Inflammatory ResponsesKayakers2025NCT06935058
Effectiveness of Chocolate Milk in Recovery Among Highly Trained Kayakers: A Metabolic and Inflammatory Perspectives
A study testing Chocolade milk in people with Inflammatory Responses and Muscle Fatigue, run by Poznan University of Physical Education at 1 site in Poland.
Trial summary
Kayaking requires high energy expenditure and optimal metabolic adaptation for performance and recovery. While research on other sports exists, the effects of chocolate milk on kayakers' recovery remain unexplored. Intensive kayaking induces physical stress, necessitating precise energy balance monitoring. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 14 to 22 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Inflammatory Responses, Muscle Fatigue, Recovery Time
- What is being tested?
- Chocolade milk
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePoland
- Study dates
- 1 Oct 2025to 15 Nov 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 14 to 22 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Lack of consent for blood sampling,
- injuries, health issues,
- anti-inflammatory drugs,
- performance-enhancing substances,
- supplements within the last 3 months before the start of the study.
Who cannot join
- consent to participate in the study,
- regular training regimen,
- current medical examinations,
- no health contraindications.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Poland1 site
Poznań University of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski
Gorzów Wielkopolski, Polska, 66-400
About this study
Official title: Effectiveness of Chocolate Milk in Recovery Among Elite Kayakers: A Metabolic and Inflammatory Perspectives
Kayaking requires high energy expenditure and optimal metabolic adaptation for performance and recovery. While research on other sports exists, the effects of chocolate milk on kayakers' recovery remain unexplored.
Intensive kayaking induces physical stress, necessitating precise energy balance monitoring. This study evaluates metabolic and inflammatory markers, including glucose, glycogen, insulin, creatine kinase (CK), interleukin-6 (IL-6), ghrelin, leptin, peptide YY, peripheral blood morphology, and blood gas parameters to assess fatigue and recovery.
Read more
Chocolate milk, with its ideal carbohydrate-to-protein ratio, supports glycogen replenishment, muscle repair, hydration, and oxidative stress reduction. Studies suggest it may outperform commercial sports drinks in endurance recovery by limiting muscle damage, inflammation, and improving acid-base balance.
Findings will reveal whether chocolate milk enhances energy recovery, reduces muscle damage, and mitigates inflammation, contributing to endurance sports nutrition strategies
Read the detailed description
Kayaking, as an endurance discipline, is associated with high energy expenditure and the need to optimize metabolic and hormonal processes in order to maximize efficiency and effective regeneration. Intense physical effort leads to significant changes in muscle metabolism and triggers an inflammatory response in the body. Such large loads require precise monitoring of energy balance and effective regeneration strategies. In the context of such intensive activity, monitoring biochemical indicators becomes crucial. They will allow for the assessment of the degree of fatigue and the course of regeneration processes. As part of the project, key metabolic and inflammatory indicators will be analyzed, such as glucose, glycogen and insulin levels, which will allow for the assessment of the efficiency of energy resource management. In addition, muscle damage indicators will be monitored, such as creatine kinase (CK) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which will allow for the assessment of fatigue and regeneration processes in athletes.
Acid-base balance, a crucial factor in buffering lactic acid and oxygen transport to muscles, will be analyzed via blood gasometry (ABG). Lactic acid (LA) levels will also be monitored as a key fatigue indicator. Blood morphology analysis will complement the study, assessing the impact of intense exercise and recovery strategies on the hematopoietic and immune systems.
Chocolate milk is increasingly recognized as an effective recovery drink due to its optimal carbohydrate-to-protein ratio (approximately 3:1 or 4:1), promoting rapid glycogen replenishment and muscle fiber repair. Studies suggest that post-exercise chocolate milk consumption may be as effective, or even superior, to commercial sports drinks, particularly in endurance recovery. Additionally, chocolate milk provides high-quality milk protein, electrolytes (calcium, potassium, sodium), and lipids, supporting hydration homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress post-exercise. This combination may limit muscle damage, reduce inflammation (lower CK and IL-6 levels), and improve acid-base balance, making chocolate milk a viable nutritional strategy for endurance athletes.
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chocolate milk in kayakers' recovery by analyzing metabolic, inflammatory, and hematological markers, thus determining its potential role in optimizing endurance sports nutrition strategies.
Changes in glucose, glycogen, insulin, CK, IL-6, grhelin, leptin, peptide YY, peripheral blood morphology, and blood gas parameters will be analyzed to better understand recovery and adaptation mechanisms influenced by chocolate milk consumption. Also, the project results may provide a basis for further research on the role of appetite hormones in sports recovery, which is a relatively new area of research in sports dietetics, and have a significant impact on new strategies to support athletes' performance.
Methods This study will examine chocolate milk's effectiveness in 30 elite kayakers (both sexes), split into experimental (n=15, chocolate milk) and control (n=15, water) groups. Blood samples (capillary and venous) will be collected at three time points: before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1 hour post-consumption.
- Experimental group - up to 30 minutes after the erometer test, consumes 400 ml of chocolate milk.
Control group - up to 30 minutes after the erometer test, consumes 400 ml of water.
- Exercise test: During the preparatory period (April/May), participants will perform an intensive exercise test on a kayak ergometer (Dansprint PRO, Denmark), consisting of covering a distance of 1000 meters in the shortest time possible. The kayak ergometer test will be performed under medical supervision.
- Before the exercise test, a non-invasive anthropometric analysis will be performed using the TANITA MC-780MA body composition analyzer (Tokyo, Japan), to determine body composition: percentage of body fat, body fat mass, lean tissue mass, muscle mass, water and body mass index (BMI).
- Before the ergometer test, a nutrition analysis will be performed using the food diary method.
- Before the exercise test, a meal will be served containing a standardized amount of kcal, protein, fat, carbohydrates and fiber, calculated per kg of the athlete's body weight, in accordance with the nutrition standards for the Polish population edited by Mirosław Jarosz and the recommendations of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.
- During the test, measurements will be taken: travel time, average power, heart rate.
The results will determine whether chocolate milk accelerates energy replenishment, reduces muscle damage, and decreases inflammation compared to water consumption. This research will contribute to optimizing endurance sports nutrition strategies and serve as a basis for further studies on recovery methods.
- Conditions
- Inflammatory Responses, Muscle Fatigue, Recovery Time, Hunger
- Being tested
- Chocolade milk, Water (Placebo)
- Keywords
- insulin, kayakers, grelin, glucose, glycogen, regeneration, fatigue
- Medical subject headings
- Insulin Resistance, Fatigue
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Chocolade milkOther
Participants will drink 400 ml of chocolate milk after exercise.
Water (Placebo)Other
Participants will drink 400 ml of water after exercise.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Chocolade milk arm | Experimental | Participants will consume 400 ml of chocolate milk after exercise. Receives: Other: Chocolade milk |
| Control arm | Placebo comparator | Participants will consume 400 ml of water after exercise. Receives: Other: Water (Placebo) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Changes from baseline in Glycogen level.
Concentration of glycogen [ng/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline Insulin level.
Concentration of insulin [μIU/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption..
Changes from baseline Creatine kinase activity (CK) level.
Concetration of CK [ng/ml]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline interleukin-6 (Il-6) level.
Concentration of Il-6 [pg/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in lactic acid (LA) level.
Concetration of LA [mmol/l]. Using a portable biochemical photometer Vario Photometer II (Diaglobal, Berlin, Germany) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Baseline Appetite Assessment of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measures subjective appetite sensations-linear scale from one to 10 where 10 is the strongest feeling.
Measured: Day 1: At rest, after the exercise test.
Changes from baseline in leptin (LEP) level.
Satiety regulation marker. Concentration of leptin [pg/ml].ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.
Measured: Day 1:At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in peptide YY (PYY) level.
Satiety regulation marker. Concentration of leptin [pg/ml]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in ghrelin (GHRL) level.
Hunger regulation marker. Concentration of GHRL [pg/ml].ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - urea nitrogen (BUN) level.
Concentration of BUN [ml/dl]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - anion gap (AGAP) level.
Concentration of AGAP [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - excess base in extracellular fluid (BE ecf) level.
Concentration of Be ecf [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - sodium (Na) level.
Concentration of Na [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - calcium (Ca) level.
Concentration of Ca [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - potassium (K) level
Concentration of K [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - chlorine (Cl) level.
Concentration of Cl [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - bicarbonate level (cHCO3).
Concentration of cHCO3 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - total plasma CO2 (tCO2) level.
Concentration of tCO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)
Concentration of pCO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)
Concentration of pO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance -total blood saturation (cSO2) level.
Concentration of cSO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - urea level.
Concentration of urea [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1:At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - crea level.
Concentration of crea [mg/dl]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - hematocrit [hct] level.
Concentration of hct [%]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - hemoglobin [chgb] level.
Concentration of chgb [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - glucose [glu] level.
Concentration of glu [mg/dl]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Measured: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Secondary outcomes (12)
Antropometric characteristic - height
Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including height (Seca 213 Hamburg, Deutschland) [cm]
Measured: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - weight
Anthropometric characteristic - weight
Measured: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - LBM
Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including lean body mas (Tanita BC 418 MA, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [kg]
Measured: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - TBW
Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including total body water (Tanita BC 418 MA, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [kg]
Measured: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - Water%
Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including water (Tanita BC 418 MA, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [%]
Measured: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - FAT
Prior to the exercise test, we measured the anthropometric parameters, including fat (Tanita BC 418 MA, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [%]
Measured: Day 1 after overall fast
Food record - energy
Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: energy [kcal]
Measured: Day before the Day 1
Food record - protein
Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: protein [g]
Measured: Day before the Day 1
Food record - carobhydrates
Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: carbohydrates [g]
Measured: Day before the Day 1
Food record - fiber
Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: fiber [g]
Measured: Day before the Day 1
Food record - fat
Participants will prepare a food record. The results will be calculated using the dietetykpro program: fat [g]
Measured: Day before the Day 1
Peripheral blood morphology
using MYTHIC18 hematology analyzer (Cormay Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of morphological elements of blood (determination in venous blood).
Measured: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted18 Apr 2025
- Study start1 Oct 2025
- Primary completion15 Nov 2025
- Study completion15 Nov 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Inflammatory ResponsesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Kayakers (both sexes), split into two groups: 1. experimental group (n=15, 400 ml of chocolate milk), 2. control group (n=15, 400 ml of water). Blood samples (capillary and venous) will be collected pre-exercise, post-exercise, and 1 hour post-consumption. All indicated parameters will be determined using the equipment of the biochemical laboratory of the University of Physical Education in Poznań, Branch in Gorzów Wielkopolski, and purchased commercial kits (immunoenzymatic ELISA tests). The analyses will be performed by the included project contractors.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Poznan University of Physical Education
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Anna Kasperska, Poznan University of Physical Education
- Investigators
- Anna B Kasperska, Principal investigator, Poznan University of Physical Education
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06935058
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Kayakers 2025
- Acronym
- Kayakers2025
- Status last verified
- Jun 2025
- First submitted
- 3 Apr 2025
- Last updated
- 28 Nov 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 28 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effectiveness of Chocolate Milk in Recovery Among Elite Kayakers: A Metabolic and Inflammatory Perspectives
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06935058
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Kayakers2025 / Kayakers 2025
- Conditions
- Inflammatory Responses, Muscle Fatigue, Recovery Time, Hunger
- Keywords
- insulin, kayakers, grelin, glucose, glycogen, regeneration, fatigue
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Poznan University of Physical EducationUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Nov 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 18 Apr 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Kayaking requires high energy expenditure and optimal metabolic adaptation for performance and recovery. While research on other sports exists, the effects of chocolate milk on kayakers' recovery remain unexplored.
Intensive kayaking induces physical stress, necessitating precise energy balance monitoring. This study evaluates metabolic and inflammatory markers, including glucose, glycogen, insulin, creatine kinase (CK), interleukin-6 (IL-6), ghrelin, leptin, peptide YY, peripheral blood morphology, and blood gas parameters to assess fatigue and recovery.
Chocolate milk, with its ideal carbohydrate-to-protein ratio, supports glycogen replenishment, muscle repair, hydration, and oxidative stress reduction. Studies suggest it may outperform commercial sports drinks in endurance recovery by limiting muscle damage, inflammation, and improving acid-base balance.
Findings will reveal whether chocolate milk enhances energy recovery, reduces muscle damage, and mitigates inflammation, contributing to endurance sports nutrition strategies
Detailed description
Kayaking, as an endurance discipline, is associated with high energy expenditure and the need to optimize metabolic and hormonal processes in order to maximize efficiency and effective regeneration. Intense physical effort leads to significant changes in muscle metabolism and triggers an inflammatory response in the body. Such large loads require precise monitoring of energy balance and effective regeneration strategies. In the context of such intensive activity, monitoring biochemical indicators becomes crucial. They will allow for the assessment of the degree of fatigue and the course of regeneration processes. As part of the project, key metabolic and inflammatory indicators will be analyzed, such as glucose, glycogen and insulin levels, which will allow for the assessment of the efficiency of energy resource management. In addition, muscle damage indicators will be monitored, such as creatine kinase (CK) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which will allow for the assessment of fatigue and regeneration processes in athletes.
Acid-base balance, a crucial factor in buffering lactic acid and oxygen transport to muscles, will be analyzed via blood gasometry (ABG). Lactic acid (LA) levels will also be monitored as a key fatigue indicator. Blood morphology analysis will complement the study, assessing the impact of intense exercise and recovery strategies on the hematopoietic and immune systems.
Chocolate milk is increasingly recognized as an effective recovery drink due to its optimal carbohydrate-to-protein ratio (approximately 3:1 or 4:1), promoting rapid glycogen replenishment and muscle fiber repair. Studies suggest that post-exercise chocolate milk consumption may be as effective, or even superior, to commercial sports drinks, particularly in endurance recovery. Additionally, chocolate milk provides high-quality milk protein, electrolytes (calcium, potassium, sodium), and lipids, supporting hydration homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress post-exercise. This combination may limit muscle damage, reduce inflammation (lower CK and IL-6 levels), and improve acid-base balance, making chocolate milk a viable nutritional strategy for endurance athletes.
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chocolate milk in kayakers' recovery by analyzing metabolic, inflammatory, and hematological markers, thus determining its potential role in optimizing endurance sports nutrition strategies.
Changes in glucose, glycogen, insulin, CK, IL-6, grhelin, leptin, peptide YY, peripheral blood morphology, and blood gas parameters will be analyzed to better understand recovery and adaptation mechanisms influenced by chocolate milk consumption. Also, the project results may provide a basis for further research on the role of appetite hormones in sports recovery, which is a relatively new area of research in sports dietetics, and have a significant impact on new strategies to support athletes' performance.
Methods This study will examine chocolate milk's effectiveness in 30 elite kayakers (both sexes), split into experimental (n=15, chocolate milk) and control (n=15, water) groups. Blood samples (capillary and venous) will be collected at three time points: before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1 hour post-consumption.
- Experimental group - up to 30 minutes after the erometer test, consumes 400 ml of chocolate milk.
Control group - up to 30 minutes after the erometer test, consumes 400 ml of water.
- Exercise test: During the preparatory period (April/May), participants will perform an intensive exercise test on a kayak ergometer (Dansprint PRO, Denmark), consisting of covering a distance of 1000 meters in the shortest time possible. The kayak ergometer test will be performed under medical supervision.
- Before the exercise test, a non-invasive anthropometric analysis will be performed using the TANITA MC-780MA body composition analyzer (Tokyo, Japan), to determine body composition: percentage of body fat, body fat mass, lean tissue mass, muscle mass, water and body mass index (BMI).
- Before the ergometer test, a nutrition analysis will be performed using the food diary method.
- Before the exercise test, a meal will be served containing a standardized amount of kcal, protein, fat, carbohydrates and fiber, calculated per kg of the athlete's body weight, in accordance with the nutrition standards for the Polish population edited by Mirosław Jarosz and the recommendations of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.
- During the test, measurements will be taken: travel time, average power, heart rate.
The results will determine whether chocolate milk accelerates energy replenishment, reduces muscle damage, and decreases inflammation compared to water consumption. This research will contribute to optimizing endurance sports nutrition strategies and serve as a basis for further studies on recovery methods.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Kayakers (both sexes), split into two groups: 1. experimental group (n=15, 400 ml of chocolate milk), 2. control group (n=15, 400 ml of water). Blood samples (capillary and venous) will be collected pre-exercise, post-exercise, and 1 hour post-consumption. All indicated parameters will be determined using the equipment of the biochemical laboratory of the University of Physical Education in Poznań, Branch in Gorzów Wielkopolski, and purchased commercial kits (immunoenzymatic ELISA tests). The analyses will be performed by the included project contractors.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Chocolade milk arm | Experimental | Other: Chocolade milkParticipants will consume 400 ml of chocolate milk after exercise. |
| Control arm | Placebo comparator | Other: Water (Placebo)Participants will consume 400 ml of water after exercise. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 14 to 22 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Lack of consent for blood sampling,
- injuries, health issues,
- anti-inflammatory drugs,
- performance-enhancing substances,
- supplements within the last 3 months before the start of the study.
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- consent to participate in the study,
- regular training regimen,
- current medical examinations,
- no health contraindications.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Chocolade milkParticipants will drink 400 ml of chocolate milk after exercise. | Other | Chocolade milk arm |
| Water (Placebo)Participants will drink 400 ml of water after exercise. | Other | Control arm |
Primary outcome
Changes from baseline in Glycogen level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of glycogen [ng/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit
Changes from baseline Insulin level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption..
Concentration of insulin [μIU/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit
Changes from baseline Creatine kinase activity (CK) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concetration of CK [ng/ml]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit
Changes from baseline interleukin-6 (Il-6) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of Il-6 [pg/mL]. Immunoenzymatic assay method using a diagnostic ELISA Kit
Changes from baseline in lactic acid (LA) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concetration of LA [mmol/l]. Using a portable biochemical photometer Vario Photometer II (Diaglobal, Berlin, Germany) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Baseline Appetite Assessment of Athletes Before Exercise Test Using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
Time frame: Day 1: At rest, after the exercise test.
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measures subjective appetite sensations-linear scale from one to 10 where 10 is the strongest feeling.
Changes from baseline in leptin (LEP) level.
Time frame: Day 1:At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Satiety regulation marker. Concentration of leptin [pg/ml].ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.
Changes from baseline in peptide YY (PYY) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Satiety regulation marker. Concentration of leptin [pg/ml]. ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.
Changes from baseline in ghrelin (GHRL) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Hunger regulation marker. Concentration of GHRL [pg/ml].ELISA method by the test manufacturer's instructions.
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - urea nitrogen (BUN) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of BUN [ml/dl]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - anion gap (AGAP) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of AGAP [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - excess base in extracellular fluid (BE ecf) level.
Time frame: Day1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of Be ecf [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - sodium (Na) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of Na [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - calcium (Ca) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of Ca [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - potassium (K) level
Time frame: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of K [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - chlorine (Cl) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of Cl [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - bicarbonate level (cHCO3).
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of cHCO3 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - total plasma CO2 (tCO2) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of tCO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of pCO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of pO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance -total blood saturation (cSO2) level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of cSO2 [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - urea level.
Time frame: Day 1:At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of urea [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - crea level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of crea [mg/dl]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - hematocrit [hct] level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of hct [%]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - hemoglobin [chgb] level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of chgb [mmol/l]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
Changes from baseline in acid-base balance - glucose [glu] level.
Time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Concentration of glu [mg/dl]. Using the portable blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzer (epoc®) (capillary blood from the ear lobe).
12 secondary outcomes
Antropometric characteristic - height
Time frame: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - weight
Time frame: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - LBM
Time frame: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - TBW
Time frame: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - Water%
Time frame: Day 1 after overall fast
Antropometric characteristic - FAT
Time frame: Day 1 after overall fast
Food record - energy
Time frame: Day before the Day 1
Food record - protein
Time frame: Day before the Day 1
Food record - carobhydrates
Time frame: Day before the Day 1
Food record - fiber
Time frame: Day before the Day 1
Food record - fat
Time frame: Day before the Day 1
Peripheral blood morphology
Time frame: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 28 Nov 2025.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Anna B Kasperska principal investigator
Poznan University of Physical Education
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Chocolade milk in people with Inflammatory Responses and Muscle Fatigue, run by Poznan University of Physical Education at 1 site in Poland.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 28 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Poland. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Changes from baseline in Glycogen level. (time frame: Day 1: At rest (before the test), directly after the test, and after a 1-hour post-consumption.). The study lists 26 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 28 Nov 2025; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 8 Nov 2026.