Antibiotic Resistance PreventionNCT07371507
Effect of a Health Education Program on Teachers' Antibiotic Use Practices
A study testing Behavioral in people with Antibiotic Resistance Prevention, run by Hawler Medical University at 1 site in Iraq.
Trial summary
Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem caused in part by inappropriate use of antibiotics. Teachers play an important role in shaping health knowledge and behaviors within schools and communities. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 22 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Antibiotic Resistance Prevention
- What is being tested?
- Behavioral
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 106 participants
- Where
- 1 siteIraq
- Study dates
- 1 Sep 2024to 1 Jul 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 22 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- High school teachers currently employed in Koya District, Erbil City, Iraq.
- Available during the study period.
- Willing to participate in the health education program and complete the study questionnaires.
- Provided written informed consent.
Who cannot join
- Teachers who previously participated in similar training programs related to antibiotic use or resistance.
- Teachers involved in the pilot study.
- Teachers who were absent during data collection periods.
- Teachers who declined participation or did not complete the pre- or post-intervention assessments.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effect of a Health Education Program on Teachers' Antibiotic Use Practices and Resistance Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial Among High School Teachers in Koya District, Iraq
Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem caused in part by inappropriate use of antibiotics. Teachers play an important role in shaping health knowledge and behaviors within schools and communities. This study evaluates the effect of a structured health education program on teachers' antibiotic use practices among high school teachers in the Koya District, Erbil City, Iraq.
In this randomized controlled trial, eligible teachers were assigned to either an intervention group that received a targeted health education program on appropriate antibiotic use and resistance prevention, or a control group that did not receive the program during the study period. Teachers' antibiotic use practices were assessed before and after the intervention using a structured questionnaire.
The goal of this study is to determine whether a health education program can improve responsible antibiotic use practices and reduce behaviors that contribute to antibiotic resistance. The findings may help inform future school-based health education strategies aimed at preventing antibiotic resistance at the community level.
Read the detailed description
Bacterial antibiotic resistance represents a major global health challenge driven largely by inappropriate antibiotic use, including self-medication, incomplete treatment courses, and misuse for non-bacterial illnesses. Educational interventions targeting key community members have been recognized as an effective strategy for promoting responsible antibiotic use. Teachers, as trusted role models, have the potential to influence health behaviors among students, families, and the broader community.
This study was designed as a pragmatic, individually randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a health education program on teachers' antibiotic use practices among high school teachers in the Koya District, Erbil City, Iraq. Ten high schools were selected using a convenience sampling approach to ensure geographic representation across the district. Eligible teachers who consented to participate were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either an intervention group or a control group using a lottery-based randomization method.
The intervention consisted of a structured health education program focusing on appropriate antibiotic use, completion of prescribed treatment courses, avoidance of self-medication, and prevention of antibiotic resistance. The control group did not receive the educational program during the study period. Teachers' practices related to antibiotic use were assessed at baseline and after completion of the intervention using a validated questionnaire.
The primary outcome of the study was the change in antibiotic use practice scores from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Secondary outcomes included changes in knowledge and attitudes related to antibiotic use and resistance. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare outcomes between the intervention and control groups and to identify predictors of appropriate antibiotic use practices.
This trial was registered retrospectively due to delayed awareness of trial registration requirements. Participant recruitment, intervention delivery, and data collection were completed prior to registration. The authors confirm that the study protocol, outcome measures, and statistical analysis plan were not modified after data collection or analysis.
- Conditions
- Antibiotic Resistance Prevention
- Being tested
- Behavioral
- Keywords
- Antibiotic Resistance, Health Education, Teachers, Antibiotic Use Practices, Randomized Controlled Trial, School-Based Intervention, Behavioral Intervention
- Medical subject headings
- Health Education
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
BehavioralOther
Also called Health Education Program on Antibiotic Use and Resistance
A structured health education program delivered to high school teachers, focusing on appropriate antibiotic use, risks of antibiotic misuse, completion of prescribed treatment courses, avoidance of self-medication, and prevention of bacterial antibiotic resistance. The program was delivered through interactive educational sessions supported by informational materials.
Other Name: Health Education Program on Antibiotic Use and Resistance
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Group | Experimental | Participants in this arm received a structured health education program focused on appropriate antibiotic use, completion of prescribed treatment courses, avoidance of self-medication, and prevention of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Receives: Other: Behavioral |
| Control Group | No intervention | Participants in this arm did not receive the health education intervention during the study period and continued their usual practices without additional educational input. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Antibiotic Use Practice Score
Change in teachers' antibiotic use practice score measured using the Antibiotic Use Practice Questionnaire, a validated 16-item self-reported scale assessing appropriate antibiotic use, completion of prescribed treatment courses, avoidance of self-medication, and behaviors related to antibiotic resistance prevention. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never to 5 = always), resulting in a total score range of 16 to 80, with higher scores indicating better and more appropriate antibiotic use practices.
Measured: From baseline (pre-intervention) to post-intervention (approximately 8 weeks)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted28 Jan 2026
- Study start1 Sep 2024
- Primary completion1 May 2025
- Study completion1 Jul 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Antibiotic Resistance PreventionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Eligible teachers were individually randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either an intervention group receiving a structured health education program or a control group receiving no intervention during the study period.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Hawler Medical University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Choman Abdulqahar Khudhur, Hawler Medical University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07371507
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- HMU-AR-TEACHERS-RCT-2026
- Other IDs
- HMU-CON-ETH-249-2024
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 19 Jan 2026
- Last updated
- 3 Feb 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 3 Feb 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of a Health Education Program on Teachers' Antibiotic Use Practices and Resistance Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial Among High School Teachers in Koya District, Iraq
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07371507
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HMU-AR-TEACHERS-RCT-2026
- Conditions
- Antibiotic Resistance Prevention
- Keywords
- Antibiotic Resistance, Health Education, Teachers, Antibiotic Use Practices, Randomized Controlled Trial, School-Based Intervention, Behavioral Intervention
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Hawler Medical UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Sep 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 May 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Jul 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 28 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem caused in part by inappropriate use of antibiotics. Teachers play an important role in shaping health knowledge and behaviors within schools and communities. This study evaluates the effect of a structured health education program on teachers' antibiotic use practices among high school teachers in the Koya District, Erbil City, Iraq.
In this randomized controlled trial, eligible teachers were assigned to either an intervention group that received a targeted health education program on appropriate antibiotic use and resistance prevention, or a control group that did not receive the program during the study period. Teachers' antibiotic use practices were assessed before and after the intervention using a structured questionnaire.
The goal of this study is to determine whether a health education program can improve responsible antibiotic use practices and reduce behaviors that contribute to antibiotic resistance. The findings may help inform future school-based health education strategies aimed at preventing antibiotic resistance at the community level.
Detailed description
Bacterial antibiotic resistance represents a major global health challenge driven largely by inappropriate antibiotic use, including self-medication, incomplete treatment courses, and misuse for non-bacterial illnesses. Educational interventions targeting key community members have been recognized as an effective strategy for promoting responsible antibiotic use. Teachers, as trusted role models, have the potential to influence health behaviors among students, families, and the broader community.
This study was designed as a pragmatic, individually randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a health education program on teachers' antibiotic use practices among high school teachers in the Koya District, Erbil City, Iraq. Ten high schools were selected using a convenience sampling approach to ensure geographic representation across the district. Eligible teachers who consented to participate were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either an intervention group or a control group using a lottery-based randomization method.
The intervention consisted of a structured health education program focusing on appropriate antibiotic use, completion of prescribed treatment courses, avoidance of self-medication, and prevention of antibiotic resistance. The control group did not receive the educational program during the study period. Teachers' practices related to antibiotic use were assessed at baseline and after completion of the intervention using a validated questionnaire.
The primary outcome of the study was the change in antibiotic use practice scores from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Secondary outcomes included changes in knowledge and attitudes related to antibiotic use and resistance. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare outcomes between the intervention and control groups and to identify predictors of appropriate antibiotic use practices.
This trial was registered retrospectively due to delayed awareness of trial registration requirements. Participant recruitment, intervention delivery, and data collection were completed prior to registration. The authors confirm that the study protocol, outcome measures, and statistical analysis plan were not modified after data collection or analysis.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Eligible teachers were individually randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either an intervention group receiving a structured health education program or a control group receiving no intervention during the study period.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Group | Experimental | Other: BehavioralParticipants in this arm received a structured health education program focused on appropriate antibiotic use, completion of prescribed treatment courses, avoidance of self-medication, and prevention of bacterial antibiotic resistance. |
| Control Group | No intervention | –Participants in this arm did not receive the health education intervention during the study period and continued their usual practices without additional educational input. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 22 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- High school teachers currently employed in Koya District, Erbil City, Iraq.
- Available during the study period.
- Willing to participate in the health education program and complete the study questionnaires.
- Provided written informed consent.
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Teachers who previously participated in similar training programs related to antibiotic use or resistance.
- Teachers involved in the pilot study.
- Teachers who were absent during data collection periods.
- Teachers who declined participation or did not complete the pre- or post-intervention assessments.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| BehavioralAlso: Health Education Program on Antibiotic Use and ResistanceA structured health education program delivered to high school teachers, focusing on appropriate antibiotic use, risks of antibiotic misuse, completion of prescribed treatment courses, avoidance of self-medication, and prevention of bacterial antibiotic resistance. The program was delivered through interactive educational sessions supported by informational materials. Other Name: Health Education Program on Antibiotic Use and Resistance | Other | Intervention Group |
Primary outcome
Change in Antibiotic Use Practice Score
Time frame: From baseline (pre-intervention) to post-intervention (approximately 8 weeks)
Change in teachers' antibiotic use practice score measured using the Antibiotic Use Practice Questionnaire, a validated 16-item self-reported scale assessing appropriate antibiotic use, completion of prescribed treatment courses, avoidance of self-medication, and behaviors related to antibiotic resistance prevention. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never to 5 = always), resulting in a total score range of 16 to 80, with higher scores indicating better and more appropriate antibiotic use practices.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 3 Feb 2026.
- BackgroundWorld Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Antibiotic Resistance Prevention
Recruiting
Clean Trial - Chlorination to Reduce Enteric and Antibiotic Resistant Infections in Neonates
Sepsis, Neonatal Mortality
Not yet recruitingPhase 4
Tobramycin Nebulization to Prevent Multidrug-Resistant Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Not yet recruitingObservational study
Perceptions of Leadership in Quality Culture for Infection Prevention Among Intensive Care Nurses and Unit-Based Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance Indicators in Intensive Care Units
Healthcare-associated Infections, Quality Culture and Leadership in Intensive Care
Not yet recruitingPhase 3
Targeted Versus Standard Peri-operative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients Colonized With Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacterales Undergoing Liver Transplantation
Liver Transplant, Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales
Not yet recruitingObservational study
Correlation Between Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales Load, Environmental Contamination, and Transmission in Critical Care Units
Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Colonization
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Behavioral in people with Antibiotic Resistance Prevention, run by Hawler Medical University at 1 site in Iraq.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 3 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Iraq. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Antibiotic Use Practice Score (time frame: From baseline (pre-intervention) to post-intervention (approximately 8 weeks)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07371507, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 3 Feb 2026.