.
Who cannot join
- Active musculoskeletal injury, relevant pain, or medical restriction limiting participation in jumping, sprinting, or pitching assessments.
- Ongoing physical rehabilitation at the time of assessment.
- Medical contraindication for performing physical efforts consistent with regular baseball practice.
- Insufficient attendance to complete the minimum repeated-measures record required for analysis.
- Withdrawal of parent/legal guardian consent or participant assent.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Relationship Between Explosive Strength, Shoulder Flexibility, Sprint Performance, Wind-Up Temporal Characteristics, and Pitch Velocity in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers: A Completed Observational Repeated-Measures Study
This completed observational repeated-measures study examined the relationship between field-based physical and temporal measures and pitch velocity in adolescent baseball pitchers. Six adolescent pitchers were assessed repeatedly over five weeks. The assessment battery included rotational medicine-ball throw distance, countermovement jump height, 30 m sprint time, shoulder flexibility, temporal characteristics of two operational wind-up phases, and pitch velocity measured with a sports radar. No experimental intervention or modification of the athletes' usual training was implemented.
Read the detailed description
Pitch velocity is a relevant performance indicator in baseball pitching, particularly during adolescent development, when physical capacities, technical refinement, and sport-specific skill acquisition occur simultaneously. This completed observational study was designed to explore whether field-based measures of explosive strength, shoulder flexibility, sprint performance, and wind-up temporal organization were associated with pitch velocity in adolescent baseball pitchers.
The study used a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-correlational, longitudinal repeated-measures design. Six adolescent baseball pitchers were assessed once per week over approximately five weeks, yielding repeated observations nested within each athlete. The study did not involve an assigned intervention, randomization, treatment allocation, or modification of the athletes' usual training process.
The field-based assessment battery included rotational medicine-ball throw distance as an indicator of upper-body rotational explosive performance, countermovement jump height as an indicator of lower-body explosive performance, 30 m flying sprint time as an indicator of sprint performance, shoulder flexibility assessed through a behind-the-back shoulder mobility test, temporal analysis of two operational phases of the pitching wind-up using video, and pitch velocity measured with a sports radar. Wind-up phase 1 was operationally defined as the interval from maximal knee elevation to bilateral foot contact, whereas wind-up phase 2 was defined as the interval from bilateral foot contact to frontal orientation toward the target.
The main analytical purpose was to describe the magnitude and direction of the associations between the field-based measures and pitch velocity while accounting for the repeated-measures structure of the data. Analyses were planned using descriptive statistics and association models appropriate for repeated observations within participants, including mixed-effects models or exploratory correlation procedures when required by the sample size.
- Conditions
- Sports, Techniques, Young, Biomechanical Parameters
- Being tested
- Field-Based Performance Assessment Battery
- Keywords
- baseball, adolescent athletes, pitching velocity, biomechanics
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Field-Based Performance Assessment BatteryOther
Participants completed a field-based assessment battery including rotational medicine-ball throw, countermovement jump, 30 m flying sprint, shoulder flexibility assessment, video-based wind-up temporal analysis, and radar-based pitch velocity measurement. These procedures were used only for observational assessment and did not constitute an assigned intervention.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Adolescent Baseball Pitchers | Adolescent baseball pitchers who completed repeated field-based assessments of explosive strength, sprint performance, shoulder flexibility, wind-up temporal characteristics, and pitch velocity over approximately five weeks. No intervention or training modification was assigned by the investigators. Receives: Other: Field-Based Performance Assessment Battery |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Pitch Velocity
Pitch velocity was measured in miles per hour using a sports radar during baseball pitches performed with the athlete's usual pitching technique. The best valid attempt was recorded for each assessment session.
Measured: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Secondary outcomes (6)
Rotational Medicine-Ball Throw Distance
Distance achieved in a rotational medicine-ball throw, used as a field-based indicator of upper-body rotational explosive performance.
Measured: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Countermovement Jump Height
Jump height measured during a countermovement jump, used as a field-based indicator of lower-body explosive performance.
Measured: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
30 m Flying Sprint Time
Time recorded during a 30 m flying sprint test, used as a field-based indicator of sprint performance.
Measured: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Shoulder Flexibility
Shoulder flexibility assessed through a behind-the-back shoulder mobility test, recording the distance or overlap between the middle fingers.
Measured: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Wind-Up Phase 1 Duration
Duration of the first operational wind-up phase, defined as the time from maximal knee elevation to bilateral foot contact, assessed using video analysis.
Measured: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Wind-Up Phase 2 Duration
Duration of the second operational wind-up phase, defined as the time from bilateral foot contact to frontal orientation toward the target, assessed using video analysis.
Measured: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted30 Apr 2026
- Study start21 Jul 2022
- Primary completion15 Sep 2022
- Study completion15 Sep 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for SportsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Enrolment
- 6 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Federal University of Vicosa
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Édison Andrés Pérez Bedoya, Federal University of Vicosa
- Investigators
- SAMUEL JOSE GAVIRIA ALZATE, PhD, Study director, Tecnologico de Antioquia
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07559487
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- BASEBALL-PITCH-ANT-OBS-2026
- Acronym
- No acronym
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 24 Apr 2026
- Last updated
- 30 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data will not be shared because the study involved minors and a small sport-specific sample, which may increase the risk of indirect identification. Results will be reported only in aggregate form.
Publications
Hernández Sampieri R, Mendoza Torres CP. Metodología de la investigación: las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. Ciudad de México: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.
Naclerio Ayllón F, Santos Leyva J, Pantoja García D. Relación entre los parámetros de fuerza, potencia y velocidad, en jugadores de softball. Kronos. 2004;3(6):13-20.
Cañizares Arteaga R, Peña Malibran JD, Jiménez García R. Estudio del comportamiento de algunas características biomecánicas durante el lanzamiento, en lanzadores de béisbol del equipo de Sancti Spíritus. OLIMPIA. 2020;17:581-592.
Pérez Martínez I, Martínez García M, Quintana Díaz A. Interrelación entre variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol. PODIUM: Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología en la Cultura Física. 2021;16(3):743-756.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Relationship Between Explosive Strength, Shoulder Flexibility, Sprint Performance, Wind-Up Temporal Characteristics, and Pitch Velocity in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers: A Completed Observational Repeated-Measures Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07559487
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- No acronym / BASEBALL-PITCH-ANT-OBS-2026
- Conditions
- Sports, Techniques, Young, Biomechanical Parameters
- Keywords
- baseball, adolescent athletes, pitching velocity, biomechanics
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 6 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Federal University of VicosaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 21 Jul 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Sep 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Sep 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 30 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This completed observational repeated-measures study examined the relationship between field-based physical and temporal measures and pitch velocity in adolescent baseball pitchers. Six adolescent pitchers were assessed repeatedly over five weeks. The assessment battery included rotational medicine-ball throw distance, countermovement jump height, 30 m sprint time, shoulder flexibility, temporal characteristics of two operational wind-up phases, and pitch velocity measured with a sports radar. No experimental intervention or modification of the athletes' usual training was implemented.
Detailed description
Pitch velocity is a relevant performance indicator in baseball pitching, particularly during adolescent development, when physical capacities, technical refinement, and sport-specific skill acquisition occur simultaneously. This completed observational study was designed to explore whether field-based measures of explosive strength, shoulder flexibility, sprint performance, and wind-up temporal organization were associated with pitch velocity in adolescent baseball pitchers.
The study used a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-correlational, longitudinal repeated-measures design. Six adolescent baseball pitchers were assessed once per week over approximately five weeks, yielding repeated observations nested within each athlete. The study did not involve an assigned intervention, randomization, treatment allocation, or modification of the athletes' usual training process.
The field-based assessment battery included rotational medicine-ball throw distance as an indicator of upper-body rotational explosive performance, countermovement jump height as an indicator of lower-body explosive performance, 30 m flying sprint time as an indicator of sprint performance, shoulder flexibility assessed through a behind-the-back shoulder mobility test, temporal analysis of two operational phases of the pitching wind-up using video, and pitch velocity measured with a sports radar. Wind-up phase 1 was operationally defined as the interval from maximal knee elevation to bilateral foot contact, whereas wind-up phase 2 was defined as the interval from bilateral foot contact to frontal orientation toward the target.
The main analytical purpose was to describe the magnitude and direction of the associations between the field-based measures and pitch velocity while accounting for the repeated-measures structure of the data. Analyses were planned using descriptive statistics and association models appropriate for repeated observations within participants, including mixed-effects models or exploratory correlation procedures when required by the sample size.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Adolescent Baseball Pitchers | – | Other: Field-Based Performance Assessment BatteryAdolescent baseball pitchers who completed repeated field-based assessments of explosive strength, sprint performance, shoulder flexibility, wind-up temporal characteristics, and pitch velocity over approximately five weeks. No intervention or training modification was assigned by the investigators. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 13 to 14 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
- Study population
- The study population consisted of male adolescent baseball pitchers aged 13 to 14 years from an organized youth baseball training process in Antioquia, Colombia. Participants were healthy athletes involved in regular baseball practice and were assessed using field-based physical, biomechanical, and performance measures related to pitch velocity.
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Male adolescent baseball players aged 13 to 14 years.
- Regular pitchers or players who performed regular pitching duties within an organized baseball training process.
- Regular participation in baseball training during the assessment period.
- Ability to complete field-based jumping, sprinting, shoulder flexibility, pitching, and video-based wind-up assessments.
- Parent or legal guardian consent and participant assent.
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Active musculoskeletal injury, relevant pain, or medical restriction limiting participation in jumping, sprinting, or pitching assessments.
- Ongoing physical rehabilitation at the time of assessment.
- Medical contraindication for performing physical efforts consistent with regular baseball practice.
- Insufficient attendance to complete the minimum repeated-measures record required for analysis.
- Withdrawal of parent/legal guardian consent or participant assent.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Field-Based Performance Assessment BatteryParticipants completed a field-based assessment battery including rotational medicine-ball throw, countermovement jump, 30 m flying sprint, shoulder flexibility assessment, video-based wind-up temporal analysis, and radar-based pitch velocity measurement. These procedures were used only for observational assessment and did not constitute an assigned intervention. | Other | Adolescent Baseball Pitchers |
Primary outcome
Pitch Velocity
Time frame: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Pitch velocity was measured in miles per hour using a sports radar during baseball pitches performed with the athlete's usual pitching technique. The best valid attempt was recorded for each assessment session.
6 secondary outcomes
Rotational Medicine-Ball Throw Distance
Time frame: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Countermovement Jump Height
Time frame: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
30 m Flying Sprint Time
Time frame: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Shoulder Flexibility
Time frame: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Wind-Up Phase 1 Duration
Time frame: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Wind-Up Phase 2 Duration
Time frame: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Apr 2026.
- BackgroundHernández Sampieri R, Mendoza Torres CP. Metodología de la investigación: las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. Ciudad de México: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.
- BackgroundNaclerio Ayllón F, Santos Leyva J, Pantoja García D. Relación entre los parámetros de fuerza, potencia y velocidad, en jugadores de softball. Kronos. 2004;3(6):13-20.
- BackgroundCañizares Arteaga R, Peña Malibran JD, Jiménez García R. Estudio del comportamiento de algunas características biomecánicas durante el lanzamiento, en lanzadores de béisbol del equipo de Sancti Spíritus. OLIMPIA. 2020;17:581-592.
- BackgroundPérez Martínez I, Martínez García M, Quintana Díaz A. Interrelación entre variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol. PODIUM: Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología en la Cultura Física. 2021;16(3):743-756.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data will not be shared because the study involved minors and a small sport-specific sample, which may increase the risk of indirect identification. Results will be reported only in aggregate form.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
SAMUEL JOSE GAVIRIA ALZATE, PhD study director
Tecnologico de Antioquia
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Sports and Techniques, run by Federal University of Vicosa at 1 site in Colombia.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Colombia. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Pitch Velocity (time frame: At each weekly assessment over 5 weeks). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07559487, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Apr 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.