Gastrointestinal HormonesNCT06799715
Assessments of Metabolic Responses to Acute Oral Administration of Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose
A study testing Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose in people with Gastrointestinal Hormones and Glycemic Control, run by University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland at 1 site in Switzerland.
Trial summary
This project aims to compare the acute metabolic effects of the three sweeteners sucrose, glucose, and fructose on GI hormones (GLP-1, PYY, CCK, GIP, and ghrelin). Furthermore, glycemic control, erythritol and xylitol concentrations, blood coagulation function , blood lipids, uric acid, high-sensitive C-reactive… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 55 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Gastrointestinal Hormones, Glycemic Control, Blood Coagulation Function
- What is being tested?
- Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSwitzerland
- Study dates
- 6 Feb 2025to Sep 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 55 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Healthy, non-diabetic (glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 5.7%, fasting glucose < 5.6 mmol/L), and normal weight participants with a body-mass index (BMI) of 19.0-24.9 kg/m2, parameters of complete blood count within normal range
- Age 18-55 years
- Stable body weight (± 5%) for at least three months
- Able to give informed consent as documented by signature
Who cannot join
- Fructose intolerance
- Any pre-existing diet (e.g., vegetarian diet, vegan diet, sugar free diet, paleo diet, Atkins diet, ketogenic diet) that deviates from normal eating habits
- Regular consumption (>1/ week) of erythritol or xylitol
- Regular intake of medications, except contraceptives
- Pre-existing impairment of blood coagulation/thrombocyte function (e.g. hereditary, regular intake of anti-coagulant agents (e.g. NSAIDs, heparin, warfarin, etc.))Chronic or clinically relevant acute infections/diseases
- Substance abuse (more than 1 glass wine/beer per day; regular consumption of cannabis, consumption of cocaine, heroin, etc.), regular smoking
Show all 9Show fewer
- Pregnancy: although no contraindication, pregnancy might influence metabolic state. Women who are pregnant or have the intention to become pregnant during the course of the study are excluded. In female participants a urine pregnancy test is carried out upon screening.
- Shift worker
- Participation in another study with investigational drug within the 30 days preceding and during the present study
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Assessments of Metabolic Responses to Acute Oral Administration of Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose in Healthy Humans
This project aims to compare the acute metabolic effects of the three sweeteners sucrose, glucose, and fructose on GI hormones (GLP-1, PYY, CCK, GIP, and ghrelin).
Furthermore, glycemic control, erythritol and xylitol concentrations, blood coagulation function , blood lipids, uric acid, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), complete blood count, gastric emptying, appetite-related sensations, and GI symptoms will be investigated.
Read the detailed description
Sugar should not be defined by origin (added sugar, free sugar, simple sugar) but rather by chemical structure (sucrose, glucose, fructose, etc.). Although the disaccharide sucrose is hydrolysed by sucrase into its monosaccharides glucose and fructose, the administration of each of the three sweeteners alone results in different metabolic effects.
Although sucrose, glucose, and fructose are long known sweeteners in food and beverages and their metabolic effects have been extensively studied, there are still no comprehensive studies comparing the three sweeteners in a whole range of parameters. The main inconsistency in the literature is the study design which influences the outcomes. It is important to differentiate whether it is an acute or chronic study, whether the participants are adults or children, are healthy or have T2DM, have normal weight, overweight or obesity, whether the dosage is chosen to be isocaloric or isosweet, whether there is a control group or whether the sweeteners are administered orally or intragastrical.
- Being tested
- Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose, Water
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
SucroseDietary supplement
Also called Saccharose
33.5g sucrose dissolved in 300mL tap water
GlucoseDietary supplement
Also called Dextrose
33.5g glucose dissolved in 300mL tap water
FructoseDietary supplement
33.5g fructose dissolved in 300mL tap water
WaterDietary supplement
300mL water
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Sucrose | Active comparator | 20 volunteers receive 33.5g sucrose dissolved in 300mL water as a drink. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Sucrose |
| Glucose | Active comparator | 20 volunteers receive 33.5g glucose dissolved in 300mL water as a drink. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Glucose |
| Fructose | Active comparator | 20 volunteers receive 33.5g fructose dissolved in 300mL water as a drink. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Fructose |
| Water | Placebo comparator | 20 volunteers receive 300mL water as a drink. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Water |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - GLP-1
Plasma GLP-1 will be measured with a commercially available immunoassay kit (MILLIPLEX® MAP; Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following timepoints: : -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration)
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - PYY
PYY-3-36 will be quantified using a non-radioactive high sensitive sandwich ELISA (Millipore - # EZHPYYT66K).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - CCK
Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels will be measured with a sensitive radioimmunoassay using a highly specific antiserum (No. 92128)
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - GIP
Plasma GIP will be measured with a non-radioactive high sensitive sandwich ELISA (Millipore - #EZHGIP-54K).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following timepoints: : -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration)
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - Ghrelin
Octanoylated ghrelin will be measured by a radioimmunoassay with 125I [Tyr24] human ghrelin as tracer and a rabbit antibody against human ghrelin (final dilution 1/100000), which does not cross-react with desoctanoylated ghrelin.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Secondary outcomes (16)
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucose
Glucose will be measured by a glucose oxidase method (Rothen Medizinische Laboratorien AG, Basel, Switzerland).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma insulin
Insulin will be quantified using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (chemiflex) reagent kit (#8k41; Abbott) and the relative light units detected by the ARCHITECT optical system (model: CI4100; Abbott).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma c-peptide
C-peptide will be measured with a commercially available sandwich ELISA kit from Millipore (Millipore - # EZHCP-20K).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucagon
Glucagon concentrations in plasma will be measured after extraction of plasma with 70% ethanol (vol/vol, final concentration). The antibody is directed against the C-terminus of the glucagon molecule (antibody code no. 4305) and therefore mainly measures glucagon of pancreatic origin.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on erythritol concentrations
Erythritol concentrations will be measured by GC-MS/MS (Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on xylitol concentrations
Xylitol concentrations will be measured by GC-MS/MS (Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood coagulation function - p-selectin
Plasma concentrations of p-selectin will be measured using a commercially available ELISA-kit.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood coagulation function - sVCAM1
Plasma concentrations ofsVCAM1 will be measured using a commercially available ELISA-kit.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood coagulation function - PF-4
Plasma concentrations of PF-4 will be measured using a commercially available ELISA-kit.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood coagulation function - D-Dimers
D-Dimers will be measured using an antigen-test.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood lipids
Analyses of blood lipids are carried out in the hospital laboratory.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on uric acid
Analyses of uric acid are carried out in the hospital laboratory.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on hsCRP
Concentrations of hsCRP will be measured by Rothen Laboratory in Basel.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on gastric emptying rate
Gastric emptying rate will be determined using a 13C-sodium acetate breath test.
Measured: Breath samples will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240minutes (after administration).
Effects on appetite-related sensations
Appetite perceptions (feelings of: a) hunger, b) satiety) are assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS). Visual analogue scales consist of a horizontal, unstructured, 10-cm line representing the minimum (0.0 points) to the maximum rating (10.0 points). Subjects assign a vertical mark across the line to indicate the magnitude of their subjective sensation at the present time point. The measurement is quantified by the distance from the left end of the line (minimum rating) to the subject's vertical mark.
Measured: Visual analogue scales will be recorded at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 105, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on GI tolerance
GI symptoms will be assessed by use of a checklist including the following questions: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, borborygmi, abdominal distension, eructation and increased flatus.
Measured: GI tolerance will be recorded atthe following time points: -10 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90,120, 180, and 240 minutes (after administration).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted29 Jan 2025
- Study start6 Feb 2025
- Primary completionSep 2026 (estimated)
- Study completionSep 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Gastrointestinal HormonesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University Hospital, Basel, SwitzerlandThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach, PD, PhD, Principal investigator, St. Clara Research Ltd.
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06799715
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- SuGluFru
- Status last verified
- Aug 2026
- First submitted
- 23 Jan 2025
- Last updated
- 3 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 3 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Assessments of Metabolic Responses to Acute Oral Administration of Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose in Healthy Humans
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06799715
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- SuGluFru
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University Hospital, Basel, SwitzerlandUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 6 Feb 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Sep 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Sep 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 29 Jan 2025 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This project aims to compare the acute metabolic effects of the three sweeteners sucrose, glucose, and fructose on GI hormones (GLP-1, PYY, CCK, GIP, and ghrelin).
Furthermore, glycemic control, erythritol and xylitol concentrations, blood coagulation function , blood lipids, uric acid, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), complete blood count, gastric emptying, appetite-related sensations, and GI symptoms will be investigated.
Detailed description
Sugar should not be defined by origin (added sugar, free sugar, simple sugar) but rather by chemical structure (sucrose, glucose, fructose, etc.). Although the disaccharide sucrose is hydrolysed by sucrase into its monosaccharides glucose and fructose, the administration of each of the three sweeteners alone results in different metabolic effects.
Although sucrose, glucose, and fructose are long known sweeteners in food and beverages and their metabolic effects have been extensively studied, there are still no comprehensive studies comparing the three sweeteners in a whole range of parameters. The main inconsistency in the literature is the study design which influences the outcomes. It is important to differentiate whether it is an acute or chronic study, whether the participants are adults or children, are healthy or have T2DM, have normal weight, overweight or obesity, whether the dosage is chosen to be isocaloric or isosweet, whether there is a control group or whether the sweeteners are administered orally or intragastrical.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 4
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Sucrose | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Sucrose20 volunteers receive 33.5g sucrose dissolved in 300mL water as a drink. |
| Glucose | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Glucose20 volunteers receive 33.5g glucose dissolved in 300mL water as a drink. |
| Fructose | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Fructose20 volunteers receive 33.5g fructose dissolved in 300mL water as a drink. |
| Water | Placebo comparator | Dietary Supplement: Water20 volunteers receive 300mL water as a drink. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 55 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Healthy, non-diabetic (glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 5.7%, fasting glucose < 5.6 mmol/L), and normal weight participants with a body-mass index (BMI) of 19.0-24.9 kg/m2, parameters of complete blood count within normal range
- Age 18-55 years
- Stable body weight (± 5%) for at least three months
- Able to give informed consent as documented by signature
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Fructose intolerance
- Any pre-existing diet (e.g., vegetarian diet, vegan diet, sugar free diet, paleo diet, Atkins diet, ketogenic diet) that deviates from normal eating habits
- Regular consumption (>1/ week) of erythritol or xylitol
- Regular intake of medications, except contraceptives
- Pre-existing impairment of blood coagulation/thrombocyte function (e.g. hereditary, regular intake of anti-coagulant agents (e.g. NSAIDs, heparin, warfarin, etc.))Chronic or clinically relevant acute infections/diseases
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| SucroseAlso: Saccharose33.5g sucrose dissolved in 300mL tap water | Dietary supplement | Sucrose |
| GlucoseAlso: Dextrose33.5g glucose dissolved in 300mL tap water | Dietary supplement | Glucose |
| Fructose33.5g fructose dissolved in 300mL tap water | Dietary supplement | Fructose |
| Water300mL water | Dietary supplement | Water |
Primary outcome
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - GLP-1
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following timepoints: : -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration)
Plasma GLP-1 will be measured with a commercially available immunoassay kit (MILLIPLEX® MAP; Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA).
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - PYY
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
PYY-3-36 will be quantified using a non-radioactive high sensitive sandwich ELISA (Millipore - # EZHPYYT66K).
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - CCK
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels will be measured with a sensitive radioimmunoassay using a highly specific antiserum (No. 92128)
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - GIP
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following timepoints: : -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration)
Plasma GIP will be measured with a non-radioactive high sensitive sandwich ELISA (Millipore - #EZHGIP-54K).
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - Ghrelin
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Octanoylated ghrelin will be measured by a radioimmunoassay with 125I [Tyr24] human ghrelin as tracer and a rabbit antibody against human ghrelin (final dilution 1/100000), which does not cross-react with desoctanoylated ghrelin.
16 secondary outcomes
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucose
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma insulin
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma c-peptide
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucagon
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on erythritol concentrations
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on xylitol concentrations
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood coagulation function - p-selectin
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood coagulation function - sVCAM1
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood coagulation function - PF-4
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood coagulation function - D-Dimers
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on blood lipids
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on uric acid
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on hsCRP
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration).
Effects on gastric emptying rate
Time frame: Breath samples will be drawn at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240minutes (after administration).
Effects on appetite-related sensations
Time frame: Visual analogue scales will be recorded at the following time points: -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 105, 120, and 180 minutes (after administration).
Effects on GI tolerance
Time frame: GI tolerance will be recorded atthe following time points: -10 minutes (before administration) and 30, 60, 90,120, 180, and 240 minutes (after administration).
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 3 Sep 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach, PD, PhD principal investigator
St. Clara Research Ltd.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose in people with Gastrointestinal Hormones and Glycemic Control, run by University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland at 1 site in Switzerland.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 3 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Switzerland. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - GLP-1 (time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following timepoints: : -10 and -1 minutes (before administration) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180minutes (after administration)). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 3 Sep 2026.