Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With Ascending Aortic Replacement

1. Relevance of the study. Coronary artery bypass grafting is an effective treatment for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Nowadays, this operation is the most common surgical procedure performed on the heart, with >600,000 operations per year worldwide. Approximately 15-20% of patients with CAD require concomitant cardiac surgery with relatively high incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality. It is considered that concomitant CAD in patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery is an independent risk factor for perioperative mortality. Taking into account the recently published data, CABG added to other cardiac surgeries is associated with increased short- and long-term mortality. There are no available data on the relationship between the outcomes of the concomitant CABG and the patency of coronary grafts. The aim of this study was to assess the early outcomes after CABG as well as graft patency rate in patients with concomitant AAR.
2. Patients and methods. 35 patients who underwent CABG concomitant with ascending aortic replacement (CABG+AAR group) were compared with 35 patients who underwent isolated CABG (CABG group). Baseline characteristics which included preoperative characteristics, details on surgery (duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, cardioplegic arrest, antegrade cerebral perfusion), and early and late postoperative outcomes were compared between these groups.

Imaging All aortic measurements and postoperative graft patency were assessed by electrocardiography-gated computed tomographic angiography. Postoperative computed tomography of the aorta and/or grafts was performed within 2 weeks after surgery. Analysis was performed using 64-slice scanner Discovery NM-CT 570c (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) with spatial resolution of the angiographic phase ranging from 0.6 to 1.25 mm. All measurements were taken always in the plane perpendicular to the manually corrected local aortic centre line. Ascending aortic diameter was measured at the level of the pulmonary artery bifurcation. The maximum aortic diameter (mm) was measured from the outer contours of the aortic wall.

The postoperative graft status was classified according to Fitzgibbon classification where Grade A is a patent graft, grade B is a stenosed graft (<50% of the grafted coronary artery) or a string sign and grade O is an occluded graft. All images were independently assessed by two experienced cardiologists.

Surgical technique CABG surgery was performed in the standard manner with a cardiopulmonary bypass and carioplegic arrest. Left internal mammary arterial (LIMA) grafts were used as in situ grafts to the LAD in all of the cases. All saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) were used in an aortocoronary bypass fashion. Proximal anastomoses were sewn to the aorta/graft with side-biting clamp on the beating heart.

The surgery was performed through a median sternotomy under mild-to-moderate hypothermia (28-30°C) and antegrade cerebral perfusion via the innominate artery with side graft. The distal aortic anastomosis was performed using an open anastomosis fashion and involved resection of the inferior portion of the aortic arch from the base of the innominate artery to the projection of the origin of the left subclavian artery (hemiarch repair). Near infrared spectroscopy (Invos 5100, Somanetics Corp., USA) was used for cerebral monitoring during the operation. When the target temperature was achieved, lower body circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion was initiated. The distal aortic anastomosis was performed with a running 4/0 polypropylene suture with a Dacron graft. Proximal aortic anastomosis as well as coronary artery bypass grafting was performed during the rewarming period. The patient was weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass when the body temperature reached 36°C. The sequence of the surgical steps during the operation was the same for all patients.

Transit time flow measurement Graft flow tracing was recorded intraoperatively after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass and just before sternal closure with a transit-time flowmeter (VQ1001, Medi-Stim AS, Oslo, Norway). The haemodynamic condition remained stable with a mean blood pressure between 70 and 90 mmHg during the flow measurement. The device displays a flow curve and calculates the mean graft flow (MGF) (ml/min), pulsatile index (PI) and diastolic filling percentage (DF%). The TTFM criteria for graft revision were MGF of <5 ml/min, PI of >5 or DF ratio of <50%.

Follow-up Follow-up was performed according to the institutional database supplemented by individual patient records. Data was obtained via medical records of clinical encounters or phone calls with patients and/or relatives. Postoperative computed tomographic scans and angiograms were performed upon discharge, at 12 months from the last procedure and annually thereafter.