Psychological StressSPARNCT07488169
The Role of Physical Ardor in Triggering State Anattā and Psychophysiological Recovery
A study testing Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based) and Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games) in people with Psychological Stress and Mental Fatigue, run by Lincoln University College at 1 site in China.
Trial summary
This study investigates how different types of aerobic exercise-specifically continuous treadmill running versus intermittent ball games-influence mental restoration in university students. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Psychological Stress, Mental Fatigue, Self-Perception
- What is being tested?
- Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based) and Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games)
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 671 participants
- Where
- 1 siteChina
- Study dates
- 1 Apr 2025to 15 Jan 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Healthy adults aged 18 to 30 years. University students or individuals with equivalent educational background.
- Normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing.
- Willingness to comply with all study procedures and sign the informed consent form.
Who cannot join
- History of cardiovascular disease, respiratory illness, or chronic pain that may affect Heart Rate Variability (HRV).
- Diagnosis of clinical depression, anxiety disorders, or other psychiatric conditions.
- Current smokers or individuals with a history of alcohol or drug abuse. Recent use of medications affecting the autonomic nervous system or endocrine function (e.g., steroids, beta-blockers, or hormonal medications) within the past month.
- Any disability preventing walking for 30 minutes or completing the Digit Span cognitive task.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Psychophysiological Reset: The Role of Physical Ardor in Mediating State Anattā and Mental Restoration
This study investigates how different types of aerobic exercise-specifically continuous treadmill running versus intermittent ball games-influence mental restoration in university students. The research introduces the concept of "Physical Ardor" (PA), a state of high-intensity physical engagement that may act as a "circuit breaker" for persistent self-narrative and stress.
A total of 600 participants were assigned to four experimental groups to compare the effects of exercise intensity (moderate vs. high) and modality (continuous vs. intermittent). The study aims to determine whether high-intensity physical ardor can trigger a "State Anattā Experience" (a psychological state of "no-self" and tranquility) and subsequently enhance psychophysiological release and recovery. Results from this study will provide new insights into how structured exercise can be used as an effective intervention for academic stress and mental fatigue.
- Conditions
- Psychological Stress, Mental Fatigue, Self-Perception, Autonomic Nervous System Function, Post-Exercise Recovery, Healthy University Students
- Being tested
- Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based), Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games)
- Keywords
- Physical Ardor, State Anatta Experience, Psychophysiological Recovery, Mental Restoration, Academic Stress
- Medical subject headings
- Stress, Psychological, Mental Fatigue
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based)Other
Participants engage in continuous running on a motorized treadmill. The protocol is designed to evaluate the psychological and physiological effects of steady-state exercise. Group A: 15 minutes of continuous running at a moderate intensity of 40-50% HRmax. Group C: 30 minutes of continuous running at a moderate intensity of 40-50% HRmax.
Heart rate is monitored throughout to ensure compliance with the prescribed intensity zone.
Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games)Other
Participants participate in high-intensity intermittent ball games (such as basketball or volleyball). This intervention focuses on the impact of "Physical Ardor" (PA) generated through high-intensity, fluctuating physical engagement. Group B: 30 minutes of intermittent activity at a high intensity exceeding 70% HRmax. Group C: 15 minutes of intermittent activity at a high intensity exceeding 70% HRmax.
Exercise intensity is verified through both %HRmax data and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group A: Low-Duration / Low-Intensity - The Baseline Control | Active comparator | Group A serves as the negative control, evaluating psychophysiological states where physical intensity and duration are insufficient to disrupt self-narrative circuits. Participants perform a 15-minute steady-state walk on a motorized treadmill at 40%-50% %HRmax.
From an ontological perspective, this condition is characterized by high cognitive resource availability. The rhythmic, low-demand movement allows the "Narrative Self" to remain hyper-active, facilitating sustained internal dialogues regarding academic stressors or social identity. Consequently, Group A is expected to yield the lowest scores on the State Anattā Experience Index (SAEI), as participants fail to reach the threshold for "Social Role Suspension" or "Narrative Label Offline". Without a significant "unburdening" of the egoic structure, this group is hypothesized to show minimal subsequent effects in the Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index (PRRI). Receives: Other: Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based) |
| Group B: Low-Duration / High-Intensity - The Acute Congestion Path | Experimental | Group B tests the "Acute Congestion" hypothesis: whether high-intensity physical pressure can trigger an instantaneous "circuit-breaking" of the egoic narrative within 15 minutes. To eliminate "social loafing," this protocol employs 3-on-3 Basketball and Volleyball HFMD (12-15 balls/minute), maintaining intensity at > 70% %HRmax via real-time ECG.Neuro-philosophically, unpredictable, high-velocity movements demand total cognitive recruitment. As resources shift to somatic-motor demands, the "Narrative Self" is forced offline, inducing the Cessation of Self-Narrative. Consequently, Group B is expected to yield a significant spike in the SAEI, marked by Social Role Suspension and Narrative Label Offline. This state is corroborated by sharp increases in sympathetic markers, specifically $\Delta$sAA and heart rate metrics. Receives: Other: Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games) |
| Group C: High-Duration / Low-Intensity - The Rhythmic Wear Path | Experimental | Group C investigates "monotony-induced decoupling" of the self-narrative through extended duration rather than acute pressure. Participants perform a 30-minute steady-state treadmill session at low intensity (40%-45% %HRmax). Unlike Group B, this protocol leverages the repetitive, predictable nature of aerobic exercise.
Ontologically, this path tests whether persistent rhythmic habituation of sensory input triggers an involuntary fading of ego-boundaries. Over 30 minutes, the "Narrative Self" undergoes gradual exhaustion as the brain habituates to static environmental stimuli. While intensity remains low, Group C is hypothesized to facilitate "Passive Anattā", characterized by a subtle Cessation of Self-Narrative. In this state, "stressed student" identities and narrative labels dissolve into Pure Existential Awareness, providing a baseline for understanding how duration alone contributes to the psychological unburdening and recovery measured by the PRRI. Receives: Other: Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based) |
| Group D: High-Duration / High-Intensity - The Sustained Flow Path | Experimental | Group D examines the synergistic effects of temporal depth and physiological ardor. Due to musculoskeletal injury risks identified in preliminary trials, the high-frequency drills of Group B were deemed unsustainable for 30 minutes. Conversely, standard competitive formats required more than 15 minutes to reliably reach the $> 70\%$ %HR$_{max}$ threshold.Consequently, Group D utilizes 5-on-5 basketball and 6-on-6 volleyball, allowing for a distributed physical load and tactical pauses suitable for an extended session. While this introduction of modality heterogeneity is acknowledged as a limitation, Group D is hypothesized to trigger the most profound State Anattā Experience (SAEI). The combination of high intensity and sustained duration is expected to induce a comprehensive Cessation of Self-Narrative, facilitating a deep transition into Pure Existential Awareness and maximizing the subsequent PRRI recovery effect. Receives: Other: Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Rating of Perceived Exertion
The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale is a subjective measure of the intensity of physical effort. Participants rate their perceived exertion during exercise on a numerical scale ranging from 6 to 20. 6 represents "no exertion at all" (resting state). 20 represents "maximal exertion" (absolute limit). This scale provides a subjective counterpart to physiological heart rate. In this study, RPE is used to quantify the "mental volitional engagement" component of the Physical Ardor (PA) construct.
Measured: Immediately post-intervention (0-2 minutes after the end of exercise)
%HRmax
%HRmax is an objective physiological metric used to quantify the relative cardiovascular intensity of the exercise intervention. It is calculated by dividing the heart rate measured during exercise by the participant's predicted or measured maximum heart rate (HRmax). Estimated Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) = 220 - Age (years). %HRmax = [Average Heart Rate during Exercise / HRmax] × 100%. Throughout the entire intervention session, participants' heart rate is monitored in real-time using a professional-grade wearable device (e.g., Polar H10 heart rate strap). The final reported value is the average %HRmax recorded across the full duration of the active exercise phase.
Measured: Continuously during the active intervention session (average of approximately 15/30 minutes, from start to completion of exercise)
Salivary Alpha-Amylase
Salivary Alpha-Amylase (sAA) is a sensitive biochemical marker used to assess the response of the Sympathetic-Adrenomedullary (SAM) system to acute physical stress. In this study, sAA activity serves as an objective physiological validator of Physical Ardor (PA). The enzyme activity is measured in Units per Milliliter (U/mL). This marker helps validate the physiological stress level of the participant and its relationship with the State Anattā Experience (SAE).
Measured: Baseline (collected 8-10 minutes prior to intervention, following an 8-minute quiet rest period) and Post-intervention (collected 5-6 minutes after the end of exercise).
Heart Rate Variability
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is used to assess the cardiac autonomic regulation and the parasympathetic reactivation following physical exertion. HRV is recorded via a high-resolution wearable heart rate monitor (e.g., Polar H10). The primary metric reported is the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD), which reflects vagal tone. To ensure data quality, measurements are taken in a controlled, seated position. This marker serves to evaluate the physiological recovery component of the Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index (PRRI).
Measured: Baseline (collected 8-10 minutes prior to intervention, following a quiet rest period) and Post-intervention recovery (collected 12-20 minutes after the end of exercise).
De-identification
De-identification measures the cognitive shift where an individual temporarily detaches from their personal identity and social roles during high-intensity physical activity. This scale assesses three key psychological facets: 1.Social Role Suspension: The cessation of awareness regarding specific social labels (e.g., "student," "professional"). 2.Narrative Label Offline: The perceived meaninglessness of personal history, past achievements, or failures in the moment of exertion.
3.Pure Existential Awareness: The transition from a social-defined persona to a state of pure existential being.This process is hypothesized to facilitate psychophysiological recovery by "silencing" self-referential stress and narrative-driven anxiety. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Measured: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
Cessation of Self-Narrative
Cessation of Self-Narrative (Subscale of State Anattā Experience Index). This subscale measures the temporary suspension of internal dialogue and self-evaluative thoughts during peak physical exertion. The scale evaluates the "cognitive silencing" effect across three domains: 1.Silence of Inner Voice: The reduction of internal monologue due to high task demands. 2.Absence of Self-Observation: The cessation of self-judgment and the "observer self." 3.Present-Moment Locking: The narrowing of attentional focus solely to immediate physical movement. The significance of this measure lies in identifying the threshold at which physical intensity overrides the brain's default mode network (DMN), effectively halting the self-referential narratives that often sustain psychological stress. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Measured: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
Loss of Agency
The Loss of Agency subscale of the State Anattā Experience Index (SAEI) operationalizes the phenomenological transition from volitional motor control to perceived automaticity during peak physical exertion. This construct delineates the emergence of "autonomic flow" via three dimensions: Automatic Movement (instinctive response to intensity), Withdrawal of the 'Commander' (cessation of explicit motor commands), and Being an Observer (detached witnessing of action). Centrally, this scale captures the dissolution of the "executive self," a shift that optimizes psychophysiological recovery by attenuating the cognitive load inherent in volitional control, thereby fostering mental release and neural efficiency. Data are quantified via a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree; 5 = Strongly Agree).
Measured: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
Dissolution of Boundaries
The Dissolution of Boundaries subscale of the State Anattā Experience Index (SAEI) operationalizes the sensory-spatial integration of self, body, and environment during peak exertion. This construct delineates a phenomenological collapse across three strata: Instrumental Integration (erasure of the body-equipment gap), Environmental Permeability (loss of somatic-spatial demarcation), and Subject-Object Synthesis (unification of self and surroundings). Representing the apex of the "Anattā" (Non-Self) state, this dimension replaces ego-centered spatial frames with holistic awareness. By attenuating the cognitive load of spatial monitoring, this shift fosters profound mental release. Data are quantified via a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree; 5 = Strongly Agree).
Measured: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
Loss of Time Perception
Loss of Time Perception (Subscale of State Anattā Experience Index). This subscale measures the subjective distortion and suspension of temporal awareness during peak physical exertion. The scale assesses the phenomenological shift in time perception through three specific facets: 1.Loss of Temporal Tracking: The complete loss of the ability to monitor the duration of the exercise. 2.Time Compression: The sensation that time is "shrinking" or passing significantly faster compared to normal daily life. 3.Absolute Presence: The dissolution of the distinction between "past" and "future," replaced by a continuous sense of the "now." This dimension is significant because it indicates a deep immersion in the task where the brain's executive monitoring of time is bypassed, facilitating a psychological release from the pressure of duration and contributing to the overall State Anattā Experience. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Measured: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
Sense of Relief
Sense of Relief (Subscale of Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index, PRRI). This subscale assesses the immediate psychological and physical release experienced during the post-exercise recovery phase. The measure evaluates three facets of post-stress recovery: 1.Mental Space: The perception of a refreshed and clear mind, characterized by the "purging" of mental clutter. 2.Stress Detachment: A subjective sense of detachment from prior stressors, where they are no longer perceived as immediate threats. 3.Physical Release: A profound sensation of tension release throughout the body, described as the lifting of a physical burden. This dimension serves as a primary outcome to quantify the recovery efficacy of the State Anattā Experience (SAE). Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Measured: Post-rest recovery (collected 10-12 minutes after the end of exercise, following the secondary HRV measurement window).
Equanimity & Pliability
Equanimity and Physical Pliability (Subscale of Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index, PRRI). This subscale assesses the functional quality of recovery, focusing on emotional resilience and physical suppleness following the intervention. The measure evaluates three key facets of the recovered state: 1.Emotional Stability: The perception of being emotionally resilient and centered, characterized by a "grounded" state of mind resulting from physical exertion. 2.Physical Pliability: The sensation of the body being remarkably supple and fluid, where post-exercise relaxation has successfully replaced previous tension. 3.Inner Stillness: A state of profound inner quietness where thoughts remain undisturbed and still. This dimension quantifies the "rehabilitation" quality of the State Anattā Experience, moving beyond simple relief to a state of enhanced psychophysiological readiness. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Measured: Post-rest recovery (collected 10-12 minutes after the end of exercise, following the secondary HRV measurement window).
Cognitive Openness & Flexibility
Cognitive Openness and Flexibility (Subscale of Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index, PRRI). This subscale measures the cognitive expansion and psychological flexibility attained during the post-intervention recovery phase. The assessment focuses on three cognitive domains: 1.Open Awareness: The feeling of being more mentally receptive and less driven by habitual defensive reactions toward others or the environment. 2.Perspective Shift: The ability to view life or personal problems from a broader perspective, transcending narrow self-concerns. 3.Cognitive Fluidity and Novelty: The reduction of mental rigidity, facilitating the embrace of new solutions or creative ideas. This dimension quantifies the "psychological growth" aspect of the recovery, indicating that the State Anattā Experience (SAE) leads to a more adaptive and less rigid cognitive state. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Measured: Post-rest recovery (collected 10-12 minutes after the end of exercise, following the secondary HRV measurement window).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Mar 2026
- Study start1 Apr 2025
- Primary completion1 Jun 2025
- Study completion15 Jan 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Psychological StressStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 671 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Lincoln University College
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Linjun Liu, Lincoln University College
- Investigators
- Sheng Yan, Study director, Wuhan University of Technology
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07488169
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- LUC-IRB-2025-0311
- Acronym
- SPAR
- Status last verified
- Mar 2026
- First submitted
- 12 Mar 2026
- Last updated
- 23 Mar 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: There is no plan to share individual participant data to protect the privacy of the participants and ensure data security.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Mar 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Psychophysiological Reset: The Role of Physical Ardor in Mediating State Anattā and Mental Restoration
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07488169
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- SPAR / LUC-IRB-2025-0311
- Conditions
- Psychological Stress, Mental Fatigue, Self-Perception, Autonomic Nervous System Function, Post-Exercise Recovery, Healthy University Students
- Keywords
- Physical Ardor, State Anatta Experience, Psychophysiological Recovery, Mental Restoration, Academic Stress
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 671 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Lincoln University CollegeUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Study start
- 1 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Jan 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study investigates how different types of aerobic exercise-specifically continuous treadmill running versus intermittent ball games-influence mental restoration in university students. The research introduces the concept of "Physical Ardor" (PA), a state of high-intensity physical engagement that may act as a "circuit breaker" for persistent self-narrative and stress.
A total of 600 participants were assigned to four experimental groups to compare the effects of exercise intensity (moderate vs. high) and modality (continuous vs. intermittent). The study aims to determine whether high-intensity physical ardor can trigger a "State Anattā Experience" (a psychological state of "no-self" and tranquility) and subsequently enhance psychophysiological release and recovery. Results from this study will provide new insights into how structured exercise can be used as an effective intervention for academic stress and mental fatigue.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 4
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group A: Low-Duration / Low-Intensity - The Baseline Control | Active comparator | Other: Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based)Group A serves as the negative control, evaluating psychophysiological states where physical intensity and duration are insufficient to disrupt self-narrative circuits. Participants perform a 15-minute steady-state walk on a motorized treadmill at 40%-50% %HRmax. From an ontological perspective, this condition is characterized by high cognitive resource availability. The rhythmic, low-demand movement allows the "Narrative Self" to remain hyper-active, facilitating sustained internal dialogues regarding academic stressors or social identity. Consequently, Group A is expected to yield the lowest scores on the State Anattā Experience Index (SAEI), as participants fail to reach the threshold for "Social Role Suspension" or "Narrative Label Offline". Without a significant "unburdening" of the egoic structure, this group is hypothesized to show minimal subsequent effects in the Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index (PRRI). |
| Group B: Low-Duration / High-Intensity - The Acute Congestion Path | Experimental | Other: Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games)Group B tests the "Acute Congestion" hypothesis: whether high-intensity physical pressure can trigger an instantaneous "circuit-breaking" of the egoic narrative within 15 minutes. To eliminate "social loafing," this protocol employs 3-on-3 Basketball and Volleyball HFMD (12-15 balls/minute), maintaining intensity at > 70% %HRmax via real-time ECG.Neuro-philosophically, unpredictable, high-velocity movements demand total cognitive recruitment. As resources shift to somatic-motor demands, the "Narrative Self" is forced offline, inducing the Cessation of Self-Narrative. Consequently, Group B is expected to yield a significant spike in the SAEI, marked by Social Role Suspension and Narrative Label Offline. This state is corroborated by sharp increases in sympathetic markers, specifically $\Delta$sAA and heart rate metrics. |
| Group C: High-Duration / Low-Intensity - The Rhythmic Wear Path | Experimental | Other: Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based)Group C investigates "monotony-induced decoupling" of the self-narrative through extended duration rather than acute pressure. Participants perform a 30-minute steady-state treadmill session at low intensity (40%-45% %HRmax). Unlike Group B, this protocol leverages the repetitive, predictable nature of aerobic exercise. Ontologically, this path tests whether persistent rhythmic habituation of sensory input triggers an involuntary fading of ego-boundaries. Over 30 minutes, the "Narrative Self" undergoes gradual exhaustion as the brain habituates to static environmental stimuli. While intensity remains low, Group C is hypothesized to facilitate "Passive Anattā", characterized by a subtle Cessation of Self-Narrative. In this state, "stressed student" identities and narrative labels dissolve into Pure Existential Awareness, providing a baseline for understanding how duration alone contributes to the psychological unburdening and recovery measured by the PRRI. |
| Group D: High-Duration / High-Intensity - The Sustained Flow Path | Experimental | Other: Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games)Group D examines the synergistic effects of temporal depth and physiological ardor. Due to musculoskeletal injury risks identified in preliminary trials, the high-frequency drills of Group B were deemed unsustainable for 30 minutes. Conversely, standard competitive formats required more than 15 minutes to reliably reach the $> 70\%$ %HR$_{max}$ threshold.Consequently, Group D utilizes 5-on-5 basketball and 6-on-6 volleyball, allowing for a distributed physical load and tactical pauses suitable for an extended session. While this introduction of modality heterogeneity is acknowledged as a limitation, Group D is hypothesized to trigger the most profound State Anattā Experience (SAEI). The combination of high intensity and sustained duration is expected to induce a comprehensive Cessation of Self-Narrative, facilitating a deep transition into Pure Existential Awareness and maximizing the subsequent PRRI recovery effect. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Healthy adults aged 18 to 30 years. University students or individuals with equivalent educational background.
- Normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing.
- Willingness to comply with all study procedures and sign the informed consent form.
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- History of cardiovascular disease, respiratory illness, or chronic pain that may affect Heart Rate Variability (HRV).
- Diagnosis of clinical depression, anxiety disorders, or other psychiatric conditions.
- Current smokers or individuals with a history of alcohol or drug abuse. Recent use of medications affecting the autonomic nervous system or endocrine function (e.g., steroids, beta-blockers, or hormonal medications) within the past month.
- Any disability preventing walking for 30 minutes or completing the Digit Span cognitive task.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based)Participants engage in continuous running on a motorized treadmill. The protocol is designed to evaluate the psychological and physiological effects of steady-state exercise. Group A: 15 minutes of continuous running at a moderate intensity of 40-50% HRmax. Group C: 30 minutes of continuous running at a moderate intensity of 40-50% HRmax. Heart rate is monitored throughout to ensure compliance with the prescribed intensity zone. | Other | Group A: Low-Duration / Low-Intensity - The Baseline Control, Group C: High-Duration / Low-Intensity - The Rhythmic Wear Path |
| Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games)Participants participate in high-intensity intermittent ball games (such as basketball or volleyball). This intervention focuses on the impact of "Physical Ardor" (PA) generated through high-intensity, fluctuating physical engagement. Group B: 30 minutes of intermittent activity at a high intensity exceeding 70% HRmax. Group C: 15 minutes of intermittent activity at a high intensity exceeding 70% HRmax. Exercise intensity is verified through both %HRmax data and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). | Other | Group B: Low-Duration / High-Intensity - The Acute Congestion Path, Group D: High-Duration / High-Intensity - The Sustained Flow Path |
Primary outcome
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention (0-2 minutes after the end of exercise)
The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale is a subjective measure of the intensity of physical effort. Participants rate their perceived exertion during exercise on a numerical scale ranging from 6 to 20. 6 represents "no exertion at all" (resting state). 20 represents "maximal exertion" (absolute limit). This scale provides a subjective counterpart to physiological heart rate. In this study, RPE is used to quantify the "mental volitional engagement" component of the Physical Ardor (PA) construct.
%HRmax
Time frame: Continuously during the active intervention session (average of approximately 15/30 minutes, from start to completion of exercise)
%HRmax is an objective physiological metric used to quantify the relative cardiovascular intensity of the exercise intervention. It is calculated by dividing the heart rate measured during exercise by the participant's predicted or measured maximum heart rate (HRmax). Estimated Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) = 220 - Age (years). %HRmax = [Average Heart Rate during Exercise / HRmax] × 100%. Throughout the entire intervention session, participants' heart rate is monitored in real-time using a professional-grade wearable device (e.g., Polar H10 heart rate strap). The final reported value is the average %HRmax recorded across the full duration of the active exercise phase.
Salivary Alpha-Amylase
Time frame: Baseline (collected 8-10 minutes prior to intervention, following an 8-minute quiet rest period) and Post-intervention (collected 5-6 minutes after the end of exercise).
Salivary Alpha-Amylase (sAA) is a sensitive biochemical marker used to assess the response of the Sympathetic-Adrenomedullary (SAM) system to acute physical stress. In this study, sAA activity serves as an objective physiological validator of Physical Ardor (PA). The enzyme activity is measured in Units per Milliliter (U/mL). This marker helps validate the physiological stress level of the participant and its relationship with the State Anattā Experience (SAE).
Heart Rate Variability
Time frame: Baseline (collected 8-10 minutes prior to intervention, following a quiet rest period) and Post-intervention recovery (collected 12-20 minutes after the end of exercise).
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is used to assess the cardiac autonomic regulation and the parasympathetic reactivation following physical exertion. HRV is recorded via a high-resolution wearable heart rate monitor (e.g., Polar H10). The primary metric reported is the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD), which reflects vagal tone. To ensure data quality, measurements are taken in a controlled, seated position. This marker serves to evaluate the physiological recovery component of the Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index (PRRI).
De-identification
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
De-identification measures the cognitive shift where an individual temporarily detaches from their personal identity and social roles during high-intensity physical activity. This scale assesses three key psychological facets: 1.Social Role Suspension: The cessation of awareness regarding specific social labels (e.g., "student," "professional"). 2.Narrative Label Offline: The perceived meaninglessness of personal history, past achievements, or failures in the moment of exertion. 3.Pure Existential Awareness: The transition from a social-defined persona to a state of pure existential being.This process is hypothesized to facilitate psychophysiological recovery by "silencing" self-referential stress and narrative-driven anxiety. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Cessation of Self-Narrative
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
Cessation of Self-Narrative (Subscale of State Anattā Experience Index). This subscale measures the temporary suspension of internal dialogue and self-evaluative thoughts during peak physical exertion. The scale evaluates the "cognitive silencing" effect across three domains: 1.Silence of Inner Voice: The reduction of internal monologue due to high task demands. 2.Absence of Self-Observation: The cessation of self-judgment and the "observer self." 3.Present-Moment Locking: The narrowing of attentional focus solely to immediate physical movement. The significance of this measure lies in identifying the threshold at which physical intensity overrides the brain's default mode network (DMN), effectively halting the self-referential narratives that often sustain psychological stress. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Loss of Agency
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
The Loss of Agency subscale of the State Anattā Experience Index (SAEI) operationalizes the phenomenological transition from volitional motor control to perceived automaticity during peak physical exertion. This construct delineates the emergence of "autonomic flow" via three dimensions: Automatic Movement (instinctive response to intensity), Withdrawal of the 'Commander' (cessation of explicit motor commands), and Being an Observer (detached witnessing of action). Centrally, this scale captures the dissolution of the "executive self," a shift that optimizes psychophysiological recovery by attenuating the cognitive load inherent in volitional control, thereby fostering mental release and neural efficiency. Data are quantified via a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree; 5 = Strongly Agree).
Dissolution of Boundaries
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
The Dissolution of Boundaries subscale of the State Anattā Experience Index (SAEI) operationalizes the sensory-spatial integration of self, body, and environment during peak exertion. This construct delineates a phenomenological collapse across three strata: Instrumental Integration (erasure of the body-equipment gap), Environmental Permeability (loss of somatic-spatial demarcation), and Subject-Object Synthesis (unification of self and surroundings). Representing the apex of the "Anattā" (Non-Self) state, this dimension replaces ego-centered spatial frames with holistic awareness. By attenuating the cognitive load of spatial monitoring, this shift fosters profound mental release. Data are quantified via a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree; 5 = Strongly Agree).
Loss of Time Perception
Time frame: Immediately post-intervention (collected 2-5 minutes after the end of exercise, reflecting on the moment of maximum intensity).
Loss of Time Perception (Subscale of State Anattā Experience Index). This subscale measures the subjective distortion and suspension of temporal awareness during peak physical exertion. The scale assesses the phenomenological shift in time perception through three specific facets: 1.Loss of Temporal Tracking: The complete loss of the ability to monitor the duration of the exercise. 2.Time Compression: The sensation that time is "shrinking" or passing significantly faster compared to normal daily life. 3.Absolute Presence: The dissolution of the distinction between "past" and "future," replaced by a continuous sense of the "now." This dimension is significant because it indicates a deep immersion in the task where the brain's executive monitoring of time is bypassed, facilitating a psychological release from the pressure of duration and contributing to the overall State Anattā Experience. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Sense of Relief
Time frame: Post-rest recovery (collected 10-12 minutes after the end of exercise, following the secondary HRV measurement window).
Sense of Relief (Subscale of Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index, PRRI). This subscale assesses the immediate psychological and physical release experienced during the post-exercise recovery phase. The measure evaluates three facets of post-stress recovery: 1.Mental Space: The perception of a refreshed and clear mind, characterized by the "purging" of mental clutter. 2.Stress Detachment: A subjective sense of detachment from prior stressors, where they are no longer perceived as immediate threats. 3.Physical Release: A profound sensation of tension release throughout the body, described as the lifting of a physical burden. This dimension serves as a primary outcome to quantify the recovery efficacy of the State Anattā Experience (SAE). Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Equanimity & Pliability
Time frame: Post-rest recovery (collected 10-12 minutes after the end of exercise, following the secondary HRV measurement window).
Equanimity and Physical Pliability (Subscale of Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index, PRRI). This subscale assesses the functional quality of recovery, focusing on emotional resilience and physical suppleness following the intervention. The measure evaluates three key facets of the recovered state: 1.Emotional Stability: The perception of being emotionally resilient and centered, characterized by a "grounded" state of mind resulting from physical exertion. 2.Physical Pliability: The sensation of the body being remarkably supple and fluid, where post-exercise relaxation has successfully replaced previous tension. 3.Inner Stillness: A state of profound inner quietness where thoughts remain undisturbed and still. This dimension quantifies the "rehabilitation" quality of the State Anattā Experience, moving beyond simple relief to a state of enhanced psychophysiological readiness. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Cognitive Openness & Flexibility
Time frame: Post-rest recovery (collected 10-12 minutes after the end of exercise, following the secondary HRV measurement window).
Cognitive Openness and Flexibility (Subscale of Psychophysiological Release and Recovery Index, PRRI). This subscale measures the cognitive expansion and psychological flexibility attained during the post-intervention recovery phase. The assessment focuses on three cognitive domains: 1.Open Awareness: The feeling of being more mentally receptive and less driven by habitual defensive reactions toward others or the environment. 2.Perspective Shift: The ability to view life or personal problems from a broader perspective, transcending narrow self-concerns. 3.Cognitive Fluidity and Novelty: The reduction of mental rigidity, facilitating the embrace of new solutions or creative ideas. This dimension quantifies the "psychological growth" aspect of the recovery, indicating that the State Anattā Experience (SAE) leads to a more adaptive and less rigid cognitive state. Average score on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Mar 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. There is no plan to share individual participant data to protect the privacy of the participants and ensure data security.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Sheng Yan study director
Wuhan University of Technology
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Continuous Aerobic Exercise (Treadmill-based) and Intermittent Aerobic Exercise (Ball Games) in people with Psychological Stress and Mental Fatigue, run by Lincoln University College at 1 site in China.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Mar 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Rating of Perceived Exertion (time frame: Immediately post-intervention (0-2 minutes after the end of exercise)). The study lists 12 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Mar 2026.