Health Promotion With Targeted Exercise Intervention for Decreasing Fall Risk and Inactivity in Aging Veterans With Obesity and Signs of Sarcopenia

Veterans with age-related declines in muscle mass and function, known as sarcopenia, are more likely to experience a fall, functional decline, and have higher mortality risk. Experiencing falls and limited functional mobility related to sarcopenia contributes to poor overall health, limited community participation, and loneliness, especially for Veterans with obesity. This group is uniquely vulnerable, as traditional weight-loss focused interventions may worsen muscle and bone loss, paradoxically increasing fall and injury risk. There is an urgent need to identify a feasible and efficacious intervention to address functional limitation and fall risk in aging Veterans with obesity and sarcopenia which does not further compromise their health.

This project departs from the traditional weight-loss approach for older Veterans with obesity by prioritizing functional health and fall risk reduction through targeted exercise and health education, specifically for those with sarcopenia. The intervention leverages a live, virtual group format to overcome mobility and access barriers, integrates wearable sensors for precise outcome measurement, and addresses both physical and behavioral aspects of fall prevention in a scalable, Veteran-centered design. The project addresses key knowledge gaps including: the lack of tailored fall prevention strategies for older Veterans with both obesity and sarcopenia; limited evidence on whether exercise interventions are superior to health education alone in this population; and uncertainties about the best ways to preserve muscle quality and reduce disability without compromising functional health through traditional weight-loss approaches. It also explores how virtual, group-based delivery can overcome access barriers for at-risk Veterans. The investigators will address these knowledge gaps through the following aims:

Aim 1: Compare the effects of a targeted exercise-based fall prevention intervention plus health promotion education program vs. health promotion education alone on clinical measures of fall risk and dysmobility. The investigators hypothesize Veterans participating in the combined exercise and health education program will show greater reductions in fall risk (primary outcome: Four Square Step Test (FSST)) compared to those receiving education alone.

Aim 2: Determine if combined exercise and health education and/or health promotion education alone result in physical activity changes indicative of greater ability to engage/engagement in community mobility. The investigators hypothesize Veterans participating in combined exercise and health education and those receiving health promotion education alone will show increased community mobility abilities evidenced by improved physical activity engagement (primary outcome: weekly minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity), as measured through accelerometry. Those in combined exercise and health education are expected to have greater improvements compared to those in health promotion education alone.

Aim 3: Determine if combined exercise and health education and/or health promotion education alone result in changes to lower extremity muscle quality. The investigators hypothesize Veterans participating in combined exercise and health education will demonstrate improvements in functional muscle quality (primary outcome: knee extension strength) which are not expected to be observed for those in health promotion education alone.

This study will inform tailored strategies for fall prevention in aging Veterans with obesity and sarcopenia, supporting updated clinical practice guidelines that go beyond weight loss. It leverages innovative, scalable, Veteran-centered virtual interventions designed to optimize independence for Veterans at high risk for falls.