Pressure Ulcers, Bedsores, Decubitus UlcerNCT07395284
The Effect of Gamified Metaverse-Based Training on Nursing Students' Self-Efficacy and Metaverse Perception Regarding Pressure Injury Management
A study testing Gamified metaverse-based educational application in people with Pressure Ulcers, Bedsores, Decubitus Ulcer and Nursing Education, run by Baskent University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Introduction: Pressure ulcers are a largely preventable clinical problem that negatively impacts the quality of patient care and constitutes a significant economic burden for healthcare systems. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Pressure Ulcers, Bedsores, Decubitus Ulcer, Nursing Education, Gamification
- What is being tested?
- Gamified metaverse-based educational application
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 30 Apr 2026to 30 Jun 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Voluntarily agree to participate in the research,
- Be a second-year undergraduate nursing student,
- Be able to understand and speak Turkish,
- Have healthy hearing, vision, and speech.
Who cannot join
- The student voluntarily requesting to withdraw from the study
- The student ceasing to use the metaverse domain during the study period
- Completing the survey form incompletely.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Baskent University
Ankara, Ankara, 06790
Betul Sahin-Kilinc, +905543350343, betulsahin@baskent.edu.tr
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Gamified Metaverse-Based Training on Nursing Students' Self-Efficacy and Metaverse Perception Regarding Pressure Injury Management: A Randomized Controlled Study
Introduction: Pressure ulcers are a largely preventable clinical problem that negatively impacts the quality of patient care and constitutes a significant economic burden for healthcare systems. The prevention and effective management of these ulcers are closely related to nurses' knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy levels. However, current nursing education programs show a limited number of practice-based and interactive training approaches for the prevention and management of pressure ulcers. In recent years, innovative and technology-supported training methods such as gamification and metaverse have emerged as promising approaches for improving students' knowledge and self-efficacy levels by increasing their active participation in learning processes. Aim: The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of gamified metaverse-based training developed for nursing students on their knowledge level, academic self-efficacy, and metaverse perception regarding pressure ulcer management.
Method: The research was planned as a randomized controlled experimental design. The population of the study will consist of students studying in the nursing department. The sample size was calculated using G*Power based on PUKAT 2.0-T scores; Assuming a two-way α=0.05 and power=0.80, at least 26 participants were selected for each group, and the total sample size was planned as 60 students, taking into account possible losses. Participants will be administered a Demographic Information Form, the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Level Assessment Tool 2.0-Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T), and the Nursing Students Academic Self-Efficacy Scale. Participants will be randomly assigned to intervention and control groups based on their pre-test scores. The intervention group will receive traditional classroom theoretical training and gamified metaverse-based training for two weeks, while the control group will receive traditional classroom theoretical training. Post-tests will be administered immediately after the intervention and one month later. In addition, the Metaverse Perception Scale will be administered to the intervention group. Data will be collected using the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool 2.0-Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T), the Nursing Students Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Metaverse Perception Scale for Nursing Students.
Read more
Results: The obtained data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.
Conclusion: This research is expected to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of innovative digital education models in nursing education and contribute to the development of educational strategies for the prevention of pressure ulcers.
- Conditions
- Pressure Ulcers, Bedsores, Decubitus Ulcer, Nursing Education, Gamification, Self-Efficacy
- Being tested
- Gamified metaverse-based educational application
- Medical subject headings
- Pressure Ulcer
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Gamified metaverse-based educational applicationBehavioural
Students in the intervention group will receive gamified metaverse-based training.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Gamified metaverse-based educational application | Experimental | Gamified metaverse-based educational application Receives: Behavioral: Gamified metaverse-based educational application |
| Traditional-based education practice | No intervention | traditional-based education practice |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool 2.0 - Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T)
PUKAT 2.0 is a multiple-choice, true-false scored measurement tool. This test was developed by Manderlier et al. (2017) to determine nurses' knowledge level regarding pressure ulcers and adapted into Turkish by Dalli et al. (2022). The test addresses knowledge level regarding pressure ulcers within six themes and contains a total of 25 questions. The score ranges from 0 to 25. According to the validity and reliability study results of the Turkish version of the test; (1) content validity index is 0.90, (2) test-retest reliability is 0.83 (between 0.70-0.92 for sub-themes), (3) item difficulty indices range from 35-75%, (4) item discrimination indices range from 0.44-0.92, and (5) internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) value is 0.72. Necessary permissions for the use of the measurement tool have been obtained from its developers.
Measured: Before the intervention, within 1 hour after the intervention, and one month after the intervention.
Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy Scale
The scale developed by Bulfone et al. (2019) to determine the academic self-efficacy of undergraduate nursing students consists of 14 items and four sub-dimensions. The scale comprises the following sub-dimensions: internal emotion management (items 1, 2, 3), self-control behavior (items 4, 5, 6, 7), external emotion management (items 8, 9, 10, 11), and sociability (items 12, 13, 14). The items on this scale are scored between 1 and 5, and the question "How confident are you?" is scored using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = I have no confidence in myself, 5 = I have a lot of confidence in myself). As the scores obtained from the scale increase, the academic self-efficacy of nursing students increases. There are no items in the scale that are reverse-scored. The Cronbach alpha value of the original scale is 0.84, while in this study it is 0.82.
Measured: Before the intervention, within 1 hour after the intervention, and one month after the intervention.
Secondary outcomes (1)
Metaverse Perception Scale for Nursing Students
To evaluate the metaverse perception levels of nursing students, the Metaverse Perception Scale for Nursing Students, developed by Yıldırım and Karaman (2024), will be used. The scale consists of a total of 24 items and includes four sub-dimensions: Education (items 1-9), Technology (items 10-14), Challenges (items 15-19), and Lifestyle (items 20-24). The scale items will be rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with response options ranging from "1=Strongly Disagree" to "5=Strongly Agree". A high score obtained from the scale will indicate a high metaverse perception. Items belonging to the Challenges sub-dimension will be reverse-coded to calculate the average score, while the average score for the entire scale will be evaluated without reverse coding. The overall reliability coefficient of the scale is reported to be Cronbach's alpha=0.955, while the Cronbach's alpha values for the sub-dimensions range from 0.930 to 0.955.
Measured: within 30 minutes after intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted9 Feb 2026
- Study start30 Apr 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion30 May 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Jun 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Pressure Ulcers, Bedsores, Decubitus UlcerStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Baskent University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, BETUL SAHIN KILINC, Baskent University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07395284
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 17162298.600-373
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 21 Jan 2026
- Last updated
- 30 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Gamified Metaverse-Based Training on Nursing Students' Self-Efficacy and Metaverse Perception Regarding Pressure Injury Management: A Randomized Controlled Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07395284
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 17162298.600-373
- Conditions
- Pressure Ulcers, Bedsores, Decubitus Ulcer, Nursing Education, Gamification, Self-Efficacy
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Baskent UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 30 Apr 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 30 May 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Jun 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 9 Feb 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Introduction: Pressure ulcers are a largely preventable clinical problem that negatively impacts the quality of patient care and constitutes a significant economic burden for healthcare systems. The prevention and effective management of these ulcers are closely related to nurses' knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy levels. However, current nursing education programs show a limited number of practice-based and interactive training approaches for the prevention and management of pressure ulcers. In recent years, innovative and technology-supported training methods such as gamification and metaverse have emerged as promising approaches for improving students' knowledge and self-efficacy levels by increasing their active participation in learning processes. Aim: The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of gamified metaverse-based training developed for nursing students on their knowledge level, academic self-efficacy, and metaverse perception regarding pressure ulcer management.
Method: The research was planned as a randomized controlled experimental design. The population of the study will consist of students studying in the nursing department. The sample size was calculated using G*Power based on PUKAT 2.0-T scores; Assuming a two-way α=0.05 and power=0.80, at least 26 participants were selected for each group, and the total sample size was planned as 60 students, taking into account possible losses. Participants will be administered a Demographic Information Form, the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Level Assessment Tool 2.0-Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T), and the Nursing Students Academic Self-Efficacy Scale. Participants will be randomly assigned to intervention and control groups based on their pre-test scores. The intervention group will receive traditional classroom theoretical training and gamified metaverse-based training for two weeks, while the control group will receive traditional classroom theoretical training. Post-tests will be administered immediately after the intervention and one month later. In addition, the Metaverse Perception Scale will be administered to the intervention group. Data will be collected using the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool 2.0-Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T), the Nursing Students Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Metaverse Perception Scale for Nursing Students.
Results: The obtained data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.
Conclusion: This research is expected to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of innovative digital education models in nursing education and contribute to the development of educational strategies for the prevention of pressure ulcers.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Gamified metaverse-based educational application | Experimental | Behavioral: Gamified metaverse-based educational applicationGamified metaverse-based educational application |
| Traditional-based education practice | No intervention | –traditional-based education practice |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Voluntarily agree to participate in the research,
- Be a second-year undergraduate nursing student,
- Be able to understand and speak Turkish,
- Have healthy hearing, vision, and speech.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- The student voluntarily requesting to withdraw from the study
- The student ceasing to use the metaverse domain during the study period
- Completing the survey form incompletely.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Gamified metaverse-based educational applicationStudents in the intervention group will receive gamified metaverse-based training. | Behavioural | Gamified metaverse-based educational application |
Primary outcome
Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool 2.0 - Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T)
Time frame: Before the intervention, within 1 hour after the intervention, and one month after the intervention.
PUKAT 2.0 is a multiple-choice, true-false scored measurement tool. This test was developed by Manderlier et al. (2017) to determine nurses' knowledge level regarding pressure ulcers and adapted into Turkish by Dalli et al. (2022). The test addresses knowledge level regarding pressure ulcers within six themes and contains a total of 25 questions. The score ranges from 0 to 25. According to the validity and reliability study results of the Turkish version of the test; (1) content validity index is 0.90, (2) test-retest reliability is 0.83 (between 0.70-0.92 for sub-themes), (3) item difficulty indices range from 35-75%, (4) item discrimination indices range from 0.44-0.92, and (5) internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) value is 0.72. Necessary permissions for the use of the measurement tool have been obtained from its developers.
Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy Scale
Time frame: Before the intervention, within 1 hour after the intervention, and one month after the intervention.
The scale developed by Bulfone et al. (2019) to determine the academic self-efficacy of undergraduate nursing students consists of 14 items and four sub-dimensions. The scale comprises the following sub-dimensions: internal emotion management (items 1, 2, 3), self-control behavior (items 4, 5, 6, 7), external emotion management (items 8, 9, 10, 11), and sociability (items 12, 13, 14). The items on this scale are scored between 1 and 5, and the question "How confident are you?" is scored using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = I have no confidence in myself, 5 = I have a lot of confidence in myself). As the scores obtained from the scale increase, the academic self-efficacy of nursing students increases. There are no items in the scale that are reverse-scored. The Cronbach alpha value of the original scale is 0.84, while in this study it is 0.82.
1 secondary outcome
Metaverse Perception Scale for Nursing Students
Time frame: within 30 minutes after intervention
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Apr 2026.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Gamified metaverse-based educational application in people with Pressure Ulcers, Bedsores, Decubitus Ulcer and Nursing Education, run by Baskent University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Each site lists its own contact: choose the nearest one under Trial locations. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool 2.0 - Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T) (time frame: Before the intervention, within 1 hour after the intervention, and one month after the intervention.). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Apr 2026.