PeriodontitisNSPT-BiomarkerNCT07547202
Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Salivary Biomarkers in Smokers and Non-Smokers With Periodontitis
A study testing Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing) in people with Periodontitis and Smoking ( Cigarette), run by Al-Mustansiriyah University at 2 sites in Iraq.
Trial summary
This study evaluates the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on salivary biomarkers (Dkk-1, Sclerostin, and PLAP-1) and clinical periodontal parameters in patients with periodontitis. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that destroys tooth-supporting tissues. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Periodontitis, Smoking ( Cigarette)
- What is being tested?
- Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing)
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 44 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesIraq
- Study dates
- 1 Jan 2026to 1 Oct 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Systemically healthy.
- Diagnosed with Stage II and III periodontitis.
- Presence of ≥ 20 teeth (excluding third molars).
- Current smoker OR non-smoker
Who cannot join
- Presence of systemic diseases affecting the periodontium.
- Use of medications affecting inflammation.
- Received periodontal therapy in the past 6 months.
- Received antibiotic therapy in the last 3 months.
- Alcohol use.
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Hussein Abdul-Rassul Hatiem, B.D.S., M.Sc. Student contact
Ghasaq Asim Abdulwahab, B.D.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. contact
Iraq2 sites, 2 recruiting
- Recruiting
Al-Sadr Specialized Dental Center
Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, 10001
- Recruiting
Sadr Specialized Dental Center
Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate
Hussein Abdul-Rassul Hatiem, B.D.S., M.Sc. Student, +9647703916382, husseinabdulrassol@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq
Ghasaq Asim Abdulwahab, B.D.S., M.Sc., Ph.D., +9647901174767, ghasaq.a.abdulwahhab@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq
About this study
Official title: The Significance of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Salivary Dkk-1, Sclerostin, and PLAP-1 Levels in Smoker and Non-Smoker Patients With Periodontitis: A Clinical Comparative Study
This study evaluates the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on salivary biomarkers (Dkk-1, Sclerostin, and PLAP-1) and clinical periodontal parameters in patients with periodontitis. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that destroys tooth-supporting tissues. Smoking is a significant risk factor that worsens periodontal destruction and reduces the effectiveness of standard therapies.
- The trial is a non-randomized comparative clinical study.
- It includes 44 adult patients diagnosed with Stage II and III periodontitis.
- The participants are divided into two equal groups: 22 current smokers and 22 non-smokers.
- Participants will undergo a baseline examination, followed by standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy consisting of scaling and root planing.
- A follow-up visit will be conducted six weeks post-therapy to repeat clinical measurements and saliva collection.
- The primary objective is to evaluate changes in salivary biomarker levels and clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, bleeding on probing, Probing Pocket Depth, Clinical Attachment Level) after treatment.
Read the detailed description
Smoking is known to adversely affect the periodontium by altering cytokine production, impairing neutrophil function, and causing vasoconstriction that masks clinical inflammation. Because conventional diagnostic methods primarily measure past tissue destruction, there is growing interest in utilizing salivary biomarkers for real-time monitoring of disease activity. Specifically, Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) and Sclerostin (SOST) are elevated in periodontitis and actively suppress bone formation by antagonizing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conversely, Periodontal Ligament-Associated Protein-1 (PLAP-1) plays a protective role in maintaining the periodontal ligament, and its presence in saliva may indicate active degradation. The collective behavior of these biomarkers in response to therapy among smokers is not fully understood.
This non-randomized comparative clinical trial aims to investigate the impact of smoking on these salivary biomarkers before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. A total of 44 systemically healthy adult participants with Stage II and III periodontitis will be enrolled. The participants will be divided into two groups of 22: current smokers and non-smokers (defined as having never smoked or quit >5 years ago).
Study Procedures:
- Baseline Visit: Participants will provide written informed consent, followed by the collection of unstimulated whole saliva via passive drooling. A full-mouth clinical examination will then be conducted using a UNC-15 periodontal probe. Clinical measurements include Plaque Index (PLI), Gingival Index (GI), Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL).
- Treatment Phase: Patients will receive standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy. This involves scaling at the first visit, followed by root planing after one week.
- Follow-up Visit: Six weeks after completing the therapy, participants will return for a second saliva collection and a repeat of all clinical periodontal examinations.
Laboratory and Statistical Analysis:
- Saliva samples will be kept in an ice box, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant stored at -40 °C.
- Salivary levels of Dkk-1, SOST, and PLAP-1 will be quantified using specific human ELISA kits.
- Statistical analysis will assess intra-group and inter-group changes using SPSS, with a statistical significance level set at p ≤ 0.05.
- Conditions
- Periodontitis, Smoking ( Cigarette)
- Being tested
- Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing)
- Keywords
- Periodontitis, Smoking, Non-surgical periodontal therapy, Scaling and root planing, Salivary biomarkers, Dkk-1, Sclerostin, PLAP-1, SOST
- Medical subject headings
- Periodontitis, Cigarette Smoking, Smoking, Sclerosteosis
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing)Procedure or surgery
Standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy performed over two visits (scaling at the first visit and root planing after one week).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Smokers | Active comparator | 22 adult patients with Stage II or III periodontitis who currently smoke. They will receive standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy. Receives: Procedure: Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing) |
| Non-smokers | Active comparator | 22 adult patients with Stage II or III periodontitis who have never smoked or quit more than 5 years ago. They will receive standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy. Receives: Procedure: Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Salivary Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) Levels
Salivary Dkk-1 levels will be quantified using a specific human Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit.
Measured: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Salivary Sclerostin (SOST) Levels
Salivary Sclerostin (SOST) levels will be quantified using a specific human Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit.
Measured: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Salivary PLAP-1 (Asporin) Levels
Salivary Periodontal Ligament-Associated Protein-1 (PLAP-1) levels will be quantified using a specific human Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit.
Measured: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Secondary outcomes (5)
Change in Probing Pocket Depth (PPD)
PPD will be measured from the gingival margin to the base of the periodontal pocket using a UNC-15 periodontal probe.
Measured: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Clinical Attachment Level (CAL)
CAL will be measured from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the base of the periodontal pocket using a UNC-15 periodontal probe.
Measured: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Plaque Index (PLI)
The amount of dental plaque will be assessed and scored clinically according to the Silness \& Löe (1964) Plaque Index.
Measured: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Gingival Index (GI)
Gingival inflammation will be assessed and scored clinically according to the Löe \& Silness (1963) Gingival Index.
Measured: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI)
The presence or absence of gingival bleeding will be assessed clinically according to the Ainamo \& Bay (1975) Gingival Bleeding Index.
Measured: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Apr 2026
- Study start1 Jan 2026
- Primary completion1 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Oct 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for PeriodontitisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Participants are assigned to two parallel groups based on their smoking status: current smokers (n=22) and non-smokers (n=22). Both groups will receive the identical intervention of standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing). Clinical periodontal parameters and salivary biomarker levels will be evaluated before treatment (baseline) and after treatment (6-week follow-up) to assess the within-group changes. Additionally, the baseline and post-therapy results will be compared between the two groups to evaluate the impact of smoking on treatment response.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 44 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Al-Mustansiriyah University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Hussein Abdul-Rassul Hateim, Al-Mustansiriyah University
- Investigators
- Hussein Abdul-Rassul Hatiem, B.D.S., M.Sc. Student, Principal investigator, College of Dentistry / Mustansiriyah UniversityGhasaq Asim Abdulwahab, B.D.S., M.Sc., Ph.D., Study director, College of Dentistry / Mustansiriyah University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07547202
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- MU-DENT-2025-01
- Acronym
- NSPT-Biomarker
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 9 Apr 2026
- Last updated
- 23 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided: De-identified individual participant data will be made available upon reasonable request to the Principal Investigator.
Publications
Saraç Atagün Ö, Baltacıoğlu E, Alver A, Balaban Yücesan F, Yuva P, Aslan Kehribar M, et al. Effects of smoking on local and systemic oxidative stress markers in individuals with periodontitis. Northwestern Med J. 2024;4(4):195-20. https://doi.org/10.54307/2024.NWMJ.71
Gur B, Afacan B, Cevik O, Kose T, Emingil G. Gingival crevicular fluid periodontal ligament-associated protein-1, sclerostin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2023 Oct;94(10):1166-1175. doi: 10.1002/JPER.22-0750. Epub 2023 Apr 19.
PubMed 37006132Liao C, Liang S, Wang Y, Zhong T, Liu X. Sclerostin is a promising therapeutic target for oral inflammation and regenerative dentistry. J Transl Med. 2022 May 13;20(1):221. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03417-4.
PubMed 35562828Azab E, Attia A, Yaghmoor W, Aldahlawi S, Youssef AR. The Impact of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Serum Levels of Dickkopf-Related Protein-1 in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Periodontitis: A Prospective Comparative Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2022 Jun 28;14:191-198. doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S362801. eCollection 2022.
PubMed 35789574
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Significance of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Salivary Dkk-1, Sclerostin, and PLAP-1 Levels in Smoker and Non-Smoker Patients With Periodontitis: A Clinical Comparative Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07547202
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NSPT-Biomarker / MU-DENT-2025-01
- Conditions
- Periodontitis, Smoking ( Cigarette)
- Keywords
- Periodontitis, Smoking, Non-surgical periodontal therapy, Scaling and root planing, Salivary biomarkers, Dkk-1, Sclerostin, PLAP-1
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 44 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Al-Mustansiriyah UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Oct 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 23 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study evaluates the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on salivary biomarkers (Dkk-1, Sclerostin, and PLAP-1) and clinical periodontal parameters in patients with periodontitis. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that destroys tooth-supporting tissues. Smoking is a significant risk factor that worsens periodontal destruction and reduces the effectiveness of standard therapies.
- The trial is a non-randomized comparative clinical study.
- It includes 44 adult patients diagnosed with Stage II and III periodontitis.
- The participants are divided into two equal groups: 22 current smokers and 22 non-smokers.
- Participants will undergo a baseline examination, followed by standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy consisting of scaling and root planing.
- A follow-up visit will be conducted six weeks post-therapy to repeat clinical measurements and saliva collection.
- The primary objective is to evaluate changes in salivary biomarker levels and clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, bleeding on probing, Probing Pocket Depth, Clinical Attachment Level) after treatment.
Detailed description
Smoking is known to adversely affect the periodontium by altering cytokine production, impairing neutrophil function, and causing vasoconstriction that masks clinical inflammation. Because conventional diagnostic methods primarily measure past tissue destruction, there is growing interest in utilizing salivary biomarkers for real-time monitoring of disease activity. Specifically, Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) and Sclerostin (SOST) are elevated in periodontitis and actively suppress bone formation by antagonizing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conversely, Periodontal Ligament-Associated Protein-1 (PLAP-1) plays a protective role in maintaining the periodontal ligament, and its presence in saliva may indicate active degradation. The collective behavior of these biomarkers in response to therapy among smokers is not fully understood.
This non-randomized comparative clinical trial aims to investigate the impact of smoking on these salivary biomarkers before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. A total of 44 systemically healthy adult participants with Stage II and III periodontitis will be enrolled. The participants will be divided into two groups of 22: current smokers and non-smokers (defined as having never smoked or quit >5 years ago).
Study Procedures:
- Baseline Visit: Participants will provide written informed consent, followed by the collection of unstimulated whole saliva via passive drooling. A full-mouth clinical examination will then be conducted using a UNC-15 periodontal probe. Clinical measurements include Plaque Index (PLI), Gingival Index (GI), Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL).
- Treatment Phase: Patients will receive standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy. This involves scaling at the first visit, followed by root planing after one week.
- Follow-up Visit: Six weeks after completing the therapy, participants will return for a second saliva collection and a repeat of all clinical periodontal examinations.
Laboratory and Statistical Analysis:
- Saliva samples will be kept in an ice box, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant stored at -40 °C.
- Salivary levels of Dkk-1, SOST, and PLAP-1 will be quantified using specific human ELISA kits.
- Statistical analysis will assess intra-group and inter-group changes using SPSS, with a statistical significance level set at p ≤ 0.05.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Participants are assigned to two parallel groups based on their smoking status: current smokers (n=22) and non-smokers (n=22). Both groups will receive the identical intervention of standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing). Clinical periodontal parameters and salivary biomarker levels will be evaluated before treatment (baseline) and after treatment (6-week follow-up) to assess the within-group changes. Additionally, the baseline and post-therapy results will be compared between the two groups to evaluate the impact of smoking on treatment response.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Smokers | Active comparator | Procedure: Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing)22 adult patients with Stage II or III periodontitis who currently smoke. They will receive standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy. |
| Non-smokers | Active comparator | Procedure: Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing)22 adult patients with Stage II or III periodontitis who have never smoked or quit more than 5 years ago. They will receive standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Systemically healthy.
- Diagnosed with Stage II and III periodontitis.
- Presence of ≥ 20 teeth (excluding third molars).
- Current smoker OR non-smoker
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Presence of systemic diseases affecting the periodontium.
- Use of medications affecting inflammation.
- Received periodontal therapy in the past 6 months.
- Received antibiotic therapy in the last 3 months.
- Alcohol use.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing)Standardized non-surgical periodontal therapy performed over two visits (scaling at the first visit and root planing after one week). | Procedure or surgery | Non-smokers, Smokers |
Primary outcome
Change in Salivary Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) Levels
Time frame: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Salivary Dkk-1 levels will be quantified using a specific human Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit.
Change in Salivary Sclerostin (SOST) Levels
Time frame: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Salivary Sclerostin (SOST) levels will be quantified using a specific human Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit.
Change in Salivary PLAP-1 (Asporin) Levels
Time frame: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Salivary Periodontal Ligament-Associated Protein-1 (PLAP-1) levels will be quantified using a specific human Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit.
5 secondary outcomes
Change in Probing Pocket Depth (PPD)
Time frame: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Clinical Attachment Level (CAL)
Time frame: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Plaque Index (PLI)
Time frame: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Gingival Index (GI)
Time frame: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Change in Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI)
Time frame: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Apr 2026.
- BackgroundSaraç Atagün Ö, Baltacıoğlu E, Alver A, Balaban Yücesan F, Yuva P, Aslan Kehribar M, et al. Effects of smoking on local and systemic oxidative stress markers in individuals with periodontitis. Northwestern Med J. 2024;4(4):195-20. https://doi.org/10.54307/2024.NWMJ.71
- Background: PubMed 37006132Gur B, Afacan B, Cevik O, Kose T, Emingil G. Gingival crevicular fluid periodontal ligament-associated protein-1, sclerostin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2023 Oct;94(10):1166-1175. doi: 10.1002/JPER.22-0750. Epub 2023 Apr 19.
- Background: PubMed 35562828Liao C, Liang S, Wang Y, Zhong T, Liu X. Sclerostin is a promising therapeutic target for oral inflammation and regenerative dentistry. J Transl Med. 2022 May 13;20(1):221. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03417-4.
- Background: PubMed 35789574Azab E, Attia A, Yaghmoor W, Aldahlawi S, Youssef AR. The Impact of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Serum Levels of Dickkopf-Related Protein-1 in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Periodontitis: A Prospective Comparative Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2022 Jun 28;14:191-198. doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S362801. eCollection 2022.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided. De-identified individual participant data will be made available upon reasonable request to the Principal Investigator.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Hussein Abdul-Rassul Hatiem, B.D.S., M.Sc. Student contact
Ghasaq Asim Abdulwahab, B.D.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. contact
Hussein Abdul-Rassul Hatiem, B.D.S., M.Sc. Student principal investigator
College of Dentistry / Mustansiriyah University
Ghasaq Asim Abdulwahab, B.D.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. study director
College of Dentistry / Mustansiriyah University
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and root planing) in people with Periodontitis and Smoking ( Cigarette), run by Al-Mustansiriyah University at 2 sites in Iraq.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in Iraq. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Hussein Abdul-Rassul Hatiem, B.D.S., M.Sc. Student (+9647703916382, husseinabdulrassol@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Salivary Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) Levels (time frame: Baseline and 6 weeks post-therapy.). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07547202, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Apr 2026.