Pes PlanusNCT07229079
The Effectiveness of Basic Body Awareness Therapy in Individuals With Pes Planus
A study testing Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) and Short Foot Exercises (SFE) in people with Pes Planus, run by Mardin Artuklu University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This study investigates whether adding Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) to Short Foot Exercises (SFE) improves pes planus, balance, and body awareness in adults with flexible pes planus. Fifty participants aged 18-45 will be randomly assigned to either a BBAT + SFE group or an SFE-only control group. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 45 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Pes Planus
- What is being tested?
- Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) and Short Foot Exercises (SFE)
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Jan 2025to Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 45 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Aged 18-45 years
- Willing to participate in the study
- Flexible pes planus (Navicular Drop ≥10 mm and positive Jack's Toe Raise Test)
Who cannot join
- Pain in lower extremity joints
- Obesity (BMI >30)
- Pregnancy
- Systemic, neuromuscular, or neurological disorders
- Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (unable to perform heel-rise test)
- History of lower limb surgery
Show all 11Show fewer
- Previous treatment for pes planus or use of foot orthoses
- Lower extremity injury in past 6 months
- Orthopedic conditions other than pes planus and mild hallux valgus (Manchester Scale C or D excluded)
- Participation in regular exercise program in past 6 months
- Prior personal experience with TBFT and/or short foot exercises
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Mardin Artuklu University
Mardin, Mardi̇n
fatma betül yardımcı, 05063196665, fatmabetulyardimci@gmail.com
bahar anaforoglu, anaforoglub@hotmail.com
About this study
Official title: The Effectiveness of Basic Body Awareness Therapy Combined With Short Foot Exercises in Individuals With Pes Planus
This study investigates whether adding Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) to Short Foot Exercises (SFE) improves pes planus, balance, and body awareness in adults with flexible pes planus. Fifty participants aged 18-45 will be randomly assigned to either a BBAT + SFE group or an SFE-only control group. The interventions will last eight weeks with supervised sessions twice weekly and additional home exercises. Outcomes will be measured before, after, and two months post-intervention.
Read the detailed description
Pes planus is a common orthopedic condition characterized by the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, which negatively affects lower extremity biomechanics, postural stability, and balance. Currently, interventions targeting muscle activation-such as short foot exercises (SFE)-are widely used in the management of pes planus. However, it is believed that holistic approaches incorporating sensory input and body awareness may further enhance functional outcomes in these individuals. Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) is a physiotherapeutic method designed to improve movement quality, balance, and posture. In this study, BBAT will be applied for the first time in individuals with pes planus. This project aims to investigate the effects of BBAT, when combined with SFE, on medial longitudinal arch height, foot function, gait, balance, proprioception, plantar sensation, and body awareness in individuals with pes planus. The study will be conducted as a randomized controlled trial. Fifty participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be randomly assigned into two groups of 25: a BBAT group (SFE + BBAT) and a control group (SFE only). Interventions will be administered twice a week for a duration of eight weeks. Assessments will be conducted at three time points: before the intervention, immediately after the eight-week intervention period, and two months post-intervention (follow-up). This study aims to demonstrate that BBAT can provide significant improvements in both somatic and sensory parameters in individuals with pes planus, offering a holistic complement to traditional exercise-based approaches. In doing so, it is expected to contribute an innovative perspective to clinical physiotherapy practices and address a significant gap in the existing literature.
- Conditions
- Pes Planus
- Being tested
- Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT), Short Foot Exercises (SFE)
- Keywords
- Short Foot Exercises (SFE), Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT), Pes Planus, Balance, Proprioception, Flatfoot
- Medical subject headings
- Flatfoot
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT)Behavioural
Participants will perform Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) combined with SFE for 8 weeks. BBAT sessions are 45 minutes, twice weekly in small groups under a certified physiotherapist. Exercises target postural control, motor coordination, body awareness, balance, and functional movement, progressing from supine to sitting, standing, and walking positions. After each BBAT session, participants perform SFE following the same progression as the Control Group.
Short Foot Exercises (SFE)Behavioural
Participants will perform Short Foot Exercises (SFE) for 8 weeks. Sessions are twice weekly under physiotherapist supervision in small groups (3-8 participants) and 5 days/week at home. Exercises progress from sitting (weeks 1-2), standing (weeks 3-4), single-leg (weeks 5-6), to functional activities (weeks 7-8). Each session lasts ~20 minutes, 3 sets of 10 reps with 1-minute rest. Participants receive instruction on proper technique and adherence is monitored online
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| BBAT Group | Experimental | Participants will receive Short Foot Exercises (SFE) plus Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT). Receives: Behavioral: Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT); Behavioral: Short Foot Exercises (SFE) |
| Control Group | Active comparator | Participants will receive only Short Foot Exercises (SFE). Receives: Behavioral: Short Foot Exercises (SFE) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Navicular Drop Test
Assessment of medial longitudinal arch height to determine presence and severity of pes planus. Test performed in both sitting (non-weight-bearing) and standing (weight-bearing) positions. Difference ≥10 mm indicates pes planus.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention), post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months after intervention)
Dynamic Balance
Y Balance Test measuring reach distance in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. Results normalized to leg length.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Proprioception
Active and passive joint position sense of the ankle measured with digital goniometer. Eyes closed; angular error from target angle recorded.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Light Touch Sensation
Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test at seven foot reference points. Threshold of sensation recorded.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Secondary outcomes (7)
Foot Function Index - Pain Subscale
The Pain subscale of the Foot Function Index (FFI) assesses foot pain during daily activities. It includes 9 items rated on a 0-10 Likert-type scale. Higher scores indicate worse pain.self-rate 23 items using a visual analog scale.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Foot Function Index - Disability Subscale
The Disability subscale of the Foot Function Index (FFI) evaluates difficulty in performing functional activities. It contains 9 items scored on a 0-10 Likert-type scale. Higher scores indicate greater disability.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Foot Function Index - Activity Limitation Subscale
The Activity Limitation subscale of the Foot Function Index (FFI) measures limitations in essential daily activities. It consists of 5 items rated on a 0-10 Likert-type scale. Higher scores indicate greater activity limitation.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Foot Function Index - Total Score
The Total Score of the Foot Function Index (FFI) is calculated by combining all pain, disability, and activity limitation items (23 items in total). Each item is rated on a 0-10 Likert-type scale. The total score reflects the overall foot-related functional status, with higher scores indicating worse function.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Static Balance
Flamingo Balance Test. Participant stands on one leg on a narrow beam for 1 minute; balance errors recorded.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Gait Performance
10-Meter Walk Test performed at comfortable walking speed. Time recorded and averaged over three trials.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Body Awareness
Body Awareness Questionnaire assessing participant's perception of bodily sensations and processes. Score range 18-126; higher scores indicate better awareness.
Measured: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted14 Nov 2025
- Study start1 Jan 2025
- Primary completionNov 2025 (estimated)
- Study completionDec 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Pes PlanusStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Participants are randomly assigned to either the Control Group (Short Foot Exercises only) or the Experimental Group (BBAT + SFE) in parallel arms for comparison.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Mardin Artuklu University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Fatma Betül YARDIMCI, Mardin Artuklu University
- Investigators
- Fatma Betül Yardımcı, MSc, Principal investigator, Mardin Artuklu University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07229079
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- FBYDRTEZ
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 13 Nov 2025
- Last updated
- 17 Nov 2025
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 17 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effectiveness of Basic Body Awareness Therapy Combined With Short Foot Exercises in Individuals With Pes Planus
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07229079
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- FBYDRTEZ
- Conditions
- Pes Planus
- Keywords
- Short Foot Exercises (SFE), Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT), Pes Planus, Balance, Proprioception, Flatfoot
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Mardin Artuklu UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jan 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Nov 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Dec 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 14 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study investigates whether adding Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) to Short Foot Exercises (SFE) improves pes planus, balance, and body awareness in adults with flexible pes planus. Fifty participants aged 18-45 will be randomly assigned to either a BBAT + SFE group or an SFE-only control group. The interventions will last eight weeks with supervised sessions twice weekly and additional home exercises. Outcomes will be measured before, after, and two months post-intervention.
Detailed description
Pes planus is a common orthopedic condition characterized by the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, which negatively affects lower extremity biomechanics, postural stability, and balance. Currently, interventions targeting muscle activation-such as short foot exercises (SFE)-are widely used in the management of pes planus. However, it is believed that holistic approaches incorporating sensory input and body awareness may further enhance functional outcomes in these individuals. Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) is a physiotherapeutic method designed to improve movement quality, balance, and posture. In this study, BBAT will be applied for the first time in individuals with pes planus. This project aims to investigate the effects of BBAT, when combined with SFE, on medial longitudinal arch height, foot function, gait, balance, proprioception, plantar sensation, and body awareness in individuals with pes planus. The study will be conducted as a randomized controlled trial. Fifty participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be randomly assigned into two groups of 25: a BBAT group (SFE + BBAT) and a control group (SFE only). Interventions will be administered twice a week for a duration of eight weeks. Assessments will be conducted at three time points: before the intervention, immediately after the eight-week intervention period, and two months post-intervention (follow-up). This study aims to demonstrate that BBAT can provide significant improvements in both somatic and sensory parameters in individuals with pes planus, offering a holistic complement to traditional exercise-based approaches. In doing so, it is expected to contribute an innovative perspective to clinical physiotherapy practices and address a significant gap in the existing literature.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Participants are randomly assigned to either the Control Group (Short Foot Exercises only) or the Experimental Group (BBAT + SFE) in parallel arms for comparison.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| BBAT Group | Experimental | Behavioral: Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT), Behavioral: Short Foot Exercises (SFE)Participants will receive Short Foot Exercises (SFE) plus Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT). |
| Control Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Short Foot Exercises (SFE)Participants will receive only Short Foot Exercises (SFE). |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 45 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Aged 18-45 years
- Willing to participate in the study
- Flexible pes planus (Navicular Drop ≥10 mm and positive Jack's Toe Raise Test)
Key exclusion criteria (11 listed)
- Pain in lower extremity joints
- Obesity (BMI >30)
- Pregnancy
- Systemic, neuromuscular, or neurological disorders
- Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (unable to perform heel-rise test)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT)Participants will perform Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) combined with SFE for 8 weeks. BBAT sessions are 45 minutes, twice weekly in small groups under a certified physiotherapist. Exercises target postural control, motor coordination, body awareness, balance, and functional movement, progressing from supine to sitting, standing, and walking positions. After each BBAT session, participants perform SFE following the same progression as the Control Group. | Behavioural | BBAT Group |
| Short Foot Exercises (SFE)Participants will perform Short Foot Exercises (SFE) for 8 weeks. Sessions are twice weekly under physiotherapist supervision in small groups (3-8 participants) and 5 days/week at home. Exercises progress from sitting (weeks 1-2), standing (weeks 3-4), single-leg (weeks 5-6), to functional activities (weeks 7-8). Each session lasts ~20 minutes, 3 sets of 10 reps with 1-minute rest. Participants receive instruction on proper technique and adherence is monitored online | Behavioural | BBAT Group, Control Group |
Primary outcome
Navicular Drop Test
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention), post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months after intervention)
Assessment of medial longitudinal arch height to determine presence and severity of pes planus. Test performed in both sitting (non-weight-bearing) and standing (weight-bearing) positions. Difference ≥10 mm indicates pes planus.
Dynamic Balance
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Y Balance Test measuring reach distance in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. Results normalized to leg length.
Proprioception
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Active and passive joint position sense of the ankle measured with digital goniometer. Eyes closed; angular error from target angle recorded.
Light Touch Sensation
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test at seven foot reference points. Threshold of sensation recorded.
7 secondary outcomes
Foot Function Index - Pain Subscale
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Foot Function Index - Disability Subscale
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Foot Function Index - Activity Limitation Subscale
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Foot Function Index - Total Score
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Static Balance
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Gait Performance
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Body Awareness
Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months)
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 17 Nov 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Fatma Betül Yardımcı, MSc principal investigator
Mardin Artuklu University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) and Short Foot Exercises (SFE) in people with Pes Planus, run by Mardin Artuklu University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 11 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 17 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Fatma Betül Yardımcı (+905063196665, fatmabetulyardimci@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Navicular Drop Test (time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention), post-intervention (8 weeks), follow-up (2 months after intervention)). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 17 Nov 2025; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 6 Nov 2026.