Sports Physical TherapyNCT07440966
Comparative Effects of Foundation & Total Resistance Exercise (TRX) Suspension Training in Fast Bowlers.
A study testing Foundation Training and Total Resistrance Exercise (TRX) Training in people with Sports Physical Therapy, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
Fast bowling in cricket is an intense, high-impact activity requiring a blend of strength, power, and endurance to maintain performance and reduce injury risk. The unique physical demands of fast bowling involve repeated explosive movements, placing stress on the bowler's core, shoulders, and lower body. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Sports Physical Therapy
- What is being tested?
- Foundation Training and Total Resistrance Exercise (TRX) Training
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 40 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- 21 Nov 2024to 5 Nov 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Both male and female players age 18-30 years Players engaged in physical activity twice - thrice in a week Players playing cricket from minimum 6 months Participants must have adequate ROM of specific areas of body (shoulder, hip and knee joint) Participants BMI range 18.5 to 25.5 kg/m2 will be included
Who cannot join
- Participants with any musculoskeletal injuries (sprain, strain and ligamentous injury) will be excluded Players engaged in any other physical training program will be excluded Players taking medicines which affecting physical performance will not be included
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Pakistan1 site
Paklions International Cricket Academy
Lahore, Punjab Province
About this study
Official title: Comparative Effects of Foundation & Total Resistance Exercise (TRX) Suspension Training on Endurance , Strength & Power in Fast Bowlers.
Fast bowling in cricket is an intense, high-impact activity requiring a blend of strength, power, and endurance to maintain performance and reduce injury risk. The unique physical demands of fast bowling involve repeated explosive movements, placing stress on the bowler's core, shoulders, and lower body. Two training approaches, foundation training and Total Resistance Exercise (TRX) suspension training, are gaining attention for their potential to enhance these essential attributes. Foundation training emphasizes core stability and posture, building a solid base for high-performance movements. TRX suspension training uses bodyweight and instability to activate multiple muscle groups, aiming to improve both strength and stability. Integrating these methods could offer a well-rounded approach to improve endurance, strength, and power, helping fast bowlers maintain speed and accuracy over prolonged periods while minimizing injury risks. This study explores the comparative effects of these two training modalities, aiming to identify the optimal approach for fast bowlers' specific needs. The study will employ a randomized clinical trial design involving 40 fast bowlers, divided into two groups to receive different training interventions over eight weeks.
Group A will undergo foundation training, focusing on core stability and endurance, while Group B will engage in TRX suspension training, which emphasizes strength, stability, and power. Each group will participate in three training sessions per week, each lasting 45-60 minutes. Participants will be selected based on inclusion criteria, which require them to be male or female players aged 18-30 years, actively engaging in physical activity twice weekly, and having at least six months of cricket experience. Baseline and post-intervention assessments will be conducted to measure changes in endurance, strength, and power using tools such as the 1RM bicep curl, medicine ball throw and Pushups. Data will be analyzed using SPSS software 26, applying Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests to determine intra- and inter-group differences, with statistical significance set at p=0.05. Endurance, Fast bowling, strength TRX suspension training
- Conditions
- Sports Physical Therapy
- Being tested
- Foundation Training, Total Resistrance Exercise (TRX) Training
- Keywords
- Foundation Training, Total Resistance Exercise (TRX) suspension training, Fast Bowlers
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Foundation TrainingOther
Group A will undergo an 8-week foundation-based core exercise program performed 5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 30-40 minutes. The program will progressively advance from core stability to strength, endurance, and power using bodyweight exercises (planks, side planks, dead bugs), with gradual increases in intensity, repetitions, and reduced rest intervals following FITT principles.
Total Resistrance Exercise (TRX) TrainingOther
Group B will follow an 8-week total resistance (TRX-based) core training program, conducted 5 sessions per week with each session lasting 30-40 minutes. Training will progress from core stability to strength, endurance, and power by gradually increasing resistance and repetitions using TRX planks to push-ups, push-ups, chest press, and push press, in accordance with FITT principles.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation Training | Experimental | Group A: will receives foundation exercise training targeting endurance, strength, and power improvement Participants will undergo an 8-week progressive core training program, performed 5 sessions per week (30-40 minutes/session). The protocol advances from core stability to strength, endurance, and power using standardized exercises (planks, side planks, dead bugs) with gradual increases in intensity and repetitions based on FITT principles. Receives: Other: Foundation Training |
| Total Resistance Exercises (TRX) Suspension Training | Experimental | Group B: will participates in total resistance exercise (TRX) suspension training with similar goals. Participant follow an 8-week total resistance (TRX-based) core training program, conducted 5 sessions per week with each session lasting 30-40 minutes. Training will progress from core stability to strength, endurance, and power by gradually increasing resistance and repetitions using TRX planks to push-ups, push-ups, chest press, and push press, in accordance with FITT principles. Receives: Other: Total Resistrance Exercise (TRX) Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
1RM bicep curl
The 1RM (one-repetition maximum) bicep curl is a measure of the maximum weight an individual can lift for one complete repetition of a bicep curl with proper form. This measure is commonly used to assess the maximal strength of the bicep muscles and to establish baseline strength for strength training programs. Performing a 1RM test for the bicep curl involves gradually increasing weights until only one repetition can be achieved without compromising technique. Typically, adult males can curl about 50-60% of their body weight for a 1RM bicep curl, with variations based on age and training level. Generally, adult females can curl around 30-40% of their body weight for a 1RM
Measured: 8 Weeks
Medicine ball throw
The medicine ball throw is used to assess upper-body power and explosive strength. Participants throw a standardized medicine ball (2-10 kg, based on protocol and participant capacity) from a standing or seated position, with the distance achieved recorded in meters. Performance is categorized using sex-specific normative values for male and female cricket players to interpret power output.
Measured: 8 Weeks
Pushups
Push-ups are a classic bodyweight exercise that primarily target the chest (pectoralis major), shoulders (deltoids), and triceps, while also engaging core muscles for stability. Push-ups are widely used in strength training, endurance tests, and fitness assessments. Variations, such as incline, decline, or one-arm push-ups, adjust difficulty levels and engage different muscle groups for a well-rounded upper body workout. For male cricket players, an excellent score is above 20 push-ups, above average is 15-20 push-ups, average is 10 to 15, and below average is less than 10. Female players excellent score is 15 push-ups, score above average with 10 to 12, average with 6-8, and below average 4-6 push-ups.
Measured: 8 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted27 Feb 2026
- Study start21 Nov 2024
- Primary completion4 Oct 2025
- Study completion5 Nov 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Sports Physical TherapyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Riphah International UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Randomized Clinical Trail
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Naweera Ghaffar, DPT, Principal investigator, Riphah International University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07440966
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- REC/RCR/&AHS/24/0486
- Status last verified
- Feb 2026
- First submitted
- 23 Feb 2026
- Last updated
- 27 Feb 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Kiely N, Pickering Rodriguez L, Watsford M, Reddin T, Hardy S, Duffield R. The influence of technique and physical capacity on ball release speed in cricket fast-bowling. J Sports Sci. 2021 Oct;39(20):2361-2369. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1933349. Epub 2021 Jun 6.
PubMed 34096462Maker R, Taliep MS. The effects of a four weeks combined resistance training programme on cricket bowling velocity. S Afr J Sports Med. 2021 Jun 10;33(1):v33i1a9002. doi: 10.17159/2078-516X/2021/v33i1a9002. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 36816886Felton PJ, McCaig S, King MA. Cricket fast bowling: The relationship between range of motion and key performance and injury technique characteristics. J Sports Sci. 2023 Jan;41(2):112-120. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2200520. Epub 2023 Apr 26.
PubMed 37125503Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Tallent J, Chipchase RF, Andrews WA, Nimphius S. The effects of strength training upon front foot contact ground reaction forces and ball release speed among high-level cricket pace bowlers. Sports Biomech. 2024 Sep;23(9):1193-1209. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1942540. Epub 2021 Jul 13.
PubMed 34255613Pote L, Christie CJ. Strength and Conditioning Practices of University and High School Level Cricket Coaches: A South African Context. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Dec;30(12):3464-3470. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001432.
PubMed 27075640
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Feb 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparative Effects of Foundation & Total Resistance Exercise (TRX) Suspension Training on Endurance , Strength & Power in Fast Bowlers.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07440966
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- REC/RCR/&AHS/24/0486
- Conditions
- Sports Physical Therapy
- Keywords
- Foundation Training, Total Resistance Exercise (TRX) suspension training, Fast Bowlers
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 21 Nov 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 4 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 5 Nov 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 27 Feb 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Fast bowling in cricket is an intense, high-impact activity requiring a blend of strength, power, and endurance to maintain performance and reduce injury risk. The unique physical demands of fast bowling involve repeated explosive movements, placing stress on the bowler's core, shoulders, and lower body. Two training approaches, foundation training and Total Resistance Exercise (TRX) suspension training, are gaining attention for their potential to enhance these essential attributes. Foundation training emphasizes core stability and posture, building a solid base for high-performance movements. TRX suspension training uses bodyweight and instability to activate multiple muscle groups, aiming to improve both strength and stability. Integrating these methods could offer a well-rounded approach to improve endurance, strength, and power, helping fast bowlers maintain speed and accuracy over prolonged periods while minimizing injury risks. This study explores the comparative effects of these two training modalities, aiming to identify the optimal approach for fast bowlers' specific needs. The study will employ a randomized clinical trial design involving 40 fast bowlers, divided into two groups to receive different training interventions over eight weeks.
Group A will undergo foundation training, focusing on core stability and endurance, while Group B will engage in TRX suspension training, which emphasizes strength, stability, and power. Each group will participate in three training sessions per week, each lasting 45-60 minutes. Participants will be selected based on inclusion criteria, which require them to be male or female players aged 18-30 years, actively engaging in physical activity twice weekly, and having at least six months of cricket experience. Baseline and post-intervention assessments will be conducted to measure changes in endurance, strength, and power using tools such as the 1RM bicep curl, medicine ball throw and Pushups. Data will be analyzed using SPSS software 26, applying Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests to determine intra- and inter-group differences, with statistical significance set at p=0.05. Endurance, Fast bowling, strength TRX suspension training
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Randomized Clinical Trail
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation Training | Experimental | Other: Foundation TrainingGroup A: will receives foundation exercise training targeting endurance, strength, and power improvement Participants will undergo an 8-week progressive core training program, performed 5 sessions per week (30-40 minutes/session). The protocol advances from core stability to strength, endurance, and power using standardized exercises (planks, side planks, dead bugs) with gradual increases in intensity and repetitions based on FITT principles. |
| Total Resistance Exercises (TRX) Suspension Training | Experimental | Other: Total Resistrance Exercise (TRX) TrainingGroup B: will participates in total resistance exercise (TRX) suspension training with similar goals. Participant follow an 8-week total resistance (TRX-based) core training program, conducted 5 sessions per week with each session lasting 30-40 minutes. Training will progress from core stability to strength, endurance, and power by gradually increasing resistance and repetitions using TRX planks to push-ups, push-ups, chest press, and push press, in accordance with FITT principles. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Both male and female players age 18-30 years Players engaged in physical activity twice - thrice in a week Players playing cricket from minimum 6 months Participants must have adequate ROM of specific areas of body (shoulder, hip and knee joint) Participants BMI range 18.5 to 25.5 kg/m2 will be included
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Participants with any musculoskeletal injuries (sprain, strain and ligamentous injury) will be excluded Players engaged in any other physical training program will be excluded Players taking medicines which affecting physical performance will not be included
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation TrainingGroup A will undergo an 8-week foundation-based core exercise program performed 5 sessions per week, with each session lasting 30-40 minutes. The program will progressively advance from core stability to strength, endurance, and power using bodyweight exercises (planks, side planks, dead bugs), with gradual increases in intensity, repetitions, and reduced rest intervals following FITT principles. | Other | Foundation Training |
| Total Resistrance Exercise (TRX) TrainingGroup B will follow an 8-week total resistance (TRX-based) core training program, conducted 5 sessions per week with each session lasting 30-40 minutes. Training will progress from core stability to strength, endurance, and power by gradually increasing resistance and repetitions using TRX planks to push-ups, push-ups, chest press, and push press, in accordance with FITT principles. | Other | Total Resistance Exercises (TRX) Suspension Training |
Primary outcome
1RM bicep curl
Time frame: 8 Weeks
The 1RM (one-repetition maximum) bicep curl is a measure of the maximum weight an individual can lift for one complete repetition of a bicep curl with proper form. This measure is commonly used to assess the maximal strength of the bicep muscles and to establish baseline strength for strength training programs. Performing a 1RM test for the bicep curl involves gradually increasing weights until only one repetition can be achieved without compromising technique. Typically, adult males can curl about 50-60% of their body weight for a 1RM bicep curl, with variations based on age and training level. Generally, adult females can curl around 30-40% of their body weight for a 1RM
Medicine ball throw
Time frame: 8 Weeks
The medicine ball throw is used to assess upper-body power and explosive strength. Participants throw a standardized medicine ball (2-10 kg, based on protocol and participant capacity) from a standing or seated position, with the distance achieved recorded in meters. Performance is categorized using sex-specific normative values for male and female cricket players to interpret power output.
Pushups
Time frame: 8 weeks
Push-ups are a classic bodyweight exercise that primarily target the chest (pectoralis major), shoulders (deltoids), and triceps, while also engaging core muscles for stability. Push-ups are widely used in strength training, endurance tests, and fitness assessments. Variations, such as incline, decline, or one-arm push-ups, adjust difficulty levels and engage different muscle groups for a well-rounded upper body workout. For male cricket players, an excellent score is above 20 push-ups, above average is 15-20 push-ups, average is 10 to 15, and below average is less than 10. Female players excellent score is 15 push-ups, score above average with 10 to 12, average with 6-8, and below average 4-6 push-ups.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Feb 2026.
- Background: PubMed 34096462Kiely N, Pickering Rodriguez L, Watsford M, Reddin T, Hardy S, Duffield R. The influence of technique and physical capacity on ball release speed in cricket fast-bowling. J Sports Sci. 2021 Oct;39(20):2361-2369. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1933349. Epub 2021 Jun 6.
- Background: PubMed 36816886Maker R, Taliep MS. The effects of a four weeks combined resistance training programme on cricket bowling velocity. S Afr J Sports Med. 2021 Jun 10;33(1):v33i1a9002. doi: 10.17159/2078-516X/2021/v33i1a9002. eCollection 2021.
- Background: PubMed 37125503Felton PJ, McCaig S, King MA. Cricket fast bowling: The relationship between range of motion and key performance and injury technique characteristics. J Sports Sci. 2023 Jan;41(2):112-120. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2200520. Epub 2023 Apr 26.
- Background: PubMed 34255613Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Tallent J, Chipchase RF, Andrews WA, Nimphius S. The effects of strength training upon front foot contact ground reaction forces and ball release speed among high-level cricket pace bowlers. Sports Biomech. 2024 Sep;23(9):1193-1209. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1942540. Epub 2021 Jul 13.
- Background: PubMed 27075640Pote L, Christie CJ. Strength and Conditioning Practices of University and High School Level Cricket Coaches: A South African Context. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Dec;30(12):3464-3470. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001432.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Naweera Ghaffar, DPT principal investigator
Riphah International University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Foundation Training and Total Resistrance Exercise (TRX) Training in people with Sports Physical Therapy, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
1RM bicep curl (time frame: 8 Weeks). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07440966, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Feb 2026.