Focus of Study is Effects of Neuromuscular TrainingNCT07483892
Effects of Cervical Sensorimotor Training With Pilates Reformer on Balance and Cervical Joint Position Sense
A study testing Cervical Sensorimotor Training and Pilates Reformer Exercise in people with Focus of Study is Effects of Neuromuscular Training and Postural Balance, run by Ewha Womans University at 1 site in South Korea.
Trial summary
This study investigates the effects of Pilates reformer exercise combined with cervical sensorimotor training using laser-guided visual feedback on balance performance. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: a combined training group, a Pilates-only group, and a control group. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 30 to 49 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Focus of Study is Effects of Neuromuscular Training, Postural Balance, Pilates
- What is being tested?
- Cervical Sensorimotor Training and Pilates Reformer Exercise
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSouth Korea
- Study dates
- 1 Sep 2021to 10 Dec 2021
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 30 to 49 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Female adults aged 30-49 years
- Individuals who use a computer for ≥6 hours per day
- Individuals who have experienced musculoskeletal pain and discomfort (neck, shoulder, or lower back) within the past year
- Individuals who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study
- Individuals able to participate in exercise training
Who cannot join
- History of musculoskeletal or neurological surgery within the past 6 months
- Individuals diagnosed with severe fractures or neurological disorders requiring surgical treatment
- Any severe condition affecting balance or gait
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Cervical Sensorimotor Control Training Combined With Reformer Exercise on Static and Dynamic Balance and Cervical Joint Position Sense
This study investigates the effects of Pilates reformer exercise combined with cervical sensorimotor training using laser-guided visual feedback on balance performance. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: a combined training group, a Pilates-only group, and a control group. Static and dynamic balance were assessed before and after the intervention.
This study was registered retrospectively on ClinicalTrials.gov after participant enrollment had begun. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained prior to participant enrollment.
Read the detailed description
Postural control is maintained through the integration of sensory information from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. Among these systems, cervical proprioception plays a critical role in providing information about head position and movement, which contributes to the regulation of balance and postural stability. Alterations or deficits in cervical proprioceptive input may negatively influence sensorimotor control and balance performance.
Laser-guided visual feedback training has been used to enhance cervical joint position sense and improve sensorimotor control by providing real-time visual information about head and neck movements. This method allows individuals to actively adjust head position based on visual feedback, thereby facilitating proprioceptive retraining.
The reformer exercise method is a form of resistance-based exercise that emphasizes controlled movements, core stabilization, and neuromuscular coordination. Integrating cervical proprioceptive training with reformer exercise may further enhance postural control by promoting coordinated activation of trunk and neck musculature.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a reformer exercise program incorporating cervical proprioceptive training using laser-guided visual feedback on balance ability. Pilates Reformer-based exercises combined with cervical proprioceptive training tasks were proceeded. Balance performance and proprioception were evaluated using static and dynamic balance measures and cervical joint position error before and after the intervention.
The findings of this study may provide evidence regarding the potential benefits of integrating laser-guided visual feedback-based cervical proprioceptive training into exercise programs aimed at improving balance and postural stability.
- Being tested
- Cervical Sensorimotor Training, Pilates Reformer Exercise
- Keywords
- cervical joint position sense, sensorimotor training, Pilates exercise, visual feedback, balance
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Cervical Sensorimotor TrainingBehavioural
Also called laser-guided visual-vestibular-cervical sensorimotor training
Laser-guided cervical sensorimotor training designed to improve cervical joint position sense. Training included head repositioning tasks with visual feedback under progressively challenging postural conditions involving different base-of-support and surface stability levels.
Pilates Reformer ExerciseBehavioural
Pilates Reformer-based exercise focusing on trunk stabilization, postural alignment, controlled balance using spring-based resistance and different base-of-support.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Cervical Sensorimotor Training with Pilates Reformer Exercise | Experimental | Participants performed Pilates reformer exercise combined with cervical sensorimotor training using laser-guided visual feedback. Receives: Behavioral: Cervical Sensorimotor Training; Behavioral: Pilates Reformer Exercise |
| Pilates-only Exercise Group | Active comparator | Participants performed a Pilates reformer exercise program without cervical sensorimotor training. Receives: Behavioral: Pilates Reformer Exercise |
| Control Group | No intervention | Participants had no intervention |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Title: Dynamic balance - COP medio-lateral excursion rate(COP ML Rate) during gait stance phase
Dynamic postural control assessed as the COP medio-lateral rate during gait (COP medio-lateral distance (mm)/foot width (mm)x100); higher percentages indicate greater COP curvature, reflecting a more normal foot rollover pattern.
Unit of Measure: percent (%)
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Dynamic balance - COP Sway Rate during gait stance phase
Dynamic postural control assessed as COP Sway Rate during gait (Net Sway Length/COP Path Length × 100); values closer to 0% indicate better dynamic balance.
Unit of Measure: percent (%)
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Dynamic balance - Y-Balance Test (YBT) composite score
Dynamic balance assessed using Y-Balance Test score (% of limb length); higher values indicate better dynamic balance.
Unit of Measure: percent (%)
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Secondary outcomes (4)
Title: Static balance - COP Sway Distance during quiet standing
Static postural stability assessed as the distance of center of pressure (COP) sway during quiet standing; values closer to 0 mm indicate better static balance.
Unit of Measure: millimeters (mm)
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Static balance - COP ellipse area during quiet standing
Static postural stability assessed as the area of the COP sway ellipse during quiet standing, with smaller areas indicating better static balance.
Unit of Measure: square millimeters (mm²)
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Cervical Joint Position Sense(CJPS) - Accuracy
Cervical Joint Position Sense-Accuracy assessed using the Cervical Joint Position Error Test (CJPET) as the mean absolute linear repositioning error over five repetitions to the left and five to the right; values closer to 0 cm indicate better cervical position sense.
Unit of Measure: centimeters (cm)
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Cervical Joint Position Sense(CJPS) - Precision
Cervical Joint Position Sense - Precision assessed using the CJPET as the standard deviation of linear repositioning error over five repetitions to the left and five to the right; values closer to 0 cm indicate better cervical position sense.
Unit of Measure: centimeters (cm)
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Mar 2026
- Study start1 Sep 2021
- Primary completion30 Nov 2021
- Study completion10 Dec 2021
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Focus of Study is Effects of Neuromuscular TrainingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) Pilates exercise combined with sensory integration training, (2) Pilates exercise only, or (3) a control group with no exercise intervention. The intervention were conducted for a specified period, and gait parameters were measured as outcome variables to evaluate the effects of the interventions on gait characteristics.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Ewha Womans University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07483892
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ewha-202108-CSP-balance
- Other IDs
- IRB: ewha-202108-0034-01
- Status last verified
- Mar 2026
- First submitted
- 11 Mar 2026
- Last updated
- 19 Mar 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: IPD will not be shared due to privacy and ethical restrictions.
Publications
Zarei H, Norasteh AA, Rahmanpournashrudkoli A, Hajihoseini E. The effects of Pilates training on static and dynamic balance of female deaf students: A randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020 Oct;24(4):63-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.05.003. Epub 2020 May 11.
PubMed 33218566Wannaprom N, Treleaven J, Jull G, Uthaikhup S. Neck muscle vibration produces diverse responses in balance and gait speed between individuals with and without neck pain. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018 Jun;35:25-29. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2018.02.001. Epub 2018 Feb 5.
PubMed 29427867Treleaven J. Dizziness, Unsteadiness, Visual Disturbances, and Sensorimotor Control in Traumatic Neck Pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017 Jul;47(7):492-502. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2017.7052. Epub 2017 Jun 16.
PubMed 28622488
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Mar 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Cervical Sensorimotor Control Training Combined With Reformer Exercise on Static and Dynamic Balance and Cervical Joint Position Sense
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07483892
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- ewha-202108-CSP-balance
- Keywords
- cervical joint position sense, sensorimotor training, Pilates exercise, visual feedback, balance
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Ewha Womans UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Nov 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 10 Dec 2021 (actual)
- First posted
- 19 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study investigates the effects of Pilates reformer exercise combined with cervical sensorimotor training using laser-guided visual feedback on balance performance. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: a combined training group, a Pilates-only group, and a control group. Static and dynamic balance were assessed before and after the intervention.
This study was registered retrospectively on ClinicalTrials.gov after participant enrollment had begun. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained prior to participant enrollment.
Detailed description
Postural control is maintained through the integration of sensory information from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. Among these systems, cervical proprioception plays a critical role in providing information about head position and movement, which contributes to the regulation of balance and postural stability. Alterations or deficits in cervical proprioceptive input may negatively influence sensorimotor control and balance performance.
Laser-guided visual feedback training has been used to enhance cervical joint position sense and improve sensorimotor control by providing real-time visual information about head and neck movements. This method allows individuals to actively adjust head position based on visual feedback, thereby facilitating proprioceptive retraining.
The reformer exercise method is a form of resistance-based exercise that emphasizes controlled movements, core stabilization, and neuromuscular coordination. Integrating cervical proprioceptive training with reformer exercise may further enhance postural control by promoting coordinated activation of trunk and neck musculature.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a reformer exercise program incorporating cervical proprioceptive training using laser-guided visual feedback on balance ability. Pilates Reformer-based exercises combined with cervical proprioceptive training tasks were proceeded. Balance performance and proprioception were evaluated using static and dynamic balance measures and cervical joint position error before and after the intervention.
The findings of this study may provide evidence regarding the potential benefits of integrating laser-guided visual feedback-based cervical proprioceptive training into exercise programs aimed at improving balance and postural stability.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) Pilates exercise combined with sensory integration training, (2) Pilates exercise only, or (3) a control group with no exercise intervention. The intervention were conducted for a specified period, and gait parameters were measured as outcome variables to evaluate the effects of the interventions on gait characteristics.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Cervical Sensorimotor Training with Pilates Reformer Exercise | Experimental | Behavioral: Cervical Sensorimotor Training, Behavioral: Pilates Reformer ExerciseParticipants performed Pilates reformer exercise combined with cervical sensorimotor training using laser-guided visual feedback. |
| Pilates-only Exercise Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Pilates Reformer ExerciseParticipants performed a Pilates reformer exercise program without cervical sensorimotor training. |
| Control Group | No intervention | –Participants had no intervention |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 30 to 49 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Female adults aged 30-49 years
- Individuals who use a computer for ≥6 hours per day
- Individuals who have experienced musculoskeletal pain and discomfort (neck, shoulder, or lower back) within the past year
- Individuals who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study
- Individuals able to participate in exercise training
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- History of musculoskeletal or neurological surgery within the past 6 months
- Individuals diagnosed with severe fractures or neurological disorders requiring surgical treatment
- Any severe condition affecting balance or gait
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Cervical Sensorimotor TrainingAlso: laser-guided visual-vestibular-cervical sensorimotor trainingLaser-guided cervical sensorimotor training designed to improve cervical joint position sense. Training included head repositioning tasks with visual feedback under progressively challenging postural conditions involving different base-of-support and surface stability levels. | Behavioural | Cervical Sensorimotor Training with Pilates Reformer Exercise |
| Pilates Reformer ExercisePilates Reformer-based exercise focusing on trunk stabilization, postural alignment, controlled balance using spring-based resistance and different base-of-support. | Behavioural | Cervical Sensorimotor Training with Pilates Reformer Exercise, Pilates-only Exercise Group |
Primary outcome
Title: Dynamic balance - COP medio-lateral excursion rate(COP ML Rate) during gait stance phase
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Dynamic postural control assessed as the COP medio-lateral rate during gait (COP medio-lateral distance (mm)/foot width (mm)x100); higher percentages indicate greater COP curvature, reflecting a more normal foot rollover pattern. Unit of Measure: percent (%)
Dynamic balance - COP Sway Rate during gait stance phase
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Dynamic postural control assessed as COP Sway Rate during gait (Net Sway Length/COP Path Length × 100); values closer to 0% indicate better dynamic balance. Unit of Measure: percent (%)
Dynamic balance - Y-Balance Test (YBT) composite score
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Dynamic balance assessed using Y-Balance Test score (% of limb length); higher values indicate better dynamic balance. Unit of Measure: percent (%)
4 secondary outcomes
Title: Static balance - COP Sway Distance during quiet standing
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Static balance - COP ellipse area during quiet standing
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Cervical Joint Position Sense(CJPS) - Accuracy
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Cervical Joint Position Sense(CJPS) - Precision
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Mar 2026.
- Background: PubMed 33218566Zarei H, Norasteh AA, Rahmanpournashrudkoli A, Hajihoseini E. The effects of Pilates training on static and dynamic balance of female deaf students: A randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020 Oct;24(4):63-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.05.003. Epub 2020 May 11.
- Background: PubMed 29427867Wannaprom N, Treleaven J, Jull G, Uthaikhup S. Neck muscle vibration produces diverse responses in balance and gait speed between individuals with and without neck pain. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018 Jun;35:25-29. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2018.02.001. Epub 2018 Feb 5.
- Background: PubMed 28622488Treleaven J. Dizziness, Unsteadiness, Visual Disturbances, and Sensorimotor Control in Traumatic Neck Pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017 Jul;47(7):492-502. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2017.7052. Epub 2017 Jun 16.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. IPD will not be shared due to privacy and ethical restrictions.
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Cervical Sensorimotor Training and Pilates Reformer Exercise in people with Focus of Study is Effects of Neuromuscular Training and Postural Balance, run by Ewha Womans University at 1 site in South Korea.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Mar 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in South Korea. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Title: Dynamic balance - COP medio-lateral excursion rate(COP ML Rate) during gait stance phase (time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07483892, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Mar 2026.