Navigating Advanced Illness Goals And Treatment With Digital Engagement (NAVIGATE)

We measure patients and caregivers' satisfaction with care that they (or their patient) received using the Short Assessment of Patient Satisfaction (SAPS), a brief, validated, and generic 7-item questionnaire designed to efficiently measure patient satisfaction across a range of health care settings.[49-51] Each question is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from 0 to 4), and the items cover key domains of patient satisfaction including:1) Satisfaction with treatment, 2) Explanation of treatment results, 3) Clinician care and thoroughness, 4) Involvement in decision-making, 5) Respect received from the clinician, 6) Adequacy of time with the clinician, and 7) Overall satisfaction with care received. Total scores range from 0 to 28, and higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.

We measure how well patients and caregivers feel heard and understood by those caring for them in the hospital environment using the following point-of-care item: "Over the past 1(6) months, how much have you felt heard and understood by the doctors, nurses and hospital staff?". Response is rated on a 5-point scale (completely, quite a bit, moderately, slightly, not at all). Responses are reverse-coded, ranging from 1 - 5, with higher score indicates better quality of care.

Gramling, R., et al., Feeling Heard and Understood: A Patient-Reported Quality Measure for the Inpatient Palliative Care Setting. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2016. 51(2): p. 150-154.

We assess participants' preferences for aggressive care using goals of care questions adapted from the CanCORS Study. Participants were asked to trade-off between life-extension treatments or 1) those that miminise pain/discomfort and 2) those that were less costly. Participants responded on a scale of 1 to 9, where 1 represented maximal life extension with severe pain or discomfort (or with higher costs), 5 represented moderate life extension and moderate pain or discomfort (or moderate cost), and 9 indicated no life extension but minimal pain or discomfort (or lower costs). Scores 1 to 4 were categorized as prioritizing life extension, and scores 6 to 9 were categorized as prioritizing symptom management or cost containment.

Malin, J.L., et al., Understanding cancer patients' experience and outcomes: development and pilot study of the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance patient survey. Support Care Cancer, 2006. 14(8): p. 837-48.

We assess caregiver's quality of life using the Singapore Caregivers Quality of Life Scale (SCQOLS), a validated instrument developed specifically to assess the quality of life (QoL) of family caregivers of patients with advanced illnesses in Singapore. The 10-item SCQOLs measures five domains of quality of life of family caregivers of patients: (1) Physical Well-being (2 items); (2) Mental Well-being (2 items); (3) Experience \& Meaning (2 items); (4) Impact on Daily Life (2 items) (5) Financial Well-being (2 items). Each item is rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 (Not at All) to 4 (Very Much). Item scores are rescaled and summed. Total scores range from 0 - 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life.

Cheung, Yin Bun, et al. "Two valid and reliable short forms of the Singapore caregiver quality of life scale were developed: SCQOLS-10 and SCQOLS-15." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 121 (2020): 101-108.

Symptoms of depression and anxiety are measured using the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4), an ultra-brief, validated self-report instrument designed to screen for symptoms of both depression and anxiety in clinical and non-clinical populations. The PHQ-4 has four items: two for depression ("little interest or pleasure in doing things"; "feeling down, depressed, or hopeless") and two for anxiety ("feeling nervous, anxious or on edge"; "not being able to stop or control worrying"). Each item is rated based on symptom frequency over the past two weeks using a 4-point Likert scale, from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). A subscale score of 3 or greater suggests possible anxiety or depression, while total distress is categorized as: normal (0-2), mild (3-5), moderate (6-8), and severe (9-12).

Kroenke, K., et al., An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics, 2009. 50(6): p. 613-21.

We assess the caregiving relationship between the caregiver and patient using the Dyadic Relationship Scale (DRS), a validated instrument measuring negative dyadic strain and positive dyadic interaction. [63] The caregiver version includes 11 items and are rated on a four-point scale (0 = strongly disagree to 3 = strongly agree). Total scores range from 0-33, with higher scores indicate better dyadic relationship.

Sebern MD, Whitlatch CJ. Dyadic relationship scale: a measure of the impact of the provision and receipt of family care. Gerontologist. 2007 Dec;47(6):741-51. doi: 10.1093/geront/47.6.741. PMID: 18192628.

Electronic medical records will be reviewed to find the number of inpatient admissions, urgent care visits, ED visits, hospitalizations, outpatient visits and aggressive treatment utilisation (e.g. Intubation, CPR, Surgery).

We assess patient's quality of life using the EQ-5D-5L instrument, a simple, and standardised measure of health status. five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain / discomfort and anxiety / depression), on five response levels: 1-no problems, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-unable to/extreme problems. The overall health states can be converted to an index value, ranging from 0 (worst possible health state) to 1 ((best possible health state) using a value set.

Herdman, Michael, et al. "Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L)." Quality of life research 20.10 (2011): 1727-1736.