Physical FatigueFlywheelNCT07331012
Effects of Upper Extremity Flywheel Exercises on Skills, Muscle Oxygenation, and Fatigue in Adolescent Basketball
A study testing Flywheel Exercises and Traditional Resistance Training in people with Physical Fatigue, run by Istinye University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This study will investigate the effects of flywheel exercises targeting the upper extremities on athletic performance, muscle oxygenation, physical fatigue, and muscle strength in adolescent basketball players. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 10 to 18 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Physical Fatigue
- What is being tested?
- Flywheel Exercises and Traditional Resistance Training
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 36 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 21 Nov 2025to 31 Mar 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 10 to 18 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Volunteer male basketball players aged 10-18 who have played basketball for at least one year,
- Who have regularly attended training sessions for the past 6 months,
- Who do not have an injury that would restrict their participation in training will be included in the study.
Who cannot join
- Those who have undergone upper extremity surgery within the last year
- Those with neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, or metabolic diseases (e.g., epilepsy, heart disease, asthma, diabetes, etc.)
- Those who have sustained any upper extremity musculoskeletal injury within the last year
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Iğdır Youth and Sports Provincial Directorate - Kazım Karabekir Sports Hall
Iğdır, 76000
Iğdır Youth and Sports Provincial Directorate, 04762277991, igdir@gsb.gov.tr
About this study
Official title: The Effects of Upper Extremity Flywheel Exercises on Athletic Skills, Muscle Oxygenation and Physical Fatigue in Adolescent Basketball Players
This study will investigate the effects of flywheel exercises targeting the upper extremities on athletic performance, muscle oxygenation, physical fatigue, and muscle strength in adolescent basketball players. A total of 36 healthy male adolescent basketball players aged 10-18 years will be included in the study and divided into two groups using stratified randomization: a flywheel exercise group (n=18) and a traditional strength training group (n=18).
Athletic skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing test, dribbling test, shooting test), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Shooting Performance Index (FAPI). Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen meter. Physical fatigue level will be determined using the Modified Borg Scale. Upper extremity muscle strength will be assessed using a Kinvent hand dynamometer and the Seated Single Arm Ball Throw Test. The flywheel group will undergo eccentric weight flywheel exercises three times a week for eight weeks. The traditional strength training group will follow a strength training program using dumbbells for the same duration and frequency. All assessments will be conducted before and after the training program.
Read the detailed description
Adolescence is a critical period in which athletic performance and musculoskeletal adaptations develop rapidly. In sports that actively utilize the upper extremities, such as basketball, strength, coordination, and fatigue tolerance directly affect performance. In recent years, flywheel exercise systems, which allow for eccentric loading, have emerged as an effective training method for improving muscle strength and neuromuscular adaptations. However, scientific evidence regarding the effects of these systems on adolescent athletes is limited. This study was planned to investigate the effects of flywheel exercises targeting the upper extremities on athletic performance, muscle oxygenation, and physical fatigue in adolescent basketball players. The study will be conducted using a randomized controlled design, with participants divided into two groups: a flywheel exercise group and a traditional strength training group. Both groups will receive a structured upper extremity strength training program of equal duration and frequency. Throughout the study, all participants will continue their routine basketball training; only the strength training method applied will differ between the groups. Assessments will be conducted before and after the training program, and intra-group and between-group changes will be analyzed. The findings are expected to provide important information about the applicability of flywheel exercises in adolescent athletes and their potential effects on performance.
- Conditions
- Physical Fatigue
- Being tested
- Flywheel Exercises, Traditional Resistance Training
- Keywords
- Muscle oxygenation, Upper extremity, Physical fatigue, Flywheel training, Adolescent basketball players, Athletic performance
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Flywheel ExercisesOther
Participants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity eccentric resistance exercises using the flywheel device, 3 sessions per week, with progressive load increase over time.
Traditional Resistance TrainingOther
Participants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity resistance exercises using dumbbells, 3 sessions per week, with individualized progressive load based on 1 repetition maximum (1RM).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Flywheel Training Group | Experimental | Participants in this group will perform upper extremity eccentric-focused resistance training using a flywheel device. The training program will be conducted for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, in addition to regular basketball training. Receives: Other: Flywheel Exercises |
| Traditional Resistance Training Group | Active comparator | Participants in this group will perform upper extremity resistance training using dumbbells. The training program will be conducted for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, with the same training frequency and duration as the flywheel group, in addition to regular basketball training. Receives: Other: Traditional Resistance Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Basketball-Specific Skill Performance
Basketball-specific skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing, dribbling, and shooting tests), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Throwing Performance Index (FTPI). Higher scores indicate better basketball-specific skill performance."
Measured: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Muscle Oxygenation
Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen monitor placed over the biceps brachii muscle during basketball-specific performance tasks. Higher oxygen saturation percentages indicate better muscle oxygenation.
Measured: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Physical Fatigue
Perceived physical fatigue will be assessed using the Modified Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale, which ranges from 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (maximal fatigue). Higher scores indicate greater perceived physical fatigue.
Measured: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Secondary outcomes (2)
Upper Extremity Isometric Muscle Strength
Upper extremity isometric muscle strength will be assessed using a Kinvent handheld dynamometer. Measurements will include shoulder and elbow muscles. Strength will be recorded in kilograms or Newtons. Higher values indicate greater isometric strength.
Measured: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Upper Extremity Explosive Strength
Upper extremity explosive strength will be evaluated using the Seated Single-Arm Medicine Ball Throw Test. Participants throw a medicine ball as far as possible from a seated position. Distance of the throw will be recorded in centimeters. Higher values indicate greater explosive strength.
Measured: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted9 Jan 2026
- Study start21 Nov 2025
- Primary completion1 Dec 2025
- Study completion31 Mar 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Physical FatigueStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Istinye UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups: a flywheel training group or a traditional resistance training group. Each group will receive its assigned intervention for 8 weeks, and outcomes will be assessed before and after the intervention period.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 36 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Istinye University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Hüseyin Melih Göktuğ Akpulat, Istinye University
- Investigators
- Huseyin Melih Goktug Akpulat, Principal investigator, Istinye University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07331012
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IstinyeU-EC-25-117
- Acronym
- Flywheel
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 14 Dec 2025
- Last updated
- 13 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared due to the small sample size, the involvement of adolescent participants, and data protection and confidentiality considerations. Data will be used only for the purposes defined in the study protocol.
Publications
Younes-Egana O, Mielgo-Ayuso J, M Stojanovic MD, Bird SP, Calleja-Gonzalez J. Effectiveness of Eccentric Overload Training in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet. 2023 Jul 15;87:243-257. doi: 10.5114/jhk/167469. eCollection 2023 Jul.
PubMed 37559764
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 13 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effects of Upper Extremity Flywheel Exercises on Athletic Skills, Muscle Oxygenation and Physical Fatigue in Adolescent Basketball Players
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07331012
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Flywheel / IstinyeU-EC-25-117
- Conditions
- Physical Fatigue
- Keywords
- Muscle oxygenation, Upper extremity, Physical fatigue, Flywheel training, Adolescent basketball players, Athletic performance
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 36 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Istinye UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 21 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Dec 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Mar 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 9 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will investigate the effects of flywheel exercises targeting the upper extremities on athletic performance, muscle oxygenation, physical fatigue, and muscle strength in adolescent basketball players. A total of 36 healthy male adolescent basketball players aged 10-18 years will be included in the study and divided into two groups using stratified randomization: a flywheel exercise group (n=18) and a traditional strength training group (n=18).
Athletic skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing test, dribbling test, shooting test), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Shooting Performance Index (FAPI). Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen meter. Physical fatigue level will be determined using the Modified Borg Scale. Upper extremity muscle strength will be assessed using a Kinvent hand dynamometer and the Seated Single Arm Ball Throw Test. The flywheel group will undergo eccentric weight flywheel exercises three times a week for eight weeks. The traditional strength training group will follow a strength training program using dumbbells for the same duration and frequency. All assessments will be conducted before and after the training program.
Detailed description
Adolescence is a critical period in which athletic performance and musculoskeletal adaptations develop rapidly. In sports that actively utilize the upper extremities, such as basketball, strength, coordination, and fatigue tolerance directly affect performance. In recent years, flywheel exercise systems, which allow for eccentric loading, have emerged as an effective training method for improving muscle strength and neuromuscular adaptations. However, scientific evidence regarding the effects of these systems on adolescent athletes is limited. This study was planned to investigate the effects of flywheel exercises targeting the upper extremities on athletic performance, muscle oxygenation, and physical fatigue in adolescent basketball players. The study will be conducted using a randomized controlled design, with participants divided into two groups: a flywheel exercise group and a traditional strength training group. Both groups will receive a structured upper extremity strength training program of equal duration and frequency. Throughout the study, all participants will continue their routine basketball training; only the strength training method applied will differ between the groups. Assessments will be conducted before and after the training program, and intra-group and between-group changes will be analyzed. The findings are expected to provide important information about the applicability of flywheel exercises in adolescent athletes and their potential effects on performance.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups: a flywheel training group or a traditional resistance training group. Each group will receive its assigned intervention for 8 weeks, and outcomes will be assessed before and after the intervention period.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Flywheel Training Group | Experimental | Other: Flywheel ExercisesParticipants in this group will perform upper extremity eccentric-focused resistance training using a flywheel device. The training program will be conducted for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, in addition to regular basketball training. |
| Traditional Resistance Training Group | Active comparator | Other: Traditional Resistance TrainingParticipants in this group will perform upper extremity resistance training using dumbbells. The training program will be conducted for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, with the same training frequency and duration as the flywheel group, in addition to regular basketball training. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 10 to 18 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Volunteer male basketball players aged 10-18 who have played basketball for at least one year,
- Who have regularly attended training sessions for the past 6 months,
- Who do not have an injury that would restrict their participation in training will be included in the study.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Those who have undergone upper extremity surgery within the last year
- Those with neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, or metabolic diseases (e.g., epilepsy, heart disease, asthma, diabetes, etc.)
- Those who have sustained any upper extremity musculoskeletal injury within the last year
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Flywheel ExercisesParticipants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity eccentric resistance exercises using the flywheel device, 3 sessions per week, with progressive load increase over time. | Other | Flywheel Training Group |
| Traditional Resistance TrainingParticipants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity resistance exercises using dumbbells, 3 sessions per week, with individualized progressive load based on 1 repetition maximum (1RM). | Other | Traditional Resistance Training Group |
Primary outcome
Basketball-Specific Skill Performance
Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Basketball-specific skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing, dribbling, and shooting tests), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Throwing Performance Index (FTPI). Higher scores indicate better basketball-specific skill performance."
Muscle Oxygenation
Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen monitor placed over the biceps brachii muscle during basketball-specific performance tasks. Higher oxygen saturation percentages indicate better muscle oxygenation.
Physical Fatigue
Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Perceived physical fatigue will be assessed using the Modified Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale, which ranges from 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (maximal fatigue). Higher scores indicate greater perceived physical fatigue.
2 secondary outcomes
Upper Extremity Isometric Muscle Strength
Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Upper Extremity Explosive Strength
Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 13 Jan 2026.
- Background: PubMed 37559764Younes-Egana O, Mielgo-Ayuso J, M Stojanovic MD, Bird SP, Calleja-Gonzalez J. Effectiveness of Eccentric Overload Training in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet. 2023 Jul 15;87:243-257. doi: 10.5114/jhk/167469. eCollection 2023 Jul.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared due to the small sample size, the involvement of adolescent participants, and data protection and confidentiality considerations. Data will be used only for the purposes defined in the study protocol.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Huseyin Melih Goktug Akpulat principal investigator
Istinye University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Flywheel Exercises and Traditional Resistance Training in people with Physical Fatigue, run by Istinye University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 13 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Huseyin Melih Goktug Akpulat (+905067338440, melih.akpulat@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Basketball-Specific Skill Performance (time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks of training). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07331012, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 13 Jan 2026.