Suicide, AttemptedNCT07219355
Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training
A study testing Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training and 2D Video Training in people with Suicide, Attempted and Suicide, Completed, run by The University of Texas at Arlington at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The goal of this randomized clinical trial is to determine whether a virtual reality (VR) training program can help healthcare providers improve their skills in discussing suicide prevention and safe storage of firearms and medications with Veterans. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Suicide, Attempted, Suicide, Completed, Suicide Prevention
- What is being tested?
- Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training and 2D Video Training
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 36 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 23 Feb 2026to 30 Sep 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age 18 or older
- healthcare providers serving rural Veterans in Texas (e.g., physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, healthcare case managers)
- English-speaking
- Able to provide informed consent
Who cannot join
- Self-reported pregnancy
- History of motor or balance disorders
- Color blindness
- Neurological or cognitive disorders
- Cardiovascular issues that may be worsened by VR use
- Use of cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, or hearing aids incompatible with VR equipment
- Significant discomfort in virtual reality environments (e.g., severe motion sickness, vertigo)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
University of Texas at Arlington
Arlington, Texas, 76019
About this study
Official title: Expanding Provider Capacity to Prevent Rural Veteran Suicide: Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training
The goal of this randomized clinical trial is to determine whether a virtual reality (VR) training program can help healthcare providers improve their skills in discussing suicide prevention and safe storage of firearms and medications with Veterans. The study will test whether VR training increases providers' self-efficacy, confidence, and comfort in conducting lethal means safety counseling, and whether it improves their intention to use these counseling practices in their clinical work. Researchers will compare healthcare providers who complete the VR training to those who complete a 2D video training to determine whether the VR approach is more effective. Participants will complete online surveys before and after the training and again three months later. They will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: VR training group: Participants use a VR headset to interact with a virtual Veteran patient in a simulated rural clinic and practice suicide prevention counseling skills; Video training group: Participants use the same headset to watch a ~10-minute 2D video depicting the lethal means safety counseling session. After the training, participants will also provide feedback about their experience, including how realistic and useful they found the training.
Read the detailed description
This study will test whether a virtual reality (VR) training program can improve healthcare providers' ability to talk with Veterans about suicide prevention and safe storage of firearms and medications. Rural Veterans have suicide rates much higher than the national average, and providers in rural areas often do not receive enough training in suicide risk identification or lethal means safety counseling.
This project builds on our prior Veteran Suicide Assessment in Virtual Reality (VET-SAVR) study, which showed that VR can be a feasible and acceptable way to deliver suicide prevention training. In the current study, called the Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training (VR-LMST) project, we will compare an immersive VR training simulation to a 2D video training.
Study Aims
Aim 1: Develop a VR training simulation focused on suicide prevention counseling with rural Veterans.
Aim 2: Test whether VR-LMST improves provider confidence (primary), and comfortability and intention (secondary) to engage in lethal means safety counseling.
Aim 3: Assess user experience of the VR simulation, including presence, realism, acceptability, feasibility, and tolerability.
Study Design
This is a randomized controlled trial. Participants will be assigned to one of two groups:
VR-LMST group: Participants will use a VR headset (Meta Quest 3) to enter a simulated rural clinic visit with a Veteran avatar who presents with thoughts of suicide. They will practice counseling skills related to safe firearm and medication storage.
2D Video group: Participants will use a VR headset to view a 10-minute video showing a provider having a lethal means safety conversation with a Veteran.
Assessments
Pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up surveys will be completed online.
The Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM) Core Scale (13 items) will measure provider confidence (1-5), comfortability (6-8), and intentions (9-13). An additional two items measure counseling behavior at 3 months (14-15).
The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (ITC-SOPI) will measure presence, naturalness, engagement, and negative effects.
Open-ended questions will gather feedback about realism, acceptability, and feasibility.
Demographic and professional background information will also be collected.
Sample Size and Timeline We will recruit 36 participants (18 per group). Power analysis indicates this sample size is sufficient to detect moderate effects with 80% power for the primary outcome.
Phase 1 (completed): Recruited 11 healthcare providers for qualitative interviews; conducted coding and analysis; developed and refined VR and 2D scripts.
Phase 2 (completed): Prototype VR clinic environment developed through iterative meetings with VR developers.
Phase 3 (completed): Pilot playtesting in October 2025 with 5 participants.
Phase 4 (completed): Randomized trial enrollment to begin mid-November 2025.
Phase 5 (in progress): 3-month follow-ups to begin January 2026.
Oversight IRB approval was received September 27, 2024, from the University of Texas at Arlington. This study is funded by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP).
Significance This project will test a novel, scalable training method to give healthcare providers repeated opportunities to practice suicide prevention counseling in a safe environment. By equipping rural providers with the skills and confidence to have culturally sensitive, Veteran-centered conversations about firearm and medication safety, VR-LMST has the potential to improve clinical practice and reduce suicide risk among rural Veterans.
- Conditions
- Suicide, Attempted, Suicide, Completed, Suicide Prevention, Mental Health Training, Rural Health, Veterans
- Being tested
- Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training, 2D Video Training
- Keywords
- Veterans, Rural Veterans, Suicide Prevention, Suicide Risk, Firearm Safety, Medication Safety, Lethal Means Safety Counseling, Virtual Reality (VR), VR Training Simulation, Rural Health
- Medical subject headings
- Suicide, Attempted, Suicide, Completed, Suicide Prevention
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety TrainingBehavioural
An immersive behavioral training program delivered through a Meta Quest 3 virtual reality headset. Participants enter a simulated rural health clinic and interact with a Veteran avatar at risk for suicide. The simulation incorporates realistic dialogue and decision points where providers practice skills in suicide risk identification, lethal means safety counseling (firearm and medication storage), and collaborative safety planning. The VR format allows repeated practice in a safe environment and provides a more engaging and realistic training experience than traditional methods.
2D Video TrainingBehavioural
A 10-minute video delivered through a VR headset that depicts a healthcare provider conducting lethal means safety counseling with a Veteran. This is a non-interactive training used as an active comparator.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| VR-LMST Intervention | Experimental | Participants use a Meta Quest 3 headset to complete an interactive virtual reality simulation of a rural clinic visit with a Veteran avatar at risk for suicide. The simulation incorporates skills in suicide risk identification, firearm and medication safety counseling, and collaborative safety planning. Receives: Behavioral: Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training |
| 2D Video Training | Active comparator | Participants use a VR headset to view a 10-minute 2D video depicting a lethal means safety counseling session with a veteran. Receives: Behavioral: 2D Video Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Confidence in Lethal Means Safety Counseling
Measured by the Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM) Core Scale (Sale et al., 2018) Confidence subscale ("How confident are you that …"). Items are rated on a 4-point scale and summed; higher scores indicate greater confidence (range = 5 - 20).
Measured: Baseline (pre-test), immediately after intervention (post-test), and 3-month follow-up
Secondary outcomes (6)
Comfortability in Lethal Means Safety Counseling
Measured by the Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM) Core Scale (Sale et al., 2018) Comfortability subscale ("How comfortable are you talking about …"). Includes 3 items where 1 = Not Very Comfortable to 4 = Extremely Comfortable. Items are rated on a 4-point scale and summed (range = 3 - 12). Higher scores indicating greater comfort initiating suicide or means-restriction discussions.
Measured: Baseline (pre-test), immediately after intervention (post-test), and 3-month follow-up
Counseling Intentions
Measured by the Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM) Core Scale (Sale et al., 2018) Counseling Intentions subscale ("If you recognize warning signs of suicide in an individual, how likely are you to…"). Includes 5 items where 1 = Not Very Likely to 4 = Extremely Likely. Items are rated on a 4-point scale and summed (range = 5-20). Higher scores indicate stronger intentions to engage in suicide-prevention and lethal-means safety counseling behaviors.
Measured: Baseline (pre-test), immediately after intervention (post-test), and 3-month follow-up
Spatial Presence
Measured by the ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (Lessiter et al., 2001) Spatial Presence subscale ("During my experience of the displayed environment…"). Includes 19 items (e.g., "I felt as though I was in the same space as the characters and/or objects") rated on a 5-point scale where 1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree. Items are averaged to create a mean subscale score (range = 1 - 5). Higher scores indicate a stronger sense of "being there" or physical immersion within the virtual environment.
Measured: Immediately after intervention (post-test only)
Engagement
Measured by the ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (Lessiter et al., 2001) Engagement subscale ("During my experience of the displayed environment…"). Includes 13 items (e.g., "I felt myself being drawn in") rated on a 5-point scale where 1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree. Items are averaged to create a mean subscale score (range = 1 - 5). Higher scores indicate greater emotional and cognitive involvement in the displayed environment.
Measured: Immediately after intervention (post-test only)
Ecological Validity / Naturalness
Measured by the ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (Lessiter et al., 2001) Ecological Validity / Naturalness subscale ("During my experience of the displayed environment…"). Includes 5 items (e.g., "The scenes depicted could really occur in the real world") rated on a 5-point scale where 1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree. Items are averaged to create a mean subscale score (range = 1 - 5). Higher scores indicate greater perceived realism and naturalness of the virtual environment.
Measured: Immediately after intervention (post-test only)
Negative Effects (Tolerability)
Tolerability will be measured by the ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (Lessiter et al., 2001) Negative Effects subscale ("During my experience of the displayed environment…"). Includes 6 items (e.g., "I felt dizzy," "I felt nauseous") rated on a 5-point scale where 1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree. Items are averaged to create a mean subscale score (range = 1 - 5). Higher scores indicate greater discomfort or simulator-related side effects (e.g., dizziness, eyestrain, nausea) and thus, lower tolerability.
Measured: Immediately after intervention (post-test only)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted21 Oct 2025
- Study start23 Feb 2026
- Primary completion31 Aug 2026
- Study completion30 Sep 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Suicide, AttemptedStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This is a randomized, parallel-group behavioral clinical trial with two arms. Healthcare providers (≥18, serving Veterans in Texas) are prospectively assigned in a 1:1 ratio to: Intervention (VR-LMST): Participants use a Meta Quest 3 headset to complete an interactive virtual reality simulation of a rural clinic visit with a Veteran avatar at risk for suicide, practicing lethal means safety counseling (firearm and medication storage). Control (2D Video): Participants use the headset to view a 2D, \~10-minute video of the lethal means safety counseling training. Randomization is computer-generated (Excel) with no crossover. Masking is None (Open Label); outcome assessment uses standardized self-report instruments. Surveys are administered pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 3-month follow-up (e.g., CALM Scale for confidence/comfortability/intentions; ITC-SOPI for presence/engagement/ecological validity/negative effects.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 36 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- The University of Texas at Arlington
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Donna L. Schuman, PhD, LCSW, Principal investigator, University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07219355
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2024-0085
- Other IDs
- ECR-0-140-23
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 23 Sep 2025
- Last updated
- 2 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: This study collects survey and qualitative data from a small sample of healthcare providers. Because of the limited sample size and potential identifiability of responses, individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared. Aggregate data will be shared in publications and presentations.
Publications
Sale E, Hendricks M, Weil V, Miller C, Perkins S, McCudden S. Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM): An Evaluation of a Suicide Prevention Means Restriction Training Program for Mental Health Providers. Community Ment Health J. 2018 Apr;54(3):293-301. doi: 10.1007/s10597-017-0190-z. Epub 2017 Nov 28.
PubMed 29185154Hunter AA, DiVietro S, Boyer M, Burnham K, Chenard D, Rogers SC. The practice of lethal means restriction counseling in US emergency departments to reduce suicide risk: a systematic review of the literature. Inj Epidemiol. 2021 Sep 13;8(Suppl 1):54. doi: 10.1186/s40621-021-00347-5.
PubMed 34517912Hoyt T, Holliday R, Simonetti JA, Monteith LL. Firearm Lethal Means Safety with Military Personnel and Veterans: Overcoming Barriers using a Collaborative Approach. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2021 Aug;52(4):387-395. doi: 10.1037/pro0000372. Epub 2021 May 20.
PubMed 34421193Diurba S, Johnson RL, Siry BJ, Knoepke CE, Suresh K, Simpson SA, Azrael D, Ranney ML, Wintemute GJ, Betz ME. Lethal Means Assessment and Counseling in the Emergency Department: Differences by Provider Type and Personal Home Firearms. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2020 Oct;50(5):1054-1064. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12649. Epub 2020 Jun 29.
PubMed 32598076Boggs JM, Quintana LM, Powers JD, Hochberg S, Beck A. Frequency of Clinicians' Assessments for Access to Lethal Means in Persons at Risk for Suicide. Arch Suicide Res. 2022 Jan-Mar;26(1):127-136. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1761917. Epub 2020 May 7.
PubMed 32379012
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 2 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Expanding Provider Capacity to Prevent Rural Veteran Suicide: Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07219355
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2024-0085
- Conditions
- Suicide, Attempted, Suicide, Completed, Suicide Prevention, Mental Health Training, Rural Health, Veterans
- Keywords
- Veterans, Rural Veterans, Suicide Prevention, Suicide Risk, Firearm Safety, Medication Safety, Lethal Means Safety Counseling, Virtual Reality (VR)
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 36 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- The University of Texas at ArlingtonUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
- Study start
- 23 Feb 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Aug 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Sep 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 21 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this randomized clinical trial is to determine whether a virtual reality (VR) training program can help healthcare providers improve their skills in discussing suicide prevention and safe storage of firearms and medications with Veterans. The study will test whether VR training increases providers' self-efficacy, confidence, and comfort in conducting lethal means safety counseling, and whether it improves their intention to use these counseling practices in their clinical work. Researchers will compare healthcare providers who complete the VR training to those who complete a 2D video training to determine whether the VR approach is more effective. Participants will complete online surveys before and after the training and again three months later. They will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: VR training group: Participants use a VR headset to interact with a virtual Veteran patient in a simulated rural clinic and practice suicide prevention counseling skills; Video training group: Participants use the same headset to watch a ~10-minute 2D video depicting the lethal means safety counseling session. After the training, participants will also provide feedback about their experience, including how realistic and useful they found the training.
Detailed description
This study will test whether a virtual reality (VR) training program can improve healthcare providers' ability to talk with Veterans about suicide prevention and safe storage of firearms and medications. Rural Veterans have suicide rates much higher than the national average, and providers in rural areas often do not receive enough training in suicide risk identification or lethal means safety counseling.
This project builds on our prior Veteran Suicide Assessment in Virtual Reality (VET-SAVR) study, which showed that VR can be a feasible and acceptable way to deliver suicide prevention training. In the current study, called the Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training (VR-LMST) project, we will compare an immersive VR training simulation to a 2D video training.
Study Aims
Aim 1: Develop a VR training simulation focused on suicide prevention counseling with rural Veterans.
Aim 2: Test whether VR-LMST improves provider confidence (primary), and comfortability and intention (secondary) to engage in lethal means safety counseling.
Aim 3: Assess user experience of the VR simulation, including presence, realism, acceptability, feasibility, and tolerability.
Study Design
This is a randomized controlled trial. Participants will be assigned to one of two groups:
VR-LMST group: Participants will use a VR headset (Meta Quest 3) to enter a simulated rural clinic visit with a Veteran avatar who presents with thoughts of suicide. They will practice counseling skills related to safe firearm and medication storage.
2D Video group: Participants will use a VR headset to view a 10-minute video showing a provider having a lethal means safety conversation with a Veteran.
Assessments
Pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up surveys will be completed online.
The Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM) Core Scale (13 items) will measure provider confidence (1-5), comfortability (6-8), and intentions (9-13). An additional two items measure counseling behavior at 3 months (14-15).
The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (ITC-SOPI) will measure presence, naturalness, engagement, and negative effects.
Open-ended questions will gather feedback about realism, acceptability, and feasibility.
Demographic and professional background information will also be collected.
Sample Size and Timeline We will recruit 36 participants (18 per group). Power analysis indicates this sample size is sufficient to detect moderate effects with 80% power for the primary outcome.
Phase 1 (completed): Recruited 11 healthcare providers for qualitative interviews; conducted coding and analysis; developed and refined VR and 2D scripts.
Phase 2 (completed): Prototype VR clinic environment developed through iterative meetings with VR developers.
Phase 3 (completed): Pilot playtesting in October 2025 with 5 participants.
Phase 4 (completed): Randomized trial enrollment to begin mid-November 2025.
Phase 5 (in progress): 3-month follow-ups to begin January 2026.
Oversight IRB approval was received September 27, 2024, from the University of Texas at Arlington. This study is funded by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP).
Significance This project will test a novel, scalable training method to give healthcare providers repeated opportunities to practice suicide prevention counseling in a safe environment. By equipping rural providers with the skills and confidence to have culturally sensitive, Veteran-centered conversations about firearm and medication safety, VR-LMST has the potential to improve clinical practice and reduce suicide risk among rural Veterans.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This is a randomized, parallel-group behavioral clinical trial with two arms. Healthcare providers (≥18, serving Veterans in Texas) are prospectively assigned in a 1:1 ratio to: Intervention (VR-LMST): Participants use a Meta Quest 3 headset to complete an interactive virtual reality simulation of a rural clinic visit with a Veteran avatar at risk for suicide, practicing lethal means safety counseling (firearm and medication storage). Control (2D Video): Participants use the headset to view a 2D, ~10-minute video of the lethal means safety counseling training. Randomization is computer-generated (Excel) with no crossover. Masking is None (Open Label); outcome assessment uses standardized self-report instruments. Surveys are administered pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 3-month follow-up (e.g., CALM Scale for confidence/comfortability/intentions; ITC-SOPI for presence/engagement/ecological validity/negative effects.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| VR-LMST Intervention | Experimental | Behavioral: Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety TrainingParticipants use a Meta Quest 3 headset to complete an interactive virtual reality simulation of a rural clinic visit with a Veteran avatar at risk for suicide. The simulation incorporates skills in suicide risk identification, firearm and medication safety counseling, and collaborative safety planning. |
| 2D Video Training | Active comparator | Behavioral: 2D Video TrainingParticipants use a VR headset to view a 10-minute 2D video depicting a lethal means safety counseling session with a veteran. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Age 18 or older
- healthcare providers serving rural Veterans in Texas (e.g., physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, healthcare case managers)
- English-speaking
- Able to provide informed consent
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Self-reported pregnancy
- History of motor or balance disorders
- Color blindness
- Neurological or cognitive disorders
- Cardiovascular issues that may be worsened by VR use
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety TrainingAn immersive behavioral training program delivered through a Meta Quest 3 virtual reality headset. Participants enter a simulated rural health clinic and interact with a Veteran avatar at risk for suicide. The simulation incorporates realistic dialogue and decision points where providers practice skills in suicide risk identification, lethal means safety counseling (firearm and medication storage), and collaborative safety planning. The VR format allows repeated practice in a safe environment and provides a more engaging and realistic training experience than traditional methods. | Behavioural | VR-LMST Intervention |
| 2D Video TrainingA 10-minute video delivered through a VR headset that depicts a healthcare provider conducting lethal means safety counseling with a Veteran. This is a non-interactive training used as an active comparator. | Behavioural | 2D Video Training |
Primary outcome
Confidence in Lethal Means Safety Counseling
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test), immediately after intervention (post-test), and 3-month follow-up
Measured by the Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM) Core Scale (Sale et al., 2018) Confidence subscale ("How confident are you that …"). Items are rated on a 4-point scale and summed; higher scores indicate greater confidence (range = 5 - 20).
6 secondary outcomes
Comfortability in Lethal Means Safety Counseling
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test), immediately after intervention (post-test), and 3-month follow-up
Counseling Intentions
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test), immediately after intervention (post-test), and 3-month follow-up
Spatial Presence
Time frame: Immediately after intervention (post-test only)
Engagement
Time frame: Immediately after intervention (post-test only)
Ecological Validity / Naturalness
Time frame: Immediately after intervention (post-test only)
Negative Effects (Tolerability)
Time frame: Immediately after intervention (post-test only)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 2 Oct 2026.
- Background: PubMed 29185154Sale E, Hendricks M, Weil V, Miller C, Perkins S, McCudden S. Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM): An Evaluation of a Suicide Prevention Means Restriction Training Program for Mental Health Providers. Community Ment Health J. 2018 Apr;54(3):293-301. doi: 10.1007/s10597-017-0190-z. Epub 2017 Nov 28.
- Background: PubMed 34517912Hunter AA, DiVietro S, Boyer M, Burnham K, Chenard D, Rogers SC. The practice of lethal means restriction counseling in US emergency departments to reduce suicide risk: a systematic review of the literature. Inj Epidemiol. 2021 Sep 13;8(Suppl 1):54. doi: 10.1186/s40621-021-00347-5.
- Background: PubMed 34421193Hoyt T, Holliday R, Simonetti JA, Monteith LL. Firearm Lethal Means Safety with Military Personnel and Veterans: Overcoming Barriers using a Collaborative Approach. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2021 Aug;52(4):387-395. doi: 10.1037/pro0000372. Epub 2021 May 20.
- Background: PubMed 32598076Diurba S, Johnson RL, Siry BJ, Knoepke CE, Suresh K, Simpson SA, Azrael D, Ranney ML, Wintemute GJ, Betz ME. Lethal Means Assessment and Counseling in the Emergency Department: Differences by Provider Type and Personal Home Firearms. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2020 Oct;50(5):1054-1064. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12649. Epub 2020 Jun 29.
- Background: PubMed 32379012Boggs JM, Quintana LM, Powers JD, Hochberg S, Beck A. Frequency of Clinicians' Assessments for Access to Lethal Means in Persons at Risk for Suicide. Arch Suicide Res. 2022 Jan-Mar;26(1):127-136. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1761917. Epub 2020 May 7.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. This study collects survey and qualitative data from a small sample of healthcare providers. Because of the limited sample size and potential identifiability of responses, individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared. Aggregate data will be shared in publications and presentations.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Donna L. Schuman, PhD, LCSW principal investigator
University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Virtual Reality Lethal Means Safety Training and 2D Video Training in people with Suicide, Attempted and Suicide, Completed, run by The University of Texas at Arlington at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 2 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Confidence in Lethal Means Safety Counseling (time frame: Baseline (pre-test), immediately after intervention (post-test), and 3-month follow-up). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07219355, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 2 Oct 2026.