Motor Imagery TrainingNCT07094334
Investigation of Single Session Action Observation and Motor Imagery Training on Balance, Muscle Oxygenation, Fatigue
A study testing Action Observation and Action Observation combined with Motor Imagery in people with Motor Imagery Training and Action Observation Training, run by Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) interventions are frequently employed both in the rehabilitation process following orthopedic injuries and surgeries, with aims such as reducing pain and increasing joint range of motion, as well as in the rehabilitation of neurological disorders to restore motor… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 25 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Motor Imagery Training, Action Observation Training
- What is being tested?
- Action Observation and Action Observation combined with Motor Imagery
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 42 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Aug 2025to 31 Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 25 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- To be between 18 and 25 years of age
- To have no history of any surgical procedure involving the upper extremity
- To be male**
- Since the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test is conducted in a different position for females, only male participants will be included in the study to maintain group homogeneity.
Who cannot join
- Scoring 24 or below on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
- Having hearing, visual, or perceptual impairments that may affect the study outcomes
- Presence of any upper extremity problem
- Having neurological, metabolic, or systemic diseases
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Gazi University
Ankara
Gazi University Gazi University, 0 312 216 26 21, sbf.ftr@gmail.com
Zeynep Hazar, Prof.
About this study
Official title: Investigation of the Acute Effects of a Single Session of Action Observation and Motor Imagery Training on Upper Extremity Balance, Muscle Oxygenation, and Fatigue in Young Adults
Action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) interventions are frequently employed both in the rehabilitation process following orthopedic injuries and surgeries, with aims such as reducing pain and increasing joint range of motion, as well as in the rehabilitation of neurological disorders to restore motor functions and achieve functional independence. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that AO and MI training can exert positive effects on motor performance and neurophysiological activation. Notably, when AO and MI training are applied in combination, it has been suggested that they produce a more pronounced impact on motor performance and support motor learning processes. The effects of these techniques have generally been evaluated following long-term interventions, and there is limited data in the literature regarding their effects after a single session. Furthermore, it has been shown in the literature that action observation and motor imagery training can elicit cortical activation. However, current scientific evidence concerning the peripheral effects of these interventions remains limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the acute effects of a single session of action observation and motor imagery training on upper extremity balance, muscle oxygenation, and fatigue in asymptomatic young adult males
- Being tested
- Action Observation, Action Observation combined with Motor Imagery, Sham (No Treatment)
- Keywords
- Motor imagery training, Action observation training, muscle oxygenation, fatigue, upper extremity balance, acute effect
- Medical subject headings
- Fatigue
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Action ObservationOther
This study, in contrast to prior research, will examine both the acute effects of action observation therapy and its impacts at the peripheral level.
Action Observation combined with Motor ImageryOther
This study, in contrast to prior research, will examine both the acute effects of action observation therapy combined with motor imagery and its impacts at the peripheral level.
Sham (No Treatment)Other
Participants in this intervention group will watch landscape and nature-themed videos for the duration corresponding to the intervention period applied in the other groups.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Action Observation Group | Experimental | Prior to the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be administered to determine participants' upper extremity balance levels. Participants in the group will watch video recordings of the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test, performed by a third person, from various angles, at both normal and slow motion speeds, for a total duration of 10 minutes. Following the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be performed in four repetitions, identical to the pre-intervention assessment. In order to prevent fatigue from influencing the outcomes, participants will be given a 5-minute rest period between the pre- and post-intervention assessments. The Moxy device will continuously monitor throughout all procedures. The fatigue levels of the participants will be evaluated prior to and following the test. Receives: Other: Action Observation |
| Action Observation combined with Motor Imagery Group | Experimental | Prior to the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be administered to determine participants' upper extremity balance levels. Participants in this group will be asked to imagine themselves performing the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test while watching video recordings of the test, captured from different angles and executed by a third person, for a total duration of 10 minutes at both normal and slow-motion speeds. Following the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be performed in four repetitions, identical to the pre-intervention assessment. In order to prevent fatigue from influencing the outcomes, participants will be given a 5-minute rest period between the pre- and post-intervention assessments. The Moxy device will continuously monitor throughout all procedures. The fatigue levels of the participants will be evaluated prior to and following the test. Receives: Other: Action Observation combined with Motor Imagery |
| Control Group | Sham comparator | Prior to the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be administered to determine participants' upper extremity balance levels. The participants will watch landscape and nature-themed videos for a duration of 10 minutes. Following the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be performed in four repetitions, identical to the pre-intervention assessment. In order to prevent fatigue from influencing the outcomes, participants will be given a 5-minute rest period between the pre- and post-intervention assessments. The Moxy device will continuously monitor throughout all procedures. The fatigue levels of the participants will be evaluated prior to and following the test. Receives: Other: Sham (No Treatment) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test
In this test, participants assume a push-up position, positioned between two parallel strips placed on the floor, and touch the opposite strips in a cross-body manner with their hands for 15 seconds. The total number of touches is recorded as the score. The test is performed four times, with a 45-second rest interval between each trial. The participant's test score is calculated as the average of the scores from the last three trials.
Measured: Before Intervention
Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test
In this test, participants assume a push-up position, positioned between two parallel strips placed on the floor, and touch the opposite strips in a cross-body manner with their hands for 15 seconds. The total number of touches is recorded as the score. The test is performed four times, with a 45-second rest interval between each trial. The participant's test score is calculated as the average of the scores from the last three trials.
Measured: immediately after the intervention
Secondary outcomes (4)
Muscle oxygenation
In this study, the Moxy Monitor device will be used to assess the upper extremity muscle oxygenation levels of the participants. This device operates using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology and non-invasively measures the amounts of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in muscle tissue. The validity and reliability of the Moxy Monitor device in physiological measurements have been reported in numerous studies. Measurements will be conducted by placing the sensor on the anterior portion of the deltoid muscle on the participants' dominant side.
Measured: Before Intervention
Muscle Oxygenation
In this study, the Moxy Monitor device will be used to assess the upper extremity muscle oxygenation levels of the participants. This device operates using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology and non-invasively measures the amounts of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in muscle tissue. The validity and reliability of the Moxy Monitor device in physiological measurements have been reported in numerous studies. Measurements will be conducted by placing the sensor on the anterior portion of the deltoid muscle on the participants' dominant side.
Measured: immediately after the intervention
Modified Borg Scale
Participants will rate their level of fatigue on a scale ranging from 0 (no fatigue at all) to 10 (maximum fatigue).
Measured: pre-intervention
Modified Borg Scale
Participants will rate their level of fatigue on a scale ranging from 0 (no fatigue at all) to 10 (maximum fatigue).
Measured: immediately after the intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted30 Jul 2025
- Study start1 Aug 2025
- Primary completion1 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Motor Imagery TrainingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 42 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Gazi University
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Eren Ozen, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University
- Investigators
- Zeynep Hazar, Prof., Study director, Gazi UniversitySıla Çağla Demiralay, M.Sc., Study chair, Gazi UniversityŞeyma CEBE KARACA, M.Sc., Study chair, Gazi University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07094334
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2025 - 904
- Status last verified
- Sep 2025
- First submitted
- 19 Jul 2025
- Last updated
- 18 Sep 2025
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Sep 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Investigation of the Acute Effects of a Single Session of Action Observation and Motor Imagery Training on Upper Extremity Balance, Muscle Oxygenation, and Fatigue in Young Adults
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07094334
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2025 - 904
- Keywords
- Motor imagery training, Action observation training, muscle oxygenation, fatigue, upper extremity balance, acute effect
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 42 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Bandırma Onyedi Eylül UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Gazi University
- Study start
- 1 Aug 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 30 Jul 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) interventions are frequently employed both in the rehabilitation process following orthopedic injuries and surgeries, with aims such as reducing pain and increasing joint range of motion, as well as in the rehabilitation of neurological disorders to restore motor functions and achieve functional independence. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that AO and MI training can exert positive effects on motor performance and neurophysiological activation. Notably, when AO and MI training are applied in combination, it has been suggested that they produce a more pronounced impact on motor performance and support motor learning processes. The effects of these techniques have generally been evaluated following long-term interventions, and there is limited data in the literature regarding their effects after a single session. Furthermore, it has been shown in the literature that action observation and motor imagery training can elicit cortical activation. However, current scientific evidence concerning the peripheral effects of these interventions remains limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the acute effects of a single session of action observation and motor imagery training on upper extremity balance, muscle oxygenation, and fatigue in asymptomatic young adult males
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Action Observation Group | Experimental | Other: Action ObservationPrior to the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be administered to determine participants' upper extremity balance levels. Participants in the group will watch video recordings of the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test, performed by a third person, from various angles, at both normal and slow motion speeds, for a total duration of 10 minutes. Following the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be performed in four repetitions, identical to the pre-intervention assessment. In order to prevent fatigue from influencing the outcomes, participants will be given a 5-minute rest period between the pre- and post-intervention assessments. The Moxy device will continuously monitor throughout all procedures. The fatigue levels of the participants will be evaluated prior to and following the test. |
| Action Observation combined with Motor Imagery Group | Experimental | Other: Action Observation combined with Motor ImageryPrior to the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be administered to determine participants' upper extremity balance levels. Participants in this group will be asked to imagine themselves performing the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test while watching video recordings of the test, captured from different angles and executed by a third person, for a total duration of 10 minutes at both normal and slow-motion speeds. Following the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be performed in four repetitions, identical to the pre-intervention assessment. In order to prevent fatigue from influencing the outcomes, participants will be given a 5-minute rest period between the pre- and post-intervention assessments. The Moxy device will continuously monitor throughout all procedures. The fatigue levels of the participants will be evaluated prior to and following the test. |
| Control Group | Sham comparator | Other: Sham (No Treatment)Prior to the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be administered to determine participants' upper extremity balance levels. The participants will watch landscape and nature-themed videos for a duration of 10 minutes. Following the intervention, the Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test will be performed in four repetitions, identical to the pre-intervention assessment. In order to prevent fatigue from influencing the outcomes, participants will be given a 5-minute rest period between the pre- and post-intervention assessments. The Moxy device will continuously monitor throughout all procedures. The fatigue levels of the participants will be evaluated prior to and following the test. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 25 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- To be between 18 and 25 years of age
- To have no history of any surgical procedure involving the upper extremity
- To be male**
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Scoring 24 or below on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
- Having hearing, visual, or perceptual impairments that may affect the study outcomes
- Presence of any upper extremity problem
- Having neurological, metabolic, or systemic diseases
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Action ObservationThis study, in contrast to prior research, will examine both the acute effects of action observation therapy and its impacts at the peripheral level. | Other | Action Observation Group |
| Action Observation combined with Motor ImageryThis study, in contrast to prior research, will examine both the acute effects of action observation therapy combined with motor imagery and its impacts at the peripheral level. | Other | Action Observation combined with Motor Imagery Group |
| Sham (No Treatment)Participants in this intervention group will watch landscape and nature-themed videos for the duration corresponding to the intervention period applied in the other groups. | Other | Control Group |
Primary outcome
Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test
Time frame: Before Intervention
In this test, participants assume a push-up position, positioned between two parallel strips placed on the floor, and touch the opposite strips in a cross-body manner with their hands for 15 seconds. The total number of touches is recorded as the score. The test is performed four times, with a 45-second rest interval between each trial. The participant's test score is calculated as the average of the scores from the last three trials.
Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test
Time frame: immediately after the intervention
In this test, participants assume a push-up position, positioned between two parallel strips placed on the floor, and touch the opposite strips in a cross-body manner with their hands for 15 seconds. The total number of touches is recorded as the score. The test is performed four times, with a 45-second rest interval between each trial. The participant's test score is calculated as the average of the scores from the last three trials.
4 secondary outcomes
Muscle oxygenation
Time frame: Before Intervention
Muscle Oxygenation
Time frame: immediately after the intervention
Modified Borg Scale
Time frame: pre-intervention
Modified Borg Scale
Time frame: immediately after the intervention
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Sep 2025.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Zeynep Hazar, Prof. study director
Gazi University
Sıla Çağla Demiralay, M.Sc. study chair
Gazi University
Şeyma CEBE KARACA, M.Sc. study chair
Gazi University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Action Observation and Action Observation combined with Motor Imagery in people with Motor Imagery Training and Action Observation Training, run by Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Sep 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Eren Özen (+90 266 606 4598, fzterenozen@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test (time frame: Before Intervention). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Sep 2025.