Breastfeeding Problems AssessmentMARMET-BSENCT07529067
Effect of the Marmet Technique on Breastfeeding Problems and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Postpartum Women
A study testing Marmet Breast Massage Technique in people with Breastfeeding Problems Assessment and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy, run by Medipol University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This randomized controlled study aims to evaluate the effect of breast massage using the Marmet technique on breastfeeding problems and breastfeeding self-efficacy in postpartum women. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 49 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Breastfeeding Problems Assessment, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
- What is being tested?
- Marmet Breast Massage Technique
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 104 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Apr 2024to 1 Oct 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 49 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Women aged 18 to 49 years
- Able to read and write in Turkish
- Voluntary agreement to participate in the study
- Delivered a healthy full-term infant
- Had a spontaneous vaginal birth
- Actively breastfeeding during the postpartum period
Who cannot join
- Presence of a clinically serious breastfeeding problem in the mother or infant during the early postpartum period
- Transfer of the mother or infant to another center before completion of the first data collection stage
- Inability to complete follow-up assessment on postpartum day 15 or refusal to participate in the follow-up interview
- For participants assigned to the intervention group, inability to complete the Marmet technique training at postpartum 6 hours or failure to respond to the follow-up call on postpartum day 7
- Meaningful missing or incomplete data in study forms or scales
- Withdrawal from the study at any point during the 15-day follow-up period
- Development of any unexpected maternal or neonatal health condition requiring discontinuation of breastfeeding, such as intensive care need, serious maternal infection, or infant pathology preventing sucking
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Breast Massage Using the Marmet Technique on Breastfeeding Problems and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
This randomized controlled study aims to evaluate the effect of breast massage using the Marmet technique on breastfeeding problems and breastfeeding self-efficacy in postpartum women. Breastfeeding difficulties such as nipple pain, latch problems, and perceived insufficient milk are common in the early postpartum period and may lead to early cessation of breastfeeding. The Marmet technique is a manual breast massage method designed to stimulate milk flow and relieve mechanical difficulties during breastfeeding.
In this study, postpartum women were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving Marmet technique training and application or a control group receiving routine breastfeeding care. Outcomes were assessed at 24 hours and on the 15th postpartum day using validated scales. The findings are expected to contribute to improving breastfeeding support practices and maternal confidence in breastfeeding.
Read the detailed description
Breastfeeding is essential for optimal infant growth and maternal health; however, many women experience physical and psychological challenges during the early postpartum period. Common breastfeeding problems include nipple pain, breast engorgement, latch difficulties, and concerns about insufficient milk supply. These challenges may negatively affect breastfeeding continuation and maternal confidence.
Breastfeeding self-efficacy, defined as a mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed successfully, is a key determinant of breastfeeding duration and success. Interventions that address both physical and psychosocial aspects of breastfeeding are therefore critically important.
The Marmet technique is a manual breast massage and expression method that supports milk ejection reflex, improves milk flow, and helps relieve blocked ducts without requiring equipment. It may also enhance maternal autonomy and confidence in breastfeeding management.
This study was designed as a randomized controlled, longitudinal trial conducted in a hospital setting. A total of 104 postpartum women were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received individualized training and application of the Marmet technique in the early postpartum period, while the control group received routine breastfeeding care.
Data were collected at postpartum 24 hours and day 15 using a Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale and a Breastfeeding Problems Assessment Scale. The primary aim was to evaluate the effect of the Marmet technique on breastfeeding problems and self-efficacy levels over time. The study also explored factors influencing breastfeeding self-efficacy in the postpartum period.
- Being tested
- Marmet Breast Massage Technique
- Keywords
- Marmet Technique, Breastfeeding, Breastfeeding Problems, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy, Postpartum Women, Midwifery
- Medical subject headings
- Breast Feeding
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Marmet Breast Massage TechniqueBehavioural
The Marmet Technique is a manual breast massage and milk expression method taught to postpartum women to support effective breastfeeding. The technique includes specific hand positioning (C-hold), rhythmic compression, rolling movements, and breast stimulation to facilitate the milk ejection reflex and improve milk flow.
In this study, participants in the intervention group received individualized training on the Marmet Technique at approximately 6 hours postpartum. The application was demonstrated and practiced under supervision, and participants were instructed to perform the technique regularly for approximately 20-30 minutes on both breasts. Follow-up support was provided via telephone on postpartum day 7 to reinforce correct technique and adherence.
The intervention aims to reduce mechanical breastfeeding difficulties, improve milk flow, and enhance maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Arm | Experimental | Participants receive Marmet breast massage technique training and application in addition to routine breastfeeding care. Receives: Behavioral: Marmet Breast Massage Technique |
| 2. Arm | No intervention | Participants receive routine breastfeeding care and standard education without Marmet technique. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
Assessed using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (short form).
Measured: 24 hours postpartum and 15 days postpartum
Secondary outcomes (1)
Breastfeeding Problems
Assessed using the Breastfeeding Problems Assessment Scale, including mechanical, process-related, milk insufficiency, breast-related, and social concerns.
Measured: 24 hours postpartum and 15 days postpartum
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted14 Apr 2026
- Study start1 Apr 2024
- Primary completion1 Oct 2024
- Study completion1 Oct 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Breastfeeding Problems AssessmentStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Medipol UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving the Marmet breast massage technique or a control group receiving routine breastfeeding care. Both groups were followed in parallel, and outcomes were assessed at 24 hours and on postpartum day 15.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 104 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Medipol University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ayşenur Turan, Adiyaman University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07529067
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- E-10840098-202.3.02-1630
- Acronym
- MARMET-BSE
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 7 Apr 2026
- Last updated
- 14 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Breast Massage Using the Marmet Technique on Breastfeeding Problems and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07529067
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- MARMET-BSE / E-10840098-202.3.02-1630
- Keywords
- Marmet Technique, Breastfeeding, Breastfeeding Problems, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy, Postpartum Women, Midwifery
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 104 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Medipol UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Apr 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Oct 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Oct 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 14 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This randomized controlled study aims to evaluate the effect of breast massage using the Marmet technique on breastfeeding problems and breastfeeding self-efficacy in postpartum women. Breastfeeding difficulties such as nipple pain, latch problems, and perceived insufficient milk are common in the early postpartum period and may lead to early cessation of breastfeeding. The Marmet technique is a manual breast massage method designed to stimulate milk flow and relieve mechanical difficulties during breastfeeding.
In this study, postpartum women were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving Marmet technique training and application or a control group receiving routine breastfeeding care. Outcomes were assessed at 24 hours and on the 15th postpartum day using validated scales. The findings are expected to contribute to improving breastfeeding support practices and maternal confidence in breastfeeding.
Detailed description
Breastfeeding is essential for optimal infant growth and maternal health; however, many women experience physical and psychological challenges during the early postpartum period. Common breastfeeding problems include nipple pain, breast engorgement, latch difficulties, and concerns about insufficient milk supply. These challenges may negatively affect breastfeeding continuation and maternal confidence.
Breastfeeding self-efficacy, defined as a mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed successfully, is a key determinant of breastfeeding duration and success. Interventions that address both physical and psychosocial aspects of breastfeeding are therefore critically important.
The Marmet technique is a manual breast massage and expression method that supports milk ejection reflex, improves milk flow, and helps relieve blocked ducts without requiring equipment. It may also enhance maternal autonomy and confidence in breastfeeding management.
This study was designed as a randomized controlled, longitudinal trial conducted in a hospital setting. A total of 104 postpartum women were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received individualized training and application of the Marmet technique in the early postpartum period, while the control group received routine breastfeeding care.
Data were collected at postpartum 24 hours and day 15 using a Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale and a Breastfeeding Problems Assessment Scale. The primary aim was to evaluate the effect of the Marmet technique on breastfeeding problems and self-efficacy levels over time. The study also explored factors influencing breastfeeding self-efficacy in the postpartum period.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving the Marmet breast massage technique or a control group receiving routine breastfeeding care. Both groups were followed in parallel, and outcomes were assessed at 24 hours and on postpartum day 15.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Arm | Experimental | Behavioral: Marmet Breast Massage TechniqueParticipants receive Marmet breast massage technique training and application in addition to routine breastfeeding care. |
| 2. Arm | No intervention | –Participants receive routine breastfeeding care and standard education without Marmet technique. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 49 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Women aged 18 to 49 years
- Able to read and write in Turkish
- Voluntary agreement to participate in the study
- Delivered a healthy full-term infant
- Had a spontaneous vaginal birth
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Presence of a clinically serious breastfeeding problem in the mother or infant during the early postpartum period
- Transfer of the mother or infant to another center before completion of the first data collection stage
- Inability to complete follow-up assessment on postpartum day 15 or refusal to participate in the follow-up interview
- For participants assigned to the intervention group, inability to complete the Marmet technique training at postpartum 6 hours or failure to respond to the follow-up call on postpartum day 7
- Meaningful missing or incomplete data in study forms or scales
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Marmet Breast Massage TechniqueThe Marmet Technique is a manual breast massage and milk expression method taught to postpartum women to support effective breastfeeding. The technique includes specific hand positioning (C-hold), rhythmic compression, rolling movements, and breast stimulation to facilitate the milk ejection reflex and improve milk flow. In this study, participants in the intervention group received individualized training on the Marmet Technique at approximately 6 hours postpartum. The application was demonstrated and practiced under supervision, and participants were instructed to perform the technique regularly for approximately 20-30 minutes on both breasts. Follow-up support was provided via telephone on postpartum day 7 to reinforce correct technique and adherence. The intervention aims to reduce mechanical breastfeeding difficulties, improve milk flow, and enhance maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy. | Behavioural | 1. Arm |
Primary outcome
Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
Time frame: 24 hours postpartum and 15 days postpartum
Assessed using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (short form).
1 secondary outcome
Breastfeeding Problems
Time frame: 24 hours postpartum and 15 days postpartum
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Apr 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Marmet Breast Massage Technique in people with Breastfeeding Problems Assessment and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy, run by Medipol University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy (time frame: 24 hours postpartum and 15 days postpartum). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Apr 2026.