Borderline Personality DisorderNeuroDBTNCT06882330
Neural Mechanisms of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder
A study testing Dialectical behavior therapy in people with Borderline Personality Disorder, run by Masarykova Univerzita at 1 site in Czechia.
Trial summary
This research examines the behavioral and neural mechanisms of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) effect in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 16 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- What is being tested?
- Dialectical behavior therapy
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 106 participants
- Where
- 1 siteCzechia
- Study dates
- 27 Aug 2020to 15 Aug 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 16 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- diagnosis of borderline personality disorder according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria (rated by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 for Personality Disorders, BPD section)
- minimum age 16, informed consent of the patient
- informed consent of patient's legal representative in case of patients under age 18
- more than one self-injury incident and/or suicidal attempt in the past six months
- diagnosis of borderline personality disorder according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria (rated by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 for Personality Disorders, BPD section)
- minimum age 16, informed consent of the patient
Show all 10Show fewer
- informed consent of patient's legal representative in case of patients under age 18
- more than one self-injury incident and/or suicidal attempt in the past six months
- minimum age 16, informed consent of the patient
- informed consent of patient's legal representative in case of patients under age 18
Who cannot join
- neurological disorder
- comorbid affective disorder or schizophrenia-related disorder
- intelligence quotient<70
- contraindications for MRI measurement
- pregnancy
- body mass index under 15
Show all 22Show fewer
- BPD-C group:
- completing a DBT program or attending DBT-based therapy
- neurological disorder
- comorbid affective disorder or schizophrenia-related disorder
- intelligence quotient<70
- contraindications for MRI measurement
- pregnancy
- body mass index under 15
- HC group:
- mental health problems
- history of self-injury or/and suicidal attempt
- neurological disorder
- intelligence quotient<70
- contraindications for MRI measurement
- pregnancy
- body mass index under 15
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Czechia1 site
University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
Brno, Czech Republic, 62500
About this study
This research examines the behavioral and neural mechanisms of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) effect in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD).
Read the detailed description
This project aims to evaluate the behavioral and neural mechanisms of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) effect in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The project includes three subject groups: patients with BPD undergoing the DBT program (BPD-DBT), control patients with BPD on the waiting list for the program (BPD-control), and healthy controls (HC). Patients in the BPD-DBT group undergo a 24-week DBT program in an outpatient setting. All participants undergo a test battery comprising of self-report measures, clinical evaluation and fMRI and EEG measurement in the week before the DBT program beginning (T1), after 24 weeks (follow-up, T3), and at 24 weeks after T3 (follow-up, T4). The BPD-DBT group undergoes another assessment at T2 (after 12 weeks) to monitor selected symptoms during the DBT program by a short set of questionnaires.
- Conditions
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Being tested
- Dialectical behavior therapy
- Keywords
- Dialectical behavior therapy, Borderline personality disorder, Therapy effectiveness
- Medical subject headings
- Borderline Personality Disorder
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Dialectical behavior therapyBehavioural
A complex psychotherapy program for patients with borderline personality disorder.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| BPD-DBT group - patients undergoing DBT program. | Experimental | Patients with BPD undergoing Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) program with all the standard DBT modules (individual therapy 1 hour per week, skill groups 1.5 hours twice per week, phone coaching as needed, and consultation team 1.5 hours per week). The program lasts a total of 24 weeks in total including two 12-week runs of skills training. Four individual pretreatment sessions precede the program before the start of the main program part. Receives: Behavioral: Dialectical behavior therapy |
| BPD-C group - patients undergoing treatment as usual (TAU) | No intervention | Patients with BPD who are on the waiting list and who receive treatment as usual (typically standard individual psychotherapy not specifically focused on BPD treatment and/or psychiatric treatment). |
| HC group: healthy controls | No intervention | Healthy controls matched to the BPD-DBT group for age and education. Participants without mental health problems and/or a history of self-harm or suicidal behavior. This group receives no psychotherapy or psychiatric treatment. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Decrease of borderline symptoms
significant decrease of symptoms measured by Borderline Symptoms List-23
Measured: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of self-injury incidents and suicidal attempts
significant decrease of self-injury incidents and suicidal attempts assessed by semi-structured interview Lifetime - Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Count
Measured: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Secondary outcomes (16)
Decrease in the number of days spent in the hospital
significant decrease of days spent in the hospital assessed by semi-structured interview -Treatment History Interview
Measured: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Ecological momentary assessment of emotional variability
EMA assesses respondents' emotions in their natural environment. They complete short questionnaires every hour from 9 AM to 9 PM for two days. First, they rate their ability to identify their current emotion (0-100). Then, they choose an emotion or select "An emotion I cannot name" / "No emotion." Next, they rate its intensity (0-100). Finally, they rate their control over the emotion and how overwhelming it feels (both 0-100).
Measured: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Increase in reasons for living
significant increase in reasons for living measured by Brief Reasons for Living Inventory 10
Measured: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of impulsivity
significant decrease of impulsivity measured by UPPS-P questionnaire
Measured: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Increase of mindfulness
sifnigicant increase of mindfulness measured by Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Measured: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of rejection sensitivity
significant decrease of rejection sensitivity measured by Rejection Sensitivity RS-Adult questionnaire
Measured: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of dissociation symptoms
significant decrease of dissociation symptoms measured by Multiscale Dissociation Inventory
Measured: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of anxiety
significant decrease of anxiety symptoms measured by Beck Anxiety Inventory
Measured: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of depression ranking
significant decrease of depression symptoms measured by Beck Depression Inventory II, and MADRS clinical rating
Measured: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Increase of emotion regulation
significant increase of emotion regulation measured by Difficulties in emotion regulation scale, and ecological momentary assessment
Measured: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Changes in fMRI neural activity during "Faces task"
Significant changes in fMRI neural activity during the "Faces task". During the task, participants view images of faces expressing negative emotions or scrambled versions of the same images as a neutral control. The task is presented in pseudorandomized blocks, with each face displayed for a fixed duration. To maintain attention, participants respond based on the basis of face gender or frame color.
Measured: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in fMRI neural activity during fMRI neurofeedback
fMRI neurofeedback is used to measure changes in fMRI neural activity. During fMRI neurofeedback, patients try to regulate their emotions according to the direction of the arrows (up or down). They receive feedback on how well they are regulating their emotions through a colour scale.
Measured: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in fMRI neural activity during Cyberball task
The Cyberball task is used to measure changes in fMRI neural activity. Participants play a virtual ball-tossing game, believing they are interacting with two other players, though the game is pre-programmed. They control a hand on the screen to pass the ball, while the co-players are represented by animated figures with names and photographs to enhance ecological validity. There are three conditions: inclusion, exclusion, and overinclusion.
Measured: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in frontal asymmetry during social exclusion measured by EEG
EEG is used to assess changes in frontal asymmetry during Cyberball task in fMRI. Frontal asymmetry: EEG alpha power localized in frontal scalp electrodes and differences between left and right hemisphere.
Measured: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in ECG during fMRI
The Brain Products EEG/ExG system is used to assess heart rate variability. Heart rate variability: Mean R-R interval and standard deviation of R-R intervals evaluated in whole fMRI measurement in standard heart beats removing abnormal beats. R peaks detection performed in one channel recording localized on the chest.
Measured: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in skin conductance during fMRI
The Brain Products EEG/ExG system is used to assess changes in skin conductance and monitor the participant's emotional state during the experimental measurement.
Measured: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted18 Mar 2025
- Study start27 Aug 2020
- Primary completion10 Aug 2023
- Study completion15 Aug 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Borderline Personality DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Masarykova Univerzita
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Brno University Hospital, Masaryk University
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Pavel Theiner, Ph.D., Principal investigator, Brno University Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06882330
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- NU20-04-00410
- Acronym
- NeuroDBT
- Status last verified
- Feb 2025
- First submitted
- 28 Feb 2025
- Last updated
- 18 Mar 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: All IPD in anonymized form will be shared upon reasonable request after approval of principal investigator.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Mar 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Neural Mechanisms of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06882330
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NeuroDBT / NU20-04-00410
- Conditions
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Keywords
- Dialectical behavior therapy, Borderline personality disorder, Therapy effectiveness
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Masarykova UniverzitaUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Brno University Hospital, Masaryk University
- Study start
- 27 Aug 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Aug 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 18 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This research examines the behavioral and neural mechanisms of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) effect in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD).
Detailed description
This project aims to evaluate the behavioral and neural mechanisms of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) effect in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The project includes three subject groups: patients with BPD undergoing the DBT program (BPD-DBT), control patients with BPD on the waiting list for the program (BPD-control), and healthy controls (HC). Patients in the BPD-DBT group undergo a 24-week DBT program in an outpatient setting. All participants undergo a test battery comprising of self-report measures, clinical evaluation and fMRI and EEG measurement in the week before the DBT program beginning (T1), after 24 weeks (follow-up, T3), and at 24 weeks after T3 (follow-up, T4). The BPD-DBT group undergoes another assessment at T2 (after 12 weeks) to monitor selected symptoms during the DBT program by a short set of questionnaires.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| BPD-DBT group - patients undergoing DBT program. | Experimental | Behavioral: Dialectical behavior therapyPatients with BPD undergoing Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) program with all the standard DBT modules (individual therapy 1 hour per week, skill groups 1.5 hours twice per week, phone coaching as needed, and consultation team 1.5 hours per week). The program lasts a total of 24 weeks in total including two 12-week runs of skills training. Four individual pretreatment sessions precede the program before the start of the main program part. |
| BPD-C group - patients undergoing treatment as usual (TAU) | No intervention | –Patients with BPD who are on the waiting list and who receive treatment as usual (typically standard individual psychotherapy not specifically focused on BPD treatment and/or psychiatric treatment). |
| HC group: healthy controls | No intervention | –Healthy controls matched to the BPD-DBT group for age and education. Participants without mental health problems and/or a history of self-harm or suicidal behavior. This group receives no psychotherapy or psychiatric treatment. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 16 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (10 listed)
- diagnosis of borderline personality disorder according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria (rated by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 for Personality Disorders, BPD section)
- minimum age 16, informed consent of the patient
- informed consent of patient's legal representative in case of patients under age 18
- more than one self-injury incident and/or suicidal attempt in the past six months
- diagnosis of borderline personality disorder according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria (rated by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 for Personality Disorders, BPD section)
Key exclusion criteria (22 listed)
- neurological disorder
- comorbid affective disorder or schizophrenia-related disorder
- intelligence quotient<70
- contraindications for MRI measurement
- pregnancy
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Dialectical behavior therapyA complex psychotherapy program for patients with borderline personality disorder. | Behavioural | BPD-DBT group - patients undergoing DBT program. |
Primary outcome
Decrease of borderline symptoms
Time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
significant decrease of symptoms measured by Borderline Symptoms List-23
Decrease of self-injury incidents and suicidal attempts
Time frame: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
significant decrease of self-injury incidents and suicidal attempts assessed by semi-structured interview Lifetime - Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Count
16 secondary outcomes
Decrease in the number of days spent in the hospital
Time frame: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Ecological momentary assessment of emotional variability
Time frame: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Increase in reasons for living
Time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of impulsivity
Time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Increase of mindfulness
Time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of rejection sensitivity
Time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of dissociation symptoms
Time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of anxiety
Time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Decrease of depression ranking
Time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Increase of emotion regulation
Time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).
Changes in fMRI neural activity during "Faces task"
Time frame: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in fMRI neural activity during fMRI neurofeedback
Time frame: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in fMRI neural activity during Cyberball task
Time frame: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in frontal asymmetry during social exclusion measured by EEG
Time frame: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in ECG during fMRI
Time frame: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Changes in skin conductance during fMRI
Time frame: From baseline (T1), the third assessment takes place 24 weeks after T1 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4). The second assessment (T2) is not included in this outcome measure.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Mar 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. All IPD in anonymized form will be shared upon reasonable request after approval of principal investigator.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Pavel Theiner, Ph.D. principal investigator
Brno University Hospital
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Dialectical behavior therapy in people with Borderline Personality Disorder, run by Masarykova Univerzita at 1 site in Czechia.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 10 inclusion and 22 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Mar 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Czechia. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Decrease of borderline symptoms (time frame: From baseline (T1), a second assessment takes place after 12 weeks (T2), the third assessment takes place 12 weeks after T2 (T3), and the fourth assessment takes place 24 weeks after T3 (T4).). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Mar 2025.