Caffeine for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Background: One million newborns die annually due to intrapartum-related events (formerly referred to as birth asphyxia). Among survivors, intrapartum related events often lead to organ dysfunction with lasting consequences, including severe morbidity and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Newborns exposed to significant intrapartum-related events can have brain injury, referred to as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). HIE is routinely treated with therapeutic hypothermia. However, a recent multi-national randomized controlled trial demonstrated that therapeutic hypothermia increased mortality from HIE in some contexts. Therefore, there is an urgent, unmet public health need to develop effective strategies for the treatment of HIE to prevent morbidity and mortality. Caffeine, a low-cost, readily available medication is a promising strategy for treatment of HIE given its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. Furthermore, caffeine might have physiologic benefits beyond HIE, because a single dose of a methylxanthine (caffeine's drug class) reduces acute kidney injury in infants with HIE in settings where therapeutic hypothermia is not available.

Objective: To compare the incidence of all-cause mortality OR moderate to severe NDI at 18-22 months between neonates with HIE who are randomized to oral caffeine or placebo.

Hypothesis: Neonates with HIE who receive oral caffeine will have 10% lower incidence of all-cause mortality or moderate to severe NDI at 18-22 months compared to placebo.

Study Design: 1:1 individually randomized, parallel-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Population: ≥ 36 week gestation and ≥1800 grams liveborn neonates who meet both physiologic and neurologic criteria for moderate to severe HIE and live in the Global Network research sites

Intervention: The intervention arm will receive one 20 mg/kg loading dose of caffeine given within 6 hours of delivery, followed by a daily dose of 10 mg/kg, given every 24 hours for 2 doses (total of 3 doses).

Comparison: The comparison arm will receive placebo using an identical dosing regimen.

Primary outcomes: All-cause mortality or moderate to severe NDI at 18-22 months of age

Sub-Studies: In conjunction with the CHIME Trial, we will embed 3 sub-studies to be conducted within subsets of CHIME participants. A sample will be chosen by convenience for each sub-study.

Pharmacokinetics Sub-study: For approximately 40 participants per Global Network research site, we will collect 2-3 blood samples during the birth hospitalization for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of caffeine. We will use a population PK approach to characterize the PK of infants with HIE, and to relate caffeine exposure to mortality or moderate to severe disability.

Neuro-imaging Sub-Study: For participants who are born at or follow-up in a facility with the capability of performing ultra-low-field (ULF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we will obtain ULF MRI brain images during the birth hospitalization and at the 6-month follow-up visit. We will relate the findings on ULF MRI to the severity of HIE at enrollment and to the neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Omics Sub-Study: For participants for whom cord blood is available, we will obtain a sample of cord blood to be stored for future multi-omic analyses (e.g., genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic). We will use multi-omics to identify molecular signatures associated with HIE.