Pes PlanusNCT07426887
Effects of Intrinsic Muscles Training on Pain, Balance and Foot Function in Patients With Pes Planus
A study testing Intrinsic Muscles Training and conventional therapy in people with Pes Planus, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
The study was conducted to determine the Effects of intrinsic muscles training on pain, balance and foot function in patients with Pes Planus Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 20 to 45 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Pes Planus
- What is being tested?
- Intrinsic Muscles Training and conventional therapy
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 66 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- 13 Jan 2025to 31 Oct 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 20 to 45 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Age group between 20 to 45 years
- Both male and female
- Patients with a flat foot (Congenital and acquired both)
- Patients with Collapsed arch
- Navicular drop ≥10mm
Who cannot join
- Acute fracture to lower limb
- Any foot surgery over past 12 months
- Patients with club foot
- Patients with poliomyelitis
- Navicular drop < 10mm
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Pakistan1 site
Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital
Sialkot, Punjab Province, 51310
About this study
The study was conducted to determine the Effects of intrinsic muscles training on pain, balance and foot function in patients with Pes Planus
- Conditions
- Pes Planus
- Being tested
- Intrinsic Muscles Training, conventional therapy
- Keywords
- Medial longitudinal arch, flat foot, Intrinsic foot muscles, pes planus, navicular drop, short foot exercise
- Medical subject headings
- Flatfoot
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Intrinsic Muscles TrainingOther
Intrinsic muscle training includes Feet rolling exercise, Toe flexion (curls) exercise, Big toe extension exercise, Short foot exercise and Towel gathering exercise. All these exercises were performed by the participants of Experimental group in 3 sets each set comprising 10-20 repetitions.
conventional therapyOther
Conventional physical therapy session includes
- Electric hot pack on moderate intensity for 10 min
- TENS for 20 minutes on conventional mode
- Stretching of calf muscles 3 sets of 5 stretches in each session
- Ankle pumps 10 repetitions.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group: Intrinsic Muscle Training + Conventional Therapy | Experimental | Not described Receives: Other: Intrinsic Muscles Training; Other: conventional therapy |
| Control Group: Conventional therapy | Active comparator | Not described Receives: Other: conventional therapy |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Numeric pain rating scale
Numeric Pain rating scale is used to evaluate pain. It consists of 11 points, having score ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no pain, 1-3 represents mild pain, 4-6 represents moderate pain and 7-10 represents severe pain.
Measured: From enrolment to end of treatment at 6 weeks.
Berg Balance scale
The Berg Balance Scale is a scale used to assess functional balance. It evaluates both dynamic and static balance through 14 tasks regarding mobility
Measured: From enrolment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks.
Foot Function Index
Foot Function Index questionnaire is used to measure the impact of foot pathology on pain, disability and activity restriction
Measured: From enrolment to end of treatment at 6 weeks.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Feb 2026
- Study start13 Jan 2025
- Primary completion31 May 2025
- Study completion31 Oct 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (10)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Pes PlanusStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Riphah International UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 66 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Naila Kanwal, Principal investigator, Riphah International University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07426887
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- REC/RCR & AHS/24/0193
- Status last verified
- Feb 2026
- First submitted
- 17 Feb 2026
- Last updated
- 23 Feb 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Preethi K, Kamalakannan M, Anitha A, Ramana K. Effectiveness of Jumping Rope Exercise Verses Short Foot Exercise on Pain and Quality of Life for Subjects with Flat Foot. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy. 2024;18.
Khisty A, Kulkarni R, Desai P, Palekar TJ. Effect of short foot exercises on patients with flexible flat foot: a pre-post experimental study. Int J Health Sci Res. 2022;12(1):105-10.
Unver B, Erdem EU, Akbas E. Effects of Short-Foot Exercises on Foot Posture, Pain, Disability, and Plantar Pressure in Pes Planus. J Sport Rehabil. 2019 Oct 18;29(4):436-440. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0363. Print 2020 May 1.
PubMed 30860412Demircioglu G, Genc H. The impact of different exercise approaches on balance in people with pes planus. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2025;33(1).
Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013 Oct;18(5):425-30. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Apr 28.
PubMed 23632367Hara S, Kitano M, Kudo S. The effects of short foot exercises to treat flat foot deformity: A systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2023;36(1):21-33. doi: 10.3233/BMR-210374.
PubMed 35871320Effects of exercise training programs on postural control and dynamic balance in individuals with flat feet and cavus feet: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research. 2023;10(1):1-8.
Moon D, Jung J. Effect of Incorporating Short-Foot Exercises in the Balance Rehabilitation of Flat Foot: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Oct 13;9(10):1358. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9101358.
PubMed 34683038Saleh M, Elimy D, Ibrahim A, Moharam A. Effect of backward walking training on foot posture and balance in flat foot adults. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2022;30(2):24-9.
Iram A, Aman M, Aziz K, Abdullah B, Chaudhary AS. Effect of Short Foot Exercises on Pain and Foot Posture in Patients with Acquired Pes Planus. Journal of Health, Wellness and Community Research. 2025:e837-e
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Feb 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Intrinsic Muscles Training on Pain, Balance and Foot Function in Patients With Pes Planus
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07426887
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- REC/RCR & AHS/24/0193
- Conditions
- Pes Planus
- Keywords
- Medial longitudinal arch, flat foot, Intrinsic foot muscles, pes planus, navicular drop, short foot exercise
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 66 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 13 Jan 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 May 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Oct 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Feb 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The study was conducted to determine the Effects of intrinsic muscles training on pain, balance and foot function in patients with Pes Planus
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group: Intrinsic Muscle Training + Conventional Therapy | Experimental | Other: Intrinsic Muscles Training, Other: conventional therapy |
| Control Group: Conventional therapy | Active comparator | Other: conventional therapy |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 20 to 45 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Age group between 20 to 45 years
- Both male and female
- Patients with a flat foot (Congenital and acquired both)
- Patients with Collapsed arch
- Navicular drop ≥10mm
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Acute fracture to lower limb
- Any foot surgery over past 12 months
- Patients with club foot
- Patients with poliomyelitis
- Navicular drop < 10mm
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Intrinsic Muscles TrainingIntrinsic muscle training includes Feet rolling exercise, Toe flexion (curls) exercise, Big toe extension exercise, Short foot exercise and Towel gathering exercise. All these exercises were performed by the participants of Experimental group in 3 sets each set comprising 10-20 repetitions. | Other | Experimental Group: Intrinsic Muscle Training + Conventional Therapy |
| conventional therapyConventional physical therapy session includes * Electric hot pack on moderate intensity for 10 min * TENS for 20 minutes on conventional mode * Stretching of calf muscles 3 sets of 5 stretches in each session * Ankle pumps 10 repetitions. | Other | Control Group: Conventional therapy, Experimental Group: Intrinsic Muscle Training + Conventional Therapy |
Primary outcome
Numeric pain rating scale
Time frame: From enrolment to end of treatment at 6 weeks.
Numeric Pain rating scale is used to evaluate pain. It consists of 11 points, having score ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no pain, 1-3 represents mild pain, 4-6 represents moderate pain and 7-10 represents severe pain.
Berg Balance scale
Time frame: From enrolment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks.
The Berg Balance Scale is a scale used to assess functional balance. It evaluates both dynamic and static balance through 14 tasks regarding mobility
Foot Function Index
Time frame: From enrolment to end of treatment at 6 weeks.
Foot Function Index questionnaire is used to measure the impact of foot pathology on pain, disability and activity restriction
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Feb 2026.
- BackgroundPreethi K, Kamalakannan M, Anitha A, Ramana K. Effectiveness of Jumping Rope Exercise Verses Short Foot Exercise on Pain and Quality of Life for Subjects with Flat Foot. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy. 2024;18.
- BackgroundKhisty A, Kulkarni R, Desai P, Palekar TJ. Effect of short foot exercises on patients with flexible flat foot: a pre-post experimental study. Int J Health Sci Res. 2022;12(1):105-10.
- Background: PubMed 30860412Unver B, Erdem EU, Akbas E. Effects of Short-Foot Exercises on Foot Posture, Pain, Disability, and Plantar Pressure in Pes Planus. J Sport Rehabil. 2019 Oct 18;29(4):436-440. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0363. Print 2020 May 1.
- BackgroundDemircioglu G, Genc H. The impact of different exercise approaches on balance in people with pes planus. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2025;33(1).
- Background: PubMed 23632367Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013 Oct;18(5):425-30. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Apr 28.
- Background: PubMed 35871320Hara S, Kitano M, Kudo S. The effects of short foot exercises to treat flat foot deformity: A systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2023;36(1):21-33. doi: 10.3233/BMR-210374.
- BackgroundEffects of exercise training programs on postural control and dynamic balance in individuals with flat feet and cavus feet: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research. 2023;10(1):1-8.
- Background: PubMed 34683038Moon D, Jung J. Effect of Incorporating Short-Foot Exercises in the Balance Rehabilitation of Flat Foot: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Oct 13;9(10):1358. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9101358.
- BackgroundSaleh M, Elimy D, Ibrahim A, Moharam A. Effect of backward walking training on foot posture and balance in flat foot adults. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2022;30(2):24-9.
- BackgroundIram A, Aman M, Aziz K, Abdullah B, Chaudhary AS. Effect of Short Foot Exercises on Pain and Foot Posture in Patients with Acquired Pes Planus. Journal of Health, Wellness and Community Research. 2025:e837-e
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Pes Planus
Recruiting
Effects of Custom 3D Printed Insoles and Short Foot Exercises in Pes Planus
Pes Planus
Not yet recruiting
Correlation Between Soft Tissue Displacement and Functional Performance in Orthopedic Patients
Hamstring Muscle Strain, Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity
Not yet recruiting
The Corrective Power of Subtalar Arthrodesis With Mini/Medial Bone Block (SAMBB) in Patients Affected by Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity (PCFD): Analysis Using Weight-bearing Cone Beam CT.
Flat Foot
Not yet recruitingObservational study
Tibialis Posterior Muscle Morphology in Flexible Flatfeet Subjects
Flexible Flatfoot
Recruiting
Plantar Stimulation, Whole-Body Vibration, and Baduanjin for Muscle Activation
Flat Feet, Lower-Limb Muscle Activation
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Naila Kanwal principal investigator
Riphah International University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Intrinsic Muscles Training and conventional therapy in people with Pes Planus, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Numeric pain rating scale (time frame: From enrolment to end of treatment at 6 weeks.). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07426887, which also lists 10 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Feb 2026.