Smile EstheticsNCT07480239
Effect of Interdental Spacing and Crown Width Discrepancy on Smile Esthetics in Primary Dentition
An observational study of Smile Esthetics and Interdental Spacing, run by Marmara University.
Trial summary
This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate how interdental spacing and crown width discrepancies in primary dentition influence the perception of smile esthetics. Standardized smile photographs obtained from children with physiologic spacing patterns will be digitally modified to create different dental scenarios… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Smile Esthetics, Interdental Spacing, Esthetic Perception
- How many people
- 234 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- Apr 2026to Jun 2026
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: The study population will consist of adult participants aged 18 years and older, including dental students and parents attending the Department of Pediatric Dentistry for their children's routine dental treatment. Participants will evaluate digitally modified smile photographs representing different interdental spacing patterns and crown width discrepancies in primary dentition using a visual analog scale (VAS).
Who may be able to join
- For photographic records (two children):
- Children without any systemic disease
- Children in the primary dentition stage
- Children able to cooperate during the photographic procedure
- Children whose parents or legal guardians have provided written informed consent for participation and for the use of smile photographs
- One child presenting physiologic interdental spacing
Show all 11Show fewer
- One child presenting no physiologic interdental spacing
- For esthetic perception evaluation:
- Third-, fourth-, or fifth-year dental students
- Parents presenting to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry for their children's routine dental treatment
- Individuals who voluntarily agree to participate and provide informed consent
Who cannot join
- Photographs that do not comply with the standardized photography protocol defined in the study
- Multiple photographs taken of the same teeth or the same tooth surfaces
- Out-of-focus or blurred images
- Images that are overexposed, underexposed, or taken under inadequate lighting conditions
- Photographs with saliva contamination or other artifacts affecting image quality
- Participants who do not complete the evaluation of all images
Trial locations and contacts
No sites are listed yet. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
About this study
Official title: The Impact of Interdental Spacing and Crown Width Discrepancy in Primary Dentition on the Perception of Smile Esthetics
This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate how interdental spacing and crown width discrepancies in primary dentition influence the perception of smile esthetics. Standardized smile photographs obtained from children with physiologic spacing patterns will be digitally modified to create different dental scenarios, including variations in interdental spacing, midline deviation, and crown width discrepancies. The images will be presented to adult participants, including dental students and parents, who will evaluate the esthetic appearance of each smile using a visual analog scale (VAS). The study seeks to determine how different spacing patterns and tooth size discrepancies affect the perception of smile esthetics in primary dentition.
Read the detailed description
This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the impact of interdental spacing and crown width discrepancies in primary dentition on the perception of smile esthetics. The study design was developed based on previously published studies that assessed smile esthetics using digitally modified photographs.
Selection of Photographic Samples and Photography Protocol:
Smile photographs will be obtained from two cooperative children in the primary dentition stage who present with healthy anterior teeth and no caries, restorations, enamel defects, history of trauma, or other dental pathology. One child will present with physiologic interdental spacing representing ideal primary dentition (Baume Type I), and the other will present with contact relationships without physiologic spacing (Baume Type II) but without crowding. Prior to photography, written informed consent will be obtained from the parents both for participation in the study and for the use of smile photographs showing the region between the tip of the nose and the lower border of the chin. Standardized smile photographs will be taken under controlled conditions to ensure reliable esthetic evaluation. Images will be captured using a Canon 750D digital camera with a 100-mm macro lens under natural lighting conditions, avoiding direct sunlight, at an approximate distance of 60 cm. Participants will be positioned in natural head position and asked to produce a natural smile with visible teeth. To ensure confidentiality and eliminate distracting facial features, photographs will be cropped between the tip of the nose and the lower border of the chin, and the eye region will be covered with a black bar.
Digital Image Modifications: The original smile photograph representing Baume Type I dentition will be digitally modified using image editing software (Photoshop CC, Version 25.12.0 Mac; Adobe) to create different dental scenarios. The following conditions will be generated:
Baume Type I: Physiologic interdental spacing in the anterior region with a symmetrical and pathology-free appearance.
Baume Type II: Symmetrical appearance with contact relationships between primary incisors and no interdental spacing.
Midline diastema: Presence of a midline diastema with all other teeth in contact.
Midline deviation: General physiologic spacing combined with midline deviations of 1, 2, and 3 mm.
Crown width discrepancy between central incisors: General physiologic spacing with crown width discrepancies of 1, 2, and 3 mm between the central incisors.
Unilateral crown width discrepancy: Asymmetric crown width changes affecting the central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine on one side, with compensatory enlargement on the contralateral side, creating total asymmetry of 1, 2, and 3 mm.
Before digital modifications, measurements will be calibrated using the crown length of a primary central incisor as a reference to ensure standardization of size and proportions across all images. This approach follows methodologies used in previous smile esthetic perception studies.
Presentation of Images: The prepared images will be presented to participants in a randomized order on a single tablet device (HONOR MagicPad 2). Each image will be displayed for 10 seconds, followed by a neutral gray screen with a central fixation point for 4 seconds. This presentation protocol is consistent with previous esthetic perception studies and is intended to minimize visual adaptation and ensure independent evaluation of each image.
Participants and Esthetic Evaluation: The images will be evaluated by adult participants aged 18 years and older. Participants will be divided into two groups: 1)Dental students (3rd-5th year students). 2)Parents
This grouping is based on previous studies indicating that esthetic perception may vary depending on the observer group. Smile esthetic perception will be assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a validated and reliable method for evaluating esthetic perception. Participants will be asked to rate the esthetic appearance of each smile using a 0-100 mm VAS, where 0 represents "very unattractive" and 100 represents "very attractive." Participants will respond to the question: "How esthetic do you find this smile?"
- Conditions
- Smile Esthetics, Interdental Spacing, Esthetic Perception
- Keywords
- aesthetics, primary dentition, Interdental Spacing
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Dental Students | Third-, fourth-, and fifth-year dental students aged 18 years and older who will evaluate digitally modified smile photographs using a visual analog scale. | |
| Parents | Parents aged 18 years and older who will evaluate digitally modified smile photo |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Perception of Smile Esthetics Assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
The esthetic perception of each digitally modified smile image will be evaluated by adult participants using a 0-100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), where 0 indicates "very unattractive" and 100 indicates "very attractive."
Measured: Baseline (single assessment)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted18 Mar 2026
- Study startApr 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completionJun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completionJun 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Smile EstheticsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Marmara UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 234 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Marmara University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Betul Sen Yavuz, Marmara University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07480239
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- MUPEDO2026-03-02/2026-19
- Status last verified
- Mar 2026
- First submitted
- 13 Mar 2026
- Last updated
- 7 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: De-identified individual participant data (including intraoral photographs and clinical evaluation scores) may be shared in scientific publications or presentations. Data will be limited to information relevant for scientific analysis and will not include any personal identifiers.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 7 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Impact of Interdental Spacing and Crown Width Discrepancy in Primary Dentition on the Perception of Smile Esthetics
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07480239
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- MUPEDO2026-03-02/2026-19
- Conditions
- Smile Esthetics, Interdental Spacing, Esthetic Perception
- Keywords
- aesthetics, primary dentition, Interdental Spacing
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 234 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Marmara UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Apr 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- Jun 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Jun 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 18 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate how interdental spacing and crown width discrepancies in primary dentition influence the perception of smile esthetics. Standardized smile photographs obtained from children with physiologic spacing patterns will be digitally modified to create different dental scenarios, including variations in interdental spacing, midline deviation, and crown width discrepancies. The images will be presented to adult participants, including dental students and parents, who will evaluate the esthetic appearance of each smile using a visual analog scale (VAS). The study seeks to determine how different spacing patterns and tooth size discrepancies affect the perception of smile esthetics in primary dentition.
Detailed description
This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the impact of interdental spacing and crown width discrepancies in primary dentition on the perception of smile esthetics. The study design was developed based on previously published studies that assessed smile esthetics using digitally modified photographs.
Selection of Photographic Samples and Photography Protocol:
Smile photographs will be obtained from two cooperative children in the primary dentition stage who present with healthy anterior teeth and no caries, restorations, enamel defects, history of trauma, or other dental pathology. One child will present with physiologic interdental spacing representing ideal primary dentition (Baume Type I), and the other will present with contact relationships without physiologic spacing (Baume Type II) but without crowding. Prior to photography, written informed consent will be obtained from the parents both for participation in the study and for the use of smile photographs showing the region between the tip of the nose and the lower border of the chin. Standardized smile photographs will be taken under controlled conditions to ensure reliable esthetic evaluation. Images will be captured using a Canon 750D digital camera with a 100-mm macro lens under natural lighting conditions, avoiding direct sunlight, at an approximate distance of 60 cm. Participants will be positioned in natural head position and asked to produce a natural smile with visible teeth. To ensure confidentiality and eliminate distracting facial features, photographs will be cropped between the tip of the nose and the lower border of the chin, and the eye region will be covered with a black bar.
Digital Image Modifications: The original smile photograph representing Baume Type I dentition will be digitally modified using image editing software (Photoshop CC, Version 25.12.0 Mac; Adobe) to create different dental scenarios. The following conditions will be generated:
Baume Type I: Physiologic interdental spacing in the anterior region with a symmetrical and pathology-free appearance.
Baume Type II: Symmetrical appearance with contact relationships between primary incisors and no interdental spacing.
Midline diastema: Presence of a midline diastema with all other teeth in contact.
Midline deviation: General physiologic spacing combined with midline deviations of 1, 2, and 3 mm.
Crown width discrepancy between central incisors: General physiologic spacing with crown width discrepancies of 1, 2, and 3 mm between the central incisors.
Unilateral crown width discrepancy: Asymmetric crown width changes affecting the central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine on one side, with compensatory enlargement on the contralateral side, creating total asymmetry of 1, 2, and 3 mm.
Before digital modifications, measurements will be calibrated using the crown length of a primary central incisor as a reference to ensure standardization of size and proportions across all images. This approach follows methodologies used in previous smile esthetic perception studies.
Presentation of Images: The prepared images will be presented to participants in a randomized order on a single tablet device (HONOR MagicPad 2). Each image will be displayed for 10 seconds, followed by a neutral gray screen with a central fixation point for 4 seconds. This presentation protocol is consistent with previous esthetic perception studies and is intended to minimize visual adaptation and ensure independent evaluation of each image.
Participants and Esthetic Evaluation: The images will be evaluated by adult participants aged 18 years and older. Participants will be divided into two groups: 1)Dental students (3rd-5th year students). 2)Parents
This grouping is based on previous studies indicating that esthetic perception may vary depending on the observer group. Smile esthetic perception will be assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a validated and reliable method for evaluating esthetic perception. Participants will be asked to rate the esthetic appearance of each smile using a 0-100 mm VAS, where 0 represents "very unattractive" and 100 represents "very attractive." Participants will respond to the question: "How esthetic do you find this smile?"
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Dental Students | – | –Third-, fourth-, and fifth-year dental students aged 18 years and older who will evaluate digitally modified smile photographs using a visual analog scale. |
| Parents | – | –Parents aged 18 years and older who will evaluate digitally modified smile photo |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- The study population will consist of adult participants aged 18 years and older, including dental students and parents attending the Department of Pediatric Dentistry for their children's routine dental treatment. Participants will evaluate digitally modified smile photographs representing different interdental spacing patterns and crown width discrepancies in primary dentition using a visual analog scale (VAS).
Key inclusion criteria (11 listed)
- For photographic records (two children):
- Children without any systemic disease
- Children in the primary dentition stage
- Children able to cooperate during the photographic procedure
- Children whose parents or legal guardians have provided written informed consent for participation and for the use of smile photographs
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Photographs that do not comply with the standardized photography protocol defined in the study
- Multiple photographs taken of the same teeth or the same tooth surfaces
- Out-of-focus or blurred images
- Images that are overexposed, underexposed, or taken under inadequate lighting conditions
- Photographs with saliva contamination or other artifacts affecting image quality
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
Perception of Smile Esthetics Assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Time frame: Baseline (single assessment)
The esthetic perception of each digitally modified smile image will be evaluated by adult participants using a 0-100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), where 0 indicates "very unattractive" and 100 indicates "very attractive."
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 7 Apr 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. De-identified individual participant data (including intraoral photographs and clinical evaluation scores) may be shared in scientific publications or presentations. Data will be limited to information relevant for scientific analysis and will not include any personal identifiers.
Related trials for Smile Esthetics
Not yet recruiting
Accuracy of Stackable Double Periodontal Guide in Esthetic Crown Lengthening
Gummy Smile of Altered Passive Eruption Type 1B
Active, not recruiting
AI-Assisted vs. Conventional Digital Smile Design for Laminate Veneers: A Prospective Crossover Study
Digital Dental Models
Recruiting
Periodontal Tissue Stability After Surgical Correction of Altered Passive Eruption
Altered Passive Eruption
RecruitingObservational study
Gummy Smile and Altered Passive Eruption Prevalence
Altered Passive Eruption of Teeth
Recruiting
Comparison Between Liquid Fibrin and Soft Laser Effects on Healing and Relapse After Lip Repositioning Surgery
Gummy Smile
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Smile Esthetics and Interdental Spacing, run by Marmara University.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 11 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 7 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Seray Sahin (+905422342448, serayshn95@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Perception of Smile Esthetics Assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (time frame: Baseline (single assessment)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 7 Apr 2026.